Abstract: A method and a composition to stabilize the surface cation chemistry of the perovskite or related oxides, and thus, to minimize or completely avoid the detrimental segregation and phase separation of dopant cations at the surface can include modifying the surface with more oxidizable metal cations and/or more oxidizable metal oxides, thereby reducing the oxygen vacancy concentration at the very surface.

Abstract: In some aspects, the present disclosure provides compositions comprising a nanoporous material such as a metal organic framework and an amine containing compound. In some aspects, these compositions may be used to improve the affinity of a guest molecule to the nanoporous material relative a nanoporous material which had not been treated with the amine containing compound.

Abstract: This present disclosure relates to processes and apparatuses for removing contaminants from hydrogen streams. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to processes and apparatuses wherein hydrogen is used in units that utilize catalysts that are sensitive to oxygenates. The contaminants like carbon oxides and water are removed simultaneously from the hydrogen stream to provide a rich hydrogen stream with high purity to units that utilizes catalysts that are sensitive to oxygenates.

Abstract: In a novel method for start-up heating of a converting re-actor in an ammonia synthesis plant, the conventional use of a gas fired heater is replaced by inductive heating. The inductive heating is obtained using an alternating high frequency current, which is passed through an inductive coil located inside the reactor, especially mounted inside a pressure shell. The method makes it possible to run reactions at high temperatures and high pressures in a very efficient way.

Abstract: Provided are multi-zone catalyst articles, methods of manufacturing multi-zone catalyst articles, and methods for controlling emissions in diesel engine exhaust streams with multi-zone catalyst articles, where the emission treatment system of various embodiments effectively treats diesel engine exhaust with a single multi-zone catalyst article.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a process for recovery and regeneration of rare earth metals or salts thereof used as catalyst and which is conveniently integrated within the overall flow sheets of manufacturing dialkyl carbonates. Alkyl carbamate, alcohol and a rare earth metal salt as catalyst selected from the lanthanide series are added in a reactor to afford dialkyl carbonate. The rare earth metal catalyst is selected from samarium, cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, ytterbium, europium and gadolinium. Ammonia is added to a portion of the reaction mixture to precipitate the catalyst and the separated deactivated catalyst is dissolved in acid to afford regenerated catalyst, e.g., in triflic acid in the case of samarium triflate catalyst.

Abstract: An object is to provide a means for suppressing a deterioration in catalytic performance even after being exposed to high temperature exhaust gas containing a phosphorus compound for a long period of time. An exhaust gas purifying catalyst including palladium supported on cerium-aluminum composite oxide containing cerium at from 3 to 60% by mass in terms of cerium oxide.

Abstract: A composition, comprising: trisilylamine and less than 5 ppmw of halogen. A method of making a silylamine comprising combining ammonia and a compound comprising aminosilane functionality, where the compound comprising aminosilane functionality is according to formula (I) R1 N(R2)a(SiH3)2?a (I), where R1 is an organic polymer, a C-1-20 hydrocarbyl group or —SiR331, where R3 is C1-6 hydrocarbyl, R2 is a C-1-20 hydrocarbyl group, H, or —SiR331, where R3 is as defined above, subscript a is 0 or 1, provided that R1 and R2 may be the same or different except if R1 is phenyl, R2 is not phenyl, under sufficient conditions to cause a reaction to form a silylamine and a byproduct.

Abstract: A method for revamping an ammonia plant including a steam system, said steam system comprising at least a high-pressure section operating at a first pressure and a medium-pressure section operating at a second pressure lower than said first pressure, the revamping including: the provision of at least one additional heat recovery by means of a steam flow at a third pressure which is intermediate between said first and second pressure, and the provision of a steam export line arranged to export outside the ammonia plant at least a portion of said steam flow at said third pressure.

Abstract: A method for the production of germane includes reacting an oxide of germanium and/or a non-oxide of germanium compound with a borohydride in a base solution. The method permits production of germane from impure germanium-containing starting materials. Catalysts for the reaction include transition metal elements, as well as oxides, hydroxides, halides, and other complexes or compounds of transition metals. Application of heat increases the efficiency of the catalyst. The methods also include production of germane through oxidation of a pure or impure oxide or non-oxide of germanium. The oxidation is effected by contacting the germanium-containing solid phase starting material with an oxidizing solution. The oxidizing solution may be a basic solution comprising a hydroxide or an acidic solution. The oxidation product of the germanium-containing solid phase starting material is converted to germane through an electrochemical or chemical reduction process.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for decarbonizing gases using pressure swing in a first and second pressure vessel that each comprise a fixed bed sorbent. Syngas and steam are received in the first pressure vessel. A carbonation reaction is performed in the first pressure vessel that reacts carbonaceous species in the received syngas with the received steam to produce carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Decarbonated syngas is exhausted from first pressure vessel. A calcination reaction is performed in the second pressure vessel to produce carbon dioxide. A vacuum is provided to the second pressure vessel that causes carbon dioxide to exhaust from the second pressurized vessel at a pressure that substantially follows the decomposition pressure line.

