Abstract: A method of preparing cellulosic biomass material for subsequent processing first comprises moving at least one stream of biomass material along a flow path. Then, the stream of cellulosic biomass material can be explosively dried and pulverized to disrupt lignocellulosic bonds, and to reduce a moisture content and a particle size of the cellulosic biomass material. Then, the stream of cellulosic biomass material can be electrically degraded the stream of cellulosic biomass material to disrupt lignocellulosic bonds. Additional pre-treatment and post-treatment processes can also be included.

Abstract: A fuel composition for powering a combustion engine the composition comprising: a liquid base fuel; and a copolymer obtainable by copolymerizing at least the following monomers: —at least one bicyclic (meth)acrylate ester; —at least one fatty-alkyl (meth)acrylate; —optionally, and preferably, at least one aromatic vinyl monomer; and —optionally other ethylenically unsaturated monomers.

Abstract: Provided is a gasoline product containing a combustion improver, and a method for preparing the gasoline product. The combustion improver is added to gasoline to reduce an octane number and thus an ignition point of the gasoline, so that the gasoline product can be used in a compression ignition internal combustion engine. The combustion improver-containing gasoline product is a low-octane number gasoline, and is capable of being ignited through compression by an internal combustion engine having a compression ratio in the range from 12 to 22.

Abstract: Disclosed are materials that possess both low adhesion and the ability to absorb water. The material passively absorbs water from the atmosphere and then expels this water upon impact with debris, to create a self-cleaning layer. The lubrication reduces friction and surface adhesion of the debris (such as an insect), which may then slide off the surface. The invention provides a material comprising a continuous matrix including a polymer having a low surface energy (less than 50 mJ/m2) and a plurality of inclusions, dispersed within the matrix, each comprising a hygroscopic material. The continuous matrix and the inclusions form a lubricating surface layer in the presence of humidity. The material optionally contains porous nanostructures that inject water back onto the surface after an impact, absorbing water under pressure and then releasing water when the pressure is removed. The material may be a coating or a surface, for example.

Abstract: Mineral additive blend compositions and a method for operating a furnace are provided in order to avoid combustion problems such as agglomeration, deposition, corrosion and reducing emissions. A method for operating a furnace, such as a fluidized-bed reactor, pulverized-fuel combustor, and grate combustor, includes introducing fuel and a mineral additive blend including a clay and a functional mineral into the furnace.

Abstract: A device for starting and maintaining a campfire includes an inner combustible structure formed from a plurality of inner combustible members having bottom end portions separated and secured to a top planar wall of a combustible lower support member. The device further includes an outer combustible structure formed from a plurality of outer combustible members having bottom end portions separated and secured to edge portions of the combustible lower support member. A fire accelerant is disposed in an inner portion of the inner combustible structure to promote a faster starting campfire.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an amino polymer, its main chain is attached via a —O— group to a structure represented by the following formula (I). The present invention also relates to a process for producing said amino polymer and to its use as fuel oil detergent. Compared with the prior art, the fuel oil detergent of the present invention has the advantages such as a lower manufacturing cost and an improved deposit formation inhibition performance. In formula (I), groups and values are defined as described in the description.

Abstract: A bio-organic composition includes residues of a fatty acid glyceride-containing composition, residues of a first epoxide or glycol, and the residues of a second epoxide. The fatty acid glyceride-containing composition is characterized by the viscosity at room temperature. The first epoxide or glycol and second epoxides are present in a sufficient amount that the room temperature viscosity of the bio-organic composition is lower than the room temperature viscosity of the vegetable oil prior to formulation and/or the first epoxide or glycol and second epoxides are present in a sufficient amount that the pour point of the bio-organic composition is lower than the pour point of the fatty acid glyceride-containing composition prior to formulation.

Abstract: A two-stage reactor/process is disclosed for the conversion of solid particulate biomass material and includes: a first stage, in which solid particulate biomass material is pyrolyzed to primary reaction products, and a second stage in which the primary reaction products are catalytically converted in a second stage which is operated at a temperature higher than that of the first stage.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a lubricating oil composition for hydraulic actuation which has excellent safety and which is imparted with electrical conductivity in order to prevent the generation of noise that adversely affects devices including hydraulic circuits equipped with an electronic control device for the valve system. The composition uses a hydrocarbon base oil, and the base oil contains from 30 to 250 ppm of ultrabasic magnesium salicylate in terms of magnesium content relative to the total amount of the composition, and from 0.07 to 5.0 mass % of non-dispersible polymethacrylate having a weight-average molecular weight of from 5,000 to 200,000 as a net amount relative to the total amount of the composition. The conductivity of the composition at 25° C. is 200 pS/m or more, the flash point is 240° C. or more, the pour point is negative 40° C. or less, and the coefficient of friction at 140° C. by a microclutch is 0.08 or more.

