Abstract: A variety of applications can include apparatus and/or methods of operating the apparatus that include a memory device having read levels that can be calibrated. A calibration controller implemented with the memory device can trigger a read level calibration based on inputs from one or more trackers monitoring parameters associated with the memory device and a determination of an occurrence of at least one event from a set of events related to the monitored parameters. The monitored parameters can include parameters related to a selected time interval and measurements of read, erase, or write operations of the memory device. Additional apparatus, systems, and methods are disclosed.

Abstract: Apparatus having an array of memory cells include a controller configured to read a particular memory cell of a last written page of memory cells of a block of memory cells of the array of memory cells, determine whether a threshold voltage of the particular memory cell is less than a particular voltage level, and mark the last written page of memory cells as affected by power loss during a programming operation of the last written page of memory cells when the threshold voltage of the particular memory cell is determined to be higher than the particular voltage level.

Abstract: Devices and techniques for read voltage calibration of a flash-based storage system based on host IO operations are disclosed. In an example, a memory device includes a NAND memory array having groups of multiple blocks of memory cells, and a memory controller to optimize voltage calibration for reads of the memory array. In an example, the optimization technique includes monitoring read operations occurring to a respective block, identifying a condition to trigger a read level calibration based on the read operations, and performing the read level calibration for the respective block or a memory component that includes the respective block. In a further example, the calibration is performed based on a threshold voltage to read the respective block, which may be considered when the threshold voltage to read the respective block is evaluated within a sampling operation performed by the read level calibration.

Abstract: Data to store at a storage system is received. The storage system includes data blocks and the plurality of blocks that include a first region corresponding to a first storage density and a second region corresponding to a second storage density that is less dense than the first storage density. The data is stored at the first region of the plurality of data blocks that corresponds to the first storage density. A write attribute related to storing the data at the first region of the plurality of data blocks is determined. Thereupon, the write attribute related to storing the data at the first region is stored in the second region of the plurality of data blocks that corresponds to the second storage density.

Abstract: A system configured to determine that a trigger condition has occurred that is related to an operation performed on a memory device of the system. Responsive to determining that the trigger condition has occurred, reordering error handling mechanisms of an error handling sequence based upon an error handling mechanism performance metric. Each error handling mechanism specifies operations to be performed to recover an error in the operation on the memory device.

Abstract: The present disclosure includes memory blocks erasable in a single level cell mode. A number of embodiments include a memory comprising a plurality of mixed mode blocks and a controller. The controller may be configured to identify a particular mixed mode block for an erase operation and, responsive to a determined intent to subsequently write the particular mixed mode block in a single level cell (SLC) mode, perform the erase operation in the SLC mode.

Abstract: A memory device comprising a main memory and a controller operably connected to the main memory is provided. The main memory can comprise a plurality of memory addresses, each corresponding to a single one of a plurality of word lines. Each memory address can be included in a tracked subset of the plurality of memory addresses. Each tracked subset can include memory addresses corresponding to more than one of the plurality of word lines. The controller is configured to track a number of read operations for each tracked subset, and to scan, in response to the number of read operations for a first tracked subset exceeding a first threshold value, a portion of data corresponding to each word line of the first tracked subset to determine an error count corresponding to each word line of the first tracked subset.

Abstract: An example apparatus for garbage collection can include a memory including a plurality of mixed mode blocks. The example apparatus can include a controller. The controller can be configured to write a first portion of sequential host data to the plurality of mixed mode blocks of the memory in a single level cell (SLC) mode. The controller can be configured to write a second portion of sequential host data to the plurality of mixed mode blocks in an XLC mode. The controller can be configured to write the second portion of sequential host data by performing a garbage collection operation. The garbage collection operation can include adding more blocks to a free block pool than a quantity of blocks that are written to in association with writing the second portion of sequential host data to the plurality of mixed mode blocks.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for operating mixed mode blocks. One example method can include tracking single level cell (SLC) mode cycles and extra level cell (XLC) mode cycles performed on the mixed mode blocks, maintaining a mixed mode cycle count corresponding to the mixed mode blocks, and adjusting the mixed mode cycle count differently for mixed mode blocks operated in a SLC mode than for mixed blocks operated in a XLC mode.

Abstract: Memory devices are disclosed. A memory device may include main memory and a hybrid cache. The hybrid cache includes a dynamic cache including x-level cell (XLC) blocks of non-volatile memory cells shared between the dynamic cache and the main memory. The hybrid cache further includes a static cache including single-level cell (SLC) blocks of non-volatile memory cells. The memory device further includes a memory controller configured to disable at least one of the static cache and the dynamic cache responsive to a workload of the hybrid cache relative to a Total Bytes Written (TBW) Spec for the memory device. Methods of operating a memory device and an electronic system are also described.

Abstract: An example apparatus for garbage collection can include a memory including a plurality of mixed mode blocks. The example apparatus can include a controller. The controller can be configured to write a first portion of sequential host data to the plurality of mixed mode blocks of the memory in a single level cell (SLC) mode. The controller can be configured to write a second portion of sequential host data to the plurality of mixed mode blocks in an XLC mode. The controller can be configured to write the second portion of sequential host data by performing a garbage collection operation. The garbage collection operation can include adding more blocks to a free block pool than a quantity of blocks that are written to in association with writing the second portion of sequential host data to the plurality of mixed mode blocks.

