Abstract: Magnetic RAM cells have split sub-digit lines surrounded by cladding layers and methods of fabricating the same are provided. The magnetic RAM cells include first and second sub-digit lines formed over a semiconductor substrate. Only a bottom surface and an outer sidewall of the first sub-digit line are covered with a first cladding layer pattern. In addition, only a bottom surface and an outer sidewall of the second sub-digit line are covered with a second cladding layer pattern. The outer sidewall of the first sub-digit line is located distal from the second sub-digit line and the outer sidewall of the second sub-digit line is located distal the first sub-digit line. Methods of fabricating the magnetic RAM cells are also provided.

Abstract: There is provided a mobile apparatus including: a thin film provided as a substrate; at least one conductive pattern formed on at least one surface of the thin film; a circuit part formed on the at least one surface of the thin film to connect to the connect to the conductive pattern; and a housing formed integral with the thin film. Also, there is provided a method of manufacturing the same.

Abstract: A phase change memory device includes wordlines extending along a direction on a semiconductor substrate. Low concentration semiconductor patterns are disposed on the wordlines. Node electrodes are disposed on the low concentration semiconductor patterns. Schottky diodes are disposed between the low concentration semiconductor patterns and the node electrodes. Phase change resistors are disposed on the node electrodes.

Abstract: Provided are a phase change memory device and a reading method thereof. An example embodiment of a phase change memory device may include main cells programmed to have any one of a plurality of resistance states respectively corresponding to multi-bit data, reference cells programmed to have at least two respectively different resistance states among the resistance states each time the main cells are programmed, and a reference voltage generation circuit sensing the reference cells to generate reference voltages for identifying each of the resistance states.

Abstract: A memory device comprises a plurality of memory cells, each memory cell comprising a memory cell material that has an initial resistance that is determined in response to an applied programming current in a programming operation, the resistance of the memory cell varying from the initial resistance over a time period following the programming operation, and each memory cell being connected to a conduction line of the memory device that is used to apply the programming current to program the resistance of the corresponding memory cell in the programming operation and that is used to apply a read current to read the resistance of the corresponding memory cell in a read operation. A modification circuit modifies the resistance of a memory cell of the plurality of memory cells selected for a read operation to return its resistance to near the initial resistance prior to a read operation of the memory cell.

Abstract: A policy change management scheme for network resource management through dynamic policy adaptations especially suitable for DiffServ-enabled MPLS networks is presented. The scheme incorporates automated resource adaptation capabilities to assure QoS for user traffic and to promote resource utilization in DiffServ-enabled MPLS networks. A suite of resource management policies, an ordered set of methods for adjusting policies, and interfaces to a companion policy-based network management system are provided. The policies are periodically adjusted based on predictive bandwidth estimation algorithms ensuring optimal resource allocation to individual service classes and enabling adjustment of resources for handling current traffic and traffic expected for the near future.

Abstract: An etching apparatus using a neutral beam includes an electron emission unit to convert an ion beam, extracted from plasma by a plurality of grids, into a neutral beam by colliding the ion beam with electrons to prevent the ion beam from physically colliding with the electron emission unit, thus preventing the damage to a neutralization unit and generation of foreign substances with a simple structure. Further, the etching apparatus converts the ion beam into the neutral beam at a high neutralizing efficiency without causing directionality and energy losses, and generates a neutral beam having a large area, thus uniformly etching a semiconductor wafer.

Abstract: Magnetic RAM cells have split sub-digit lines surrounded by cladding layers and methods of fabricating the same are provided. The magnetic RAM cells include first and second sub-digit lines formed over a semiconductor substrate. Only a bottom surface and an outer sidewall of the first sub-digit line are covered with a first cladding layer pattern. In addition, only a bottom surface and an outer sidewall of the second sub-digit line are covered with a second cladding layer pattern. The outer sidewall of the first sub-digit line is located distal from the second sub-digit line and the outer sidewall of the second sub-digit line is located distal the first sub-digit line. Methods of fabricating the magnetic RAM cells are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an antenna module which can minimize the occupying space in an electronic device, enhancing degrees of freedom to increase efficiency in space utilization, thereby accommodating miniaturization and multi-functionality of the electronic device, and an electronic device having the same. The antenna module includes a flexible substrate, an antenna element having a feeder part, a first fixing part, and a radiation part. The antenna module further includes a feeder line connected to the feeder part having a feeder pad, a first fixing pad connected to the first fixing part, and a pad coupling element. In the invention, signals are processed via interaction between the resonance of the current running through the feeder line to the radiation part and the resonance of the current coming into the pad coupling element.