Abstract: The present technology describes various embodiments of methods and systems for improved coke quenching. More specifically, some embodiments are directed to methods and systems for improving the coke quenching process by partially cracking coke before it is quenched. In one embodiment, coke is partially cracked when placed in horizontal communication with one or more uneven surfaces. In another embodiment, a coke loaf is partially broken when dropped a vertical distance that is less than the height of the coke loaf. In another embodiment, a mass of coke is partially broken when first placed in vertical communication with one or more uneven surfaces and then placed in horizontal communication with the same or different one or more uneven surfaces. In some embodiments, the one or more uneven surfaces may be mounted to a coke oven, train car, hot car, quench car, or combined hot car/quench car.

Abstract: A process for cleaning and beneficiating biomass is described which may allow removal of entrained salts and light volatiles from biomass materials. The process may also minimize energy use through capturing steam and flue gases for re-use. The process may generally comprise the following steps: prewashing and/or preheating a biomass, pressurizing the biomass in a steam explosion vessel, rapidly depressurizing the steam explosion vessel, releasing the steam from the steam explosion vessel entrained with fine lignin-enriched particles into a cyclone-type gas expansion vessel, routing the steam from the gas expansion vessel to the input hopper, subjecting the biomass to a second washing step, mechanically removing a portion of the water from the biomass, and evaporatively heating the biomass.

Abstract: A fuel composition comprises humins and at least one organic oxygenated solvent which has an apparent viscosity of at most 1.5 Pa·s at 100° C. at a shear rate of 30 s?1. Humins are produced by the dehydration of carbohydrates. The organic oxygenated solvent is selected from the group consisting of alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters, which may be aromatic, cycloaliphatic and aliphatic, and mixtures thereof. The fuel compositions can be used as marine fuel.

Abstract: A lubricant suitable for lubricating a two-stroke cycle engine which is fueled with a liquid fuel having a volatility less than that of gasoline comprises an oleaginous synthetic ester, a normally liquid solvent having a kinematic viscosity of less than about 5 or 2 mm2/s at 100° C. and a nitrogen-containing dispersant bearing a hydrocarbyl group of at least 26 carbon atoms and having a nitrogen content of at least 4 percent by weight. The nitrogen content of the lubricant is at least about 0.3 percent by weight.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the purification of biological feed material and to a process for catalytically converting the purified biological feed material into hydrocarbons suitable as biofuel components. The purified feed material is treated in a reactor system including a catalytically active guard bed phase and a catalytically active main reaction phase. At least one of the phases includes a catalyst bed with a combination of hydrodeoxygenating (HDO) and hydrodewaxing (HDW) catalysts. The process provides biofuel with acceptable ignition and cold flow properties.

Abstract: The invention relates to a specific copolymer obtainable by co-polymerizing at least the following monomers: —at least one bicyclic (meth)acrylate ester —at least one C8-C24-alkyl (meth)acrylate —optionally, and preferably, at least one aromatic vinyl monomer; and —optionally other ethylenically unsaturated monomers, whereby the copolymer has a weight averaged molecular weight from 400,000 to 50,000,000 Dalton, as well as to the way to synthesize them and the use of such polymers to modify the rheology of a liquid in which they are soluble.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a light fuel composition comprising fossil fuel, ethanol, and a bio-hydrocarbon composition as a DVPE adjustment material.

Abstract: The disclosure provides dyes for marking hydrocarbon compositions. More particularly, the disclosure relates to non-mutagenic dyes for marking hydrocarbon compositions.

Abstract: Wholly biobased MTBE and ETBE fuel additive materials are described, together with fuel compositions including such additives and processes for making the wholly biobased MTBE and ETBE using isobutene prepared from acetic acid in the presence of a ZnxZryOz mixed oxide catalyst.

Abstract: A block copolymer including: at least one block A of following formula (I): in which p is an integer ranging from 2 to 100, R1? is selected from hydrogen and the methyl group, R2? is chosen from C1 to C34 hydrocarbon-based chains, at least one block B of following formula (II): in which n is an integer ranging from 2 to 40, R1 is chosen from hydrogen and the methyl group, Z is chosen from the oxygen atom and the group —NR?— with R? being chosen from a hydrogen atom and C1 to C12 hydrocarbon-based chains, G is a C1 to C34 hydrocarbon-based chain substituted by at least one quaternary ammonium group and optionally one or more hydroxyl groups. Also, the use of such a block copolymer as detergent additive in an internal combustion engine liquid fuel.