Abstract: Provided are a barium germanium oxide having a 3-4 eV band gap, a method for producing the same, a sintered body thereof, and a target thereof. The barium germanium oxide includes at least Ba, Ge, and O, includes a crystal represented by a general formula of ABO3 (here, A includes at least Ba and B includes at least Ge), and has a hexagonal 6H-type perovskite structure.

Abstract: Clean, safe, and efficient methods, systems, and processes for utilizing thermolysis methods to processes to convert various waste sources into a Clean Fuel Gas, Char, and Biochar are provided. The process further converts the Clean Fuel Gas into both a purified hydrogen source for green ammonia production and natural gas. The methods process waste sources to effectively separate, neutralize and/or destroy halogens and other hazardous components to provide a Clean Fuel Gas, Char and/or Biochar, which can then further be processed to extract and purify hydrogen for green ammonia production from the Clean Fuel Gas and thereby provide natural gas. The Clean Fuel Gas is a natural and renewable natural gas as it is continually produced and further available for use to provide energy and new products.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon is reacted with water in the presence of a catalyst to form hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. Hydrogen is selectively allowed to pass through a hydrogen separation membrane to a permeate side of a reactor, while water and carbon-containing compounds remain in a retentate side of the reactor. An outlet stream is flowed from the retentate side to a heat exchanger. The outlet stream is cooled to form a cooled stream. The cooled stream is separated into a liquid phase and a vapor phase. The liquid phase is flowed to the heat exchanger and heated to form steam. The vapor phase is cooled to form condensed water and a first offgas stream. The first offgas stream is cooled to form condensed carbon dioxide and a second offgas stream. The steam and the second offgas stream are recycled to the reactor.

Abstract: Provided is a method for preparing a soft magnetic manganese-zinc ferrite composite by removing impurities from industrial waste step by step. Manganese-containing waste residue is crushed and dried, and then mixed with a flux in a muffle furnace and roasted at a temperature below 1000° C. till solid-liquid stratification; then, multi-step impurity removal is performed to obtain a high-purity quaternary purification solution of manganese sulfate. Similarly, zinc residue is melted to remove impurities, and then multi-step impurity removal is performed to obtain a high-purity quaternary purification solution of zinc sulfate. According to a manganese-zinc-iron ratio required for the manganese-zinc ferrite, the two purification solutions are mixed, and ferrous sulfate is added.

Abstract: A method of making a layered MXene material comprises a) introducing dried MAX phase powder into a vessel under anhydrous, inert conditions, the MAX phase powder comprising a general formula of Mn+1AXn (n=1, 2, 3, or 4), wherein M is a transition metal or p-block metalloid selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Re, Cu, Ni, Ag, Zn, Cd, In, Sn, and Pb; interlayer A is a Group III, IV, or V metalloid selected from the group consisting of Al, Si, Ga, Ge, In, Sn, Pb, As, Bi, Sb, and X is one of C (carbon) and N (nitrogen); b) introducing a halogen and solvent to the dried MAX phase to create a halogen solution having a predetermined concentration; c) allowing a reaction to proceed for about 24 hours between 30-90° C. to create a reaction slurry comprising a MXene material.

Abstract: There is provided a method of producing boron trichloride, in which damage to a reaction container is inhibited. The method of producing boron trichloride includes performing reaction between chlorine gas in a gas containing the chlorine gas and particulate boron carbide (4) in a state in which the boron carbide (4) flows in the gas containing the chlorine gas.

Abstract: A method for preparing a compound having the following formula (IV): R2—(SO2)—NLi—(SO2)—F (IV), the method including a step a) of reacting a sulphamide having the following formula (A): R0—(SO2)—NH2 (A) with at least one sulphur-containing acid and at least one chlorinating agent, the step a) being carried out: at a temperature between 90° C. and 130° C., and at a pressure which is strictly greater than 7 bar (absolute).

Abstract: A system and method for producing hydrogen (H2) gas and a single or hybrid hydrogen active material based aqueous suspension from pre-prepared effervescent tablets are provided. The produced H2 gas can be stored in a tank or directly utilized in a fuel cell, whereas the produced suspension can be employed as an advanced heat transfer fluid in a variety of thermal applications. The effervescent tablets can be fabricated with a homogeneously mixed and well-compressed mixture of hydrogen active metallic particles and effervescent powder in a sealed container to prevent air and humidity from reacting with the raw materials. As a result of the chemical reaction between the tablet and water, H2 gas (in the form of bubbles) and the hydrogen active material-based suspension are produced simultaneously. This system results in two products that can be used individually or all at once by integrating the different system components together.

Abstract: The embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method, system and composition producing a magnetic carbon nanomaterial product that may comprise carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at least some of which are magnetic CNTs (mCNTs). The method and apparatus employ carbon dioxide (CO2) as a reactant in an electrolysis reaction in order to make mCNTs. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a magnetic additive component is included as a reactant in the method and as a portion of one or more components in the system or composition to facilitate a magnetic material addition process, a carbide nucleation process or both during the electrosynthesis reaction for making magnetic carbon nanomaterials.