Abstract: A bidirectional optical transceiver is disclosed. The transceiver comprises an optical fiber which is adapted to input/output optical signals and has a slant surface polished with an angle, a substrate having a groove formed on its upper portion to position the optical fiber therein, a wavelength distributor filter inserted into the substrate with a slant substantially matching the angle in the optical fiber, a photodiode positioned on the substrate to receive optical signals, a TO-Can having a laser diode that is positioned in a location opposite to the optical fiber to transmit optical signals, and a single housing adapted to mount the optical fiber, the substrate, and the TO-Can thereon.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a nanoparticle-protein-hydrogel composite comprising (1) a polysaccharide-functionalized nanoparticle comprising a core composed of a biodegradable polymer, a hydrogel surface layer composed of a biocompatible polymer emulsifier, and a polysaccharide physically bound to the core and/or the hydrogel layer; (2) a protein forming a specific binding with the polysaccharide; and (3) a hydrogel matrix composed of a biocompatible polymer as a matrix for the nanoparticle. The present also relates to a drug delivery system and a bone defect replacement matrix comprising the composite for sustained release, and the preparation method thereof. Further, the present invention also provides a method for controlling the release rate of a protein drug by changing the content of the polysaccharide in a unit mass of the nanoparticle and/or by changing the content of the nanoparticle in a unit mass of the composite.

Abstract: A broadband internal antenna includes a first radiator having a radiation part with one or more coils having different pitch intervals connected in series to each other, and a second radiator having at least one conductive strip line arranged parallel to a longitudinal direction of the first radiator. The antenna further includes a connection part to which an end of the at least one conductive strip line is connected, to which a first end of the first radiator is attached and in which a part for supplying current to the antenna and a part for grounding the antenna are formed, and an attachment pad to which a second end of the first radiator is attached and from which current is drawn. Current flowing through the first radiator and current flowing through the strip lines form current paths in different directions to set a certain broadband using mutual Electromagnetic (EM) coupling.

Abstract: Methods are provided for operating a magnetic random access memory device including a memory cell having a magnetic tunnel junction structure on a substrate. In particular, a writing current pulse may be provided through the magnetic tunnel junction structure, and a writing magnetic field pulse may be provided through the magnetic tunnel junction structure. In addition, at least a portion of the writing magnetic field pulse may be overlapping in time with respect to at least a portion of the writing current pulse, and at least a portion of the writing current pulse and/or at least a portion of the writing magnetic field pulse may be non-overlapping in time with respect to the other. Related devices are also discussed.

Abstract: Provided is an image sensor assembly and a method for fabricating the same. The image sensor assembly includes an image sensor and a transparent cover. The image sensor detects an image has an exposed light receiving circuit on its surface. The transparent cover has a support. The support protrudes from the surface of the transparent cover to define a predetermined area on the surface of the transparent cover. The support is bonded to the surface of the image sensor to surround the light receiving circuit. The light receiving circuit is sealed by the transparent cover.

Abstract: An optical receiver of a bidirectional optical communication module is fabricated through an assembling process in which multiple modules are assembled concurrently. The module includes a first substrate formed with a groove, an optical fiber located in the groove and having a flat surface, a reflective filter inserted between the first substrate and the fiber with a predetermined inclination angle in order to reflect an incident optical signal, a second substrate supporting the fiber and mounted on the first substrate such that the flat surface.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a chip antenna for terrestrial DMB. The chip antenna comprises a dielectric block, a main antenna device formed with conductive patterns in the dielectric block such that a plurality of unit lamination structures of the conductive patterns having a meander line structure in the direction of the Z-axis in an XZ plane are arranged in the direction of the Y axis while adjacent unit lamination structures are connected to each other, forming a lamination structure having the meander line structure in the directions of the Y-axis, and the plurality of lamination structures are arranged in the direction of the X-axis and adjacent lamination structures are connected to each other in the direction of the X-axis to have the meander line structure, and a T-shaped assistant antenