Abstract: An electrode for an electro-optic device has a wetting layer of electrically conductive material formed on a substrate. A second layer of electrically conductive material is formed on the wetting layer of electrically conductive material. The wetting layer has a first wetting ability with respect to a surface of the substrate and the second layer has a second wetting ability with respect to the surface of said substrate. The first wetting ability is different from the second wetting ability and the wetting layer acts to alter an optical property of the electrode due to the wetting ability of the wetting layer on the surface of the substrate.

Abstract: A laser beam is modulated at a very high frequency to produce uniform radiant flux densities on substrate surface processing regions during thermal processing. Beam modulation is achieved by passing the laser beam through a plasma which causes phase randomization within the laser beam. This method may be used for any application where intense, uniform illumination is desired, such as pulsed laser annealing, ablating, and wafer stepper illuminating.

Abstract: A directional display apparatus, comprising a spatial light modulator comprising an array of pixels and a lens array in which each respective section of the lens array is capable of directing light from a group of pixels aligned with the respective section into nominal viewing windows, is arranged such that each respective section is also capable of directing light from at least one adjacent group of pixels aligned with a section adjacent the respective section into the same nominal viewing windows. This may be achieved by a deflection element, such as a prism element or a hologram, or by each respective section of the lens array having at least one lens surface providing: at least one first region capable of directing light from said group of pixels aligned with the respective section into said nominal viewing windows; and at least one second region capable of directing light from said at least one adjacent group of pixels into the same nominal viewing windows.

Abstract: An eye movement measuring apparatus comprises: an image forming part configured to obtain data optically to form a fundus oculi image of an eye based on the obtained data; and an image analysis part configured to analyze the formed fundus oculi image to determine eye movement of the eye.

Abstract: An eyelid detecting apparatus includes an image capturing portion for capturing a face image, a red-eye effect detecting portion for detecting a red-eye effect in which a light appears red at the pupil in the face image, the light entering through the pupil, reflecting on a choroidea of the eye, and exiting from the pupil, an eyelid detecting portion for detecting an upper eyelid and a lower eyelid in the face image on the basis of an edge appearing on a boundary between a bright portion and a dark portion and the eyelid detecting portion ignoring the edge of a red-eye effect occurring pupil so as not to be considered as the upper eyelid and the lower eyelid when the red-eye effect detecting portion detects the red-eye effect.

Abstract: An adaptive mirror includes a plurality of adjacent combs of piezoelectric material and two electrodes arranged on longitudinal faces opposite a bar are associated with each monolithic bar formed by a tooth of the combs.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electro-optical light control element and to electro-optical displays and display systems, e.g. television screens and computer monitors, which contain elements of this type. The inventive light control elements contain a mesogenic control medium (2) that exists in an optically isotropic phase when the light control elements are in operation. In addition to having a good contrast, a low dependency on viewing angle and very short switching times, the light control elements are particularly characterized by having relatively low drive voltages. The inventive electro-optical light control elements contain a solid dielectric layer (5) between the electrode structure (3, 4) and the mesogenic control layer. The invention also relates to the mesogenic control media, which are used in the electro-optical light control elements and which can exist in a blue phase.

Abstract: A visual acuity testing apparatus includes a target presenting unit for displaying various targets to be presented to a subject's eye, an optical element arranging device for retaining various optical elements, and selectively arranging the optical element corresponding to a response from the subject between the subject's eye and the target presenting unit, an operation section which is operated for selecting each of targets and each of the optical elements, a display section for displaying an operation image illustrating an operation content of the operation section, a memory for storing a plurality of target data illustrating each of the targets and operation image data illustrating the operation image, an arithmetic control section for extracting the target data and the operation image data from the memory according to an operation of the operation section, and an image output section having at least two output ports.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided that includes a light source, an array of light-reflecting devices, and a processor for positioning the light-reflecting devices so as to display an image on the display screen. Each of the light-reflecting devices selectively reflects the light from the light source onto a corresponding pixel of a display screen. The processor positions a first of the light-reflecting devices such that light from the light source is reflected by the first light-reflecting device onto a first pixel of the display screen, which is different than the pixel of the display screen that corresponds to the first light-reflecting device.

Abstract: A method of creating very large flat panel displays uses fiber and tubes containing wire electrodes to create the structure in a panel. However, there are several display types, especially those involving an electro-optic material like a liquid crystal, which require the electric field to be spread across the entire surface of the pixel or fiber. A method disclosed herein uses a conductive layer to spread the voltage applied to the wire electrodes in the fiber across the surface of the fiber. The conductive layer may be capacitively or resistively coupled to the wire electrode. In most display applications, a transparent conductive layer is required. The easiest and most cost effective methods to fabricate a transparent conductive layer use a transparent conductive polymer or carbon nanotubes.