Abstract: Processes for the production of microporous carbon material, for use in electrodes of supercapacitors and secondary batteries, in which particulate metal carbide material is fluidized with a halogen gas at a high temperature in a fluidized bed reactor, the halogen gas is desorbed at a lower temperature of 150° C. to at most 250° C. under vacuum, and then the material is passivated using hydrogen gas and then milled.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides systems and methods for processing ammonia. The system may comprise one or more reactor modules configured to generate hydrogen from a source material comprising ammonia. The hydrogen generated by the one or more reactor modules may be used to provide additional heating of the reactor modules (e.g., via combustion of the hydrogen), or may be provided to one or more fuel cells for the generation of electrical energy.

Abstract: Methods of using sorbents to enhance the production of hydrogen from fuel, and related systems, are generally described. In some embodiments, the production of hydrogen from the fuel involves a reforming reaction and/or a gasification reaction combined with a water-gas shift reaction.

Abstract: In a process for steam reforming of oxygenates, especially at low steam-to-carbon (S/C) ratios, a feed gas containing oxygenates, such as ethanol, is converted into syngas over a ternary carbide catalyst. Then the reformed gas is either transformed into desired chemicals or mixed into the feed stream to the reformer in a plant, such as an ammonia or methanol plant. The preferred ternary carbide is nickel zinc carbide.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides systems and methods for processing ammonia. The system may comprise one or more reactor modules configured to generate hydrogen from a source material comprising ammonia. The hydrogen generated by the one or more reactor modules may be used to provide additional heating of the reactor modules (e.g., via combustion of the hydrogen), or may be provided to one or more fuel cells for the generation of electrical energy.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides systems and methods for processing ammonia. The system may comprise one or more reactor modules configured to generate hydrogen from a source material comprising ammonia. The hydrogen generated by the one or more reactor modules may be used to provide additional heating of the reactor modules (e.g., via combustion of the hydrogen), or may be provided to one or more fuel cells for the generation of electrical energy.

Abstract: Methods comprising: evaporating a catalyst source to produce a catalyst gas; condensing the catalyst gas to produce a catalyst vapor comprising catalyst droplets suspended in a gas phase; and contacting the catalyst vapor with a hydrocarbon gas to catalyze a decomposition reaction of the hydrocarbon gas into hydrogen gas and carbon. And, systems comprising: a catalyst source evaporator that provides a first stream to a reactor; a hydrocarbon source that provides a second stream to the reactor; a cooling column coupled to the reactor via a third stream comprising hydrogen, catalyst liquid, solid carbon, optionally catalyst gas, and optionally unreacted hydrocarbon gas such that the cooling column receives the third stream from the reactor; and wherein the cooling column has effluent streams that include (a) a fourth stream that comprises hydrogen and optionally catalyst gas and (b) a fifth stream that comprises catalyst liquid.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides systems and methods for processing ammonia. A heater may heat reformers, where the reformers comprise ammonia (NH3) reforming catalysts in thermal communication with the heater. NH3 may be directed to the reformers from storage tanks, and the NH3 may be decomposed to generate a reformate stream comprising hydrogen (H2) and nitrogen (N2). At least part of the reformate stream can be used to heat reformers. Additionally, the reformate stream can be directed to a hydrogen processing module such as a fuel cell.

Abstract: Provided is a method for manufacturing a catalyst with which it is possible to obtain a supported metal ammonia synthesis catalyst, in which there are restrictions in terms of producing method and producing facility, and particularly large restrictions for industrial-scale producing, in a more simple manner and so that the obtained catalyst has a high activity. This method for manufacturing an ammonia synthesis catalyst includes: a first step for preparing 12CaO·7Al2O3 having a specific surface area of 5 m2/g or above; a second step for supporting a ruthenium compound on the 12CaO·7Al2O3; and a third step for performing a reduction process on the 12CaO·7Al2O3 supporting the ruthenium compound, obtained in the second step. This invention is characterized in that the reduction process is performed until the average particle diameter of the ruthenium after the reduction process has increased by at least 15% in relation to the average particle diameter of the ruthenium before the reduction process.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing ammonia or hydrogen may include a) a gas stream feed conduit having a connecting conduit to a steam reformer with a waste heat section; b) a heat exchanger downstream of the gas stream feed conduit; c) a gas stream preheater downstream of the heat exchanger; d) a recirculation conduit which is located downstream of the gas stream preheater and leads to the gas stream feed conduit or, upstream of the heat exchanger, to the connecting conduit; and e) the steam reformer with the waste heat section, where the waste heat section may be in thermal contact with the gas stream preheater and the flow of the gas stream which has been heated in the gas stream preheater through the recirculation conduit can be regulated. A process for producing ammonia or hydrogen may employ such an apparatus.

Abstract: Disclosed in the present invention is a method for preparing nickel sulfate from a nickel-iron-copper alloy. The method comprises: in a high-pressure oxygen environment, mixing a nickel-iron-copper alloy crushed material, aqueous ammonia, ammonium sulphate, and a corrosion assisting agent, leaching, then performing solid-liquid separation on the leached slurry, adding a precipitant into a filtrate, and performing ammonia distillation to obtain a nickel-containing leachate; then adding an extractant into the nickel-containing leachate to extract nickel so as to obtain a nickel-containing extraction organic phase; and then adding sulfuric acid into the nickel-containing extraction organic phase to perform back extraction of nickel so as to obtain a nickel sulfate solution.