Abstract: Devices and techniques for initiating and controlling preemptive idle time read scans in a flash based storage system are disclosed. In an example, a memory device includes a NAND memory array and a memory controller to schedule and initiate read scans among multiple locations of the memory array, with such read scans being preemptively triggered during an idle (background) state of the memory device, thus reducing host latency during read and write operations in an active (foreground) state of the memory device. In an example, the optimization technique includes scheduling a read scan operation, monitoring an active or idle state of host IO operations, and preemptively initiating the read scan operation when entering an idle state, before the read scan operation is scheduled to occur. In further examples, the read scan may preemptively occur based on time-based scheduling, frequency-based conditions, or event-driven conditions triggering the read scan.

Abstract: Disclosed in some examples, are methods, systems, and machine readable mediums which compensate for read-disturb effects by shifting the read voltages used to read the value in a NAND cell based upon a read counter. For example, the NAND memory device may have a read counter that corresponds to a group of NAND cells (e.g., a page, a block, a superblock). Anytime a NAND cell in the group is read, the read counter may be incremented. The read voltage, Vread, may be adjusted based on the read counter to account for the read disturb voltage.

Abstract: A variety of applications can include apparatus and/or methods that include tracking data temperatures of logical block addresses for a memory device by operating multiple accumulators by one or more data temperature analyzers to count host writes to ranges of logical block addresses. Data temperature for data written by a host is a measure of how frequently data at a logical block address is overwritten. In various embodiments, tracking can include staggering the start of counting by each of the multiple accumulators to provide subsequent binning of logical block addresses bands into temperature zones, which can achieve better data segregation. Data having a logical block address received from a host can be routed to a block associated with a temperature zone based on the binning provided by the staggered operation of the multiple accumulators by one or more data temperature analyzers. Additional apparatus, systems, and methods are disclosed.

Abstract: A memory having a memory controller is configured to operate a hybrid cache including a dynamic cache including x-level cell (XLC) (e.g., multi-level cell (MLC)) blocks and a static cache including single level cell (SLC) blocks. A method of operating the memory includes storing at least a portion of host data into the SLC blocks as static cache; and storing at least another portion of host data into XLC blocks in an SLC mode as dynamic cache responsive to a burst of host data being determined to be greater than the static cache can handle. At least one of the static cache or dynamic cache may be disabled based on monitoring a workload of the hybrid cache relative to a Total Bytes Written (TBW) specification, such as by counting program-erase (PE) cycles of different portions of memory, or responsive to the workload exceeding a predetermined threshold defining one or more switch points.

Abstract: Devices and techniques for read voltage calibration of a flash-based storage system based on host IO operations are disclosed. In an example, a memory device includes a NAND memory array having groups of multiple blocks of memory cells, and a memory controller to optimize voltage calibration for reads of the memory array. In an example, the optimization technique includes monitoring read operations occurring to a respective block, identifying a condition to trigger a read level calibration based on the read operations, and performing the read level calibration for the respective block or a memory component that includes the respective block. In a further example, the calibration is performed based on a threshold voltage to read the respective block, which may be considered when the threshold voltage to read the respective block is evaluated within a sampling operation performed by the read level calibration.

Abstract: A memory device comprising a main memory and a controller operably connected to the main memory. The main memory can comprise a plurality of memory addresses, each corresponding to a single one of a plurality of word lines. Each memory address can be included in a tracked subset of the plurality of memory addresses. Each tracked subset can include memory addresses corresponding to more than one of the plurality of word lines. The controller is configured to track a number of read operations for each tracked subset, and to scan, in response to the number of read operations for a first tracked subset exceeding a first threshold value, a portion of data corresponding to each word line of the first tracked subset to determine an error count corresponding to each word line of the first tracked subset.

Abstract: An example apparatus for garbage collection can include a memory including a plurality of mixed mode blocks. The example apparatus can include a controller. The controller can be configured to write a first portion of sequential host data to the plurality of mixed mode blocks of the memory in a single level cell (SLC) mode. The controller can be configured to write a second portion of sequential host data to the plurality of mixed mode blocks in an XLC mode. The controller can be configured to write the second portion of sequential host data by performing a garbage collection operation. The garbage collection operation can include adding more blocks to a free block pool than a quantity of blocks that are written to in association with writing the second portion of sequential host data to the plurality of mixed mode blocks.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for operating mixed mode blocks. One example method can include tracking single level cell (SLC) mode cycles and extra level cell (XLC) mode cycles performed on the mixed mode blocks, maintaining a mixed mode cycle count corresponding to the mixed mode blocks, and adjusting the mixed mode cycle count differently for mixed mode blocks operated in a SLC mode than for mixed blocks operated in a XLC mode.

Abstract: An offset can be determined based on a characteristic of a memory system associated with a system block. The system block corresponds to logical blocks. A first group of physical blocks of the memory system can be assigned to a group of the plurality of logical blocks of the system block. A second group of physical blocks of the memory system can be identified at a location that is based on the offset and the first group of physical blocks. Furthermore, the second group of physical blocks of the memory system can be assigned to another group of the plurality of logical blocks associated with the system block. Data can be stored by using the system block with the first group and second group of physical blocks.