Abstract: A method and system for determining specific pixel modulation states of a spatial light modulator (SLM) to print a desired pattern on a substrate are disclosed. The method includes selecting at least one super-pixel in an object plane of the desired pattern, the super-pixel being formed of at least two pixels. At least one edge of the desired pattern crosses a boundary within the super-pixel, the at least one edge being defined by specific slope and position parameters relative to the super-pixel. The method also includes (i) forming an interpolation table to tabulate pre-calculated pixel modulation states and (ii) determining the specific pixel modulation states for each of the pixels in accordance with the interpolation table. Disclosed also are a method and system for providing a spatial light modulator (SLM). The SLM includes a plurality of mirrors structured to form groups of super-pixels.

Abstract: One exemplary embodiment of an electrochromic device comprises a single cavity Fabry-Pérot filter in which the metal conductive layers forming the cavity are sandwiched by conductive dielectric layers. Another exemplary embodiment of an electrochromic device comprises a dual-cavity Fabry-Pérot filter.

Abstract: An electrode is described. The electrode includes a substrate having a first and a second surface, a conductive layer, multilayer structure having alternating layers of at least one polymer layer and at least one electroactive chemical bound nanoparticle layer. The conductive layer is disposed on the second surface of the substrate, and the multilayer structure is disposed on the conductive layer.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrophoresis display device that includes: a pair of a first substrate and a second substrate that are provided opposite to each other; an electrophoresis material layer that is sandwiched between the first substrate and the second substrate; a plurality of pixel areas that is formed on the first substrate and the second substrate; a plurality of optical detection elements which is formed either in the pixel areas or adjacent to the pixel areas; and a plurality of optical transmission paths each of which is formed between the first substrate and the second substrate and propagates incident light that enters through an outer surface of the second substrate so that the light reaches the corresponding optical detection element.

Abstract: A method and system for modifying the detected phase of a signal by driving a photodetector into saturation. This system and method differs from current manual and electrical microwave phase modification by using saturation means for modifying the phase. The system and method may use a plurality of the signal generators for saturating the photodetector.

Abstract: Various embodiments of an improved electro-optic shutter are disclosed. One embodiment comprises an electro-optic element, first and second polarizers, and a pair of electrodes. The electro-optic element has opposing transverse surfaces and operates as a half wave plate when a voltage V? is applied to the element. The first and second polarizers are each disposed adjacent to one transverse surface of the electro-optic element. The first and second electro-optic element have parallel transmission axes. Each electrode is disposed on one of the transverse surfaces of the electro-optic element and has an electric field which is substantially uniform over the transverse extent of the electro-optic element.

Abstract: A micro thin-film structure, a micro electro-mechanical system (MEMS) switch, and methods of fabricating them. The micro thin-film structure includes at least two thin-films having different properties and laminated in sequence to form an upper layer and a lower layer, wherein an interface between the upper and lower layers is formed to be oriented to at least two directions. The micro thin film structure, and method of forming, may be applied to a movable electrode of an MEMS switch. The thin-film structure may be formed by forming through-holes in the lower layer, and depositing the upper layer in the form of being engaged in the through-holes. Alternatively, the thin-film structure may be made by forming prominence and depression parts on the top side of the lower layer and then depositing the upper layer on the top side of the lower layer having the prominence and depression parts.

Abstract: A package structure and method of packaging for a MEMS device is described. A transparent substrate having an interferometric modulator array formed thereon is shown. A single or dual-layered backplate is joined to the transparent substrate with a seal. The interferometric modulator array may be exposed to the surrounding environment through an opening in either the backplate or the seal.

Abstract: The present invention is a method and system to estimate the visual target that people are looking, based on automatic image measurements. The system utilizes image measurements from both face-view cameras and top-down view cameras. The cameras are calibrated with respect to the site and the visual target, so that the gaze target is determined from the estimated position and gaze direction of a person. Face detection and two-dimensional pose estimation locate and normalize the face of the person so that the eyes can be accurately localized and the three-dimensional facial pose can be estimated. The eye gaze is estimated based on either the positions of localized eyes and irises or on the eye image itself, depending on the quality of the image. The gaze direction is estimated from the eye gaze measurement in the context of the three-dimensional facial pose.

Abstract: A microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device includes a reflective element that includes at least one stop member. The device also includes an electrode and an aperture that extends at least partially through the electrode. The aperture has a boundary. The device has an electrically nonconductive surface within the aperture or on a portion of the boundary of the aperture. A support structure separates the reflective element from the electrode. The reflective element can be moved between a first position and a second position. The stop member is spaced from the electrically nonconductive surface when the reflective element is in the first position. A portion of the stop member is in contact with the electrically nonconductive surface when the reflective element is in the second position. The reflective element and the electrode are electrically isolated from each other when the reflective element is in the second position.