Abstract: At least one exemplary embodiment is directed to a waveguide including a plurality of linear defects of a three-dimensional photonic crystal, the plurality of linear defects include a first defect formed by changing the medium of some of columnar structures to a medium different from that of the columnar structures and a second linear defect formed by shifting the position or changing the shape of some of the columnar structures extending in the same direction as the first linear defect, and the first linear defect and the second linear defect are disposed apart by 0.5 times the out-of-plane lattice period or more in the stacking direction of the three-dimensional photonic crystal.

Abstract: At least one exemplary embodiment is directed to a waveguide, which includes a three-dimensional photonic crystal including a first linear defect and a second linear defect. The first linear defect is disposed at part of columnar structures and is formed of a medium different from the columnar structures. The second linear defect is disposed at part of columnar structures extending in the longitudinal direction of the first linear defect and is formed of a medium having a refractive index different from that of the medium used for the columnar structures. The second linear defect is separated from the first linear defect by a distance of at least 0.5 times the out-of-plane lattice period of the three-dimensional photonic crystal in a direction in which layers including the columnar structures are stacked.

Abstract: At least one exemplary embodiment is directed to a waveguide including a plurality of linear defects of a three-dimensional photonic crystal, the plurality of linear defects include a first defect formed by changing the medium of some of columnar structures to a medium different from that of the columnar structures and a second linear defect formed by shifting the position or changing the shape of some of the columnar structures extending in the same direction as the first linear defect, and the first linear defect and the second linear defect are disposed apart by 0.5 times the out-of-plane lattice period or more in the stacking direction of the three-dimensional photonic crystal.