Abstract: Systems and methods for generating power using hydrogen fuel, such as derived from natural gas, are provided. Feed materials are introduced into a compact hydrogen generator to produce carbon dioxide, hydrogen gas and steam. Sorbent material within the compact hydrogen generator acts to absorb carbon dioxide, forming a used sorbent. Hydrogen gas and steam are separated from the used sorbent and passed to a power generator such as a hydrogen turbine to produce power. The used sorbent is introduced into a calciner and heated to desorb carbon dioxide and form a regenerated sorbent which can be recycled to the compact hydrogen generator.

Abstract: A reactor for converting hydrogen sulfide into hydrogen gas and sulfur.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method and a process of producing ammonia from methane extracted from methane-hydrate at the site of methane-hydrate extraction. The method and the process comprise coupled chemical reactions. During the first reaction, carbon dioxide reacts methane-hydrate to produce carbon-dioxide-hydrate and methane: carbon dioxide+methane-hydrate?carbon-dioxide-hydrate+methane (CO2+CH4-hydrate?CO2-hydrate+CH4). The produced methane is reacted with water to produced carbon dioxide and hydrogen via the second reaction: methane+water?carbon dioxide+hydrogen (CH4+2H2O?CO2+4H2). One embodiment of the second reaction is a combination of the methane steam reforming reaction (CH4+H2O?CO+3H2) and the water-gas shift reaction (CO+H2O?CO2+H2), both are widely known in the art. The carbon dioxide produced in the second reaction is recycled and used for the first reaction.

Abstract: A method of generating syngas as a primary product from renewable feedstock, fossil fuels, or hazardous waste with the use of a cupola. The cupola operates selectably on inductive heat alone, chemically assisted heat, or plasma assisted heat. Additionally, the operation of the cupola is augmented by the use of direct acting carbon or graphite rods that carry electrical current for additional heat generation into the metal bath that is influenced by the inductive element. The method includes the steps of providing a cupola for containing a metal bath; and operating an inductive element to react with the metal bath. Feedstock in the form of a combination of fossil fuel, a hazardous waste, and a hazardous material is supplied to the cupola. A plasma torch operates on the metal bath selectably directly and indirectly. Steam, air, oxygen enriched air, and oxygen are supplied in selectable combinations.

Abstract: A method for achieving a gas with a variable hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio in a system including splitting a warm raw syngas stream into a first portion and a second portion, the second portioning having a portion flowrate. Sending the first portion of the warm raw syngas stream a carbon monoxide separator, thereby producing a first hydrogen enriched stream and a carbon monoxide rich stream. Sending the second portion of the warm raw syngas stream to a water/gas shift reactor, thereby producing a shifted syngas stream. Combining the first hydrogen enriched stream and the second hydrogen enriched stream and sending the combined stream to a hydrogen separator, thereby producing a product hydrogen stream having a hydrogen flowrate, and varying the hydrogen flowrate by increasing the portion flowrate.

Abstract: Methods for steam reforming over a modified red mud catalyst composition, one method including providing a methane feed and a steam feed to react over the modified red mud catalyst composition at increased temperature and increased pressure to produce synthesis gas comprising H2 and CO, the composition comprising red mud material produced from an alumina extraction process from bauxite ore; nickel oxide, the nickel oxide present at between about 5 wt. % to about 40 wt. % of the modified red mud catalyst composition; and a Periodic Table Group VIB metal oxide, the Group VIB metal oxide present at between about 1 wt. % and about 30 wt. % of the modified red mud catalyst composition.

Abstract: A process for improving the grade and optical quality of zircon, comprising: baking a mixture of a zircon feed and concentrated sulphuric acid at a baking temperature in the range of from 200 up to 400° C., and for a time to form water leachable sulphates with impurities therein including at least iron and titanium; leaching the baked mixture to dissolve the leachable sulphates; and separating the zircon from the leachate containing the leached sulphates, which separated zircon is thereby of improved grade and optical quality.

Abstract: Materials, methods of making, and methods of providing a trimetallic oxygen carrier for converting methane containing fuel to synthesis gas. The trimetallic oxygen carrier comprises CuxFeyMnzOt, where CuxFeyMnzOt is a chemical composition with 0<x?3 and 0<y?3 and 0<z?3 and, 0<t?5. For example, CuxFeyMnzOt may be one of CuMnFeO4, CuFe0.5Mn1.5O4, CuFeMn2O4, CuFe2MnO4, or Cu impregnated on FerMnsOu, Fe impregnated on CurMnsOu, Mn impregnated on CurFesOu where r>0, s>0 and u>0 and combinations thereof. Reaction of trimetallic CuxFeyMnzOt with methane generates a product stream comprising at least 50 vol. % CO and H2.

Abstract: Methods for bi-reforming over a modified red mud catalyst composition, one method including providing a methane feed in the presence of carbon dioxide and steam to react over the modified red mud catalyst composition at increased temperature and increased pressure to produce synthesis gas comprising H2 and CO, the composition comprising red mud material produced from an alumina extraction process from bauxite ore; nickel oxide, the nickel oxide present at between about 5 wt. % to about 40 wt. % of the modified red mud catalyst composition; and a Periodic Table Group VIB metal oxide, the Group VIB metal oxide present at between about 1 wt. % and about 30 wt. % of the modified red mud catalyst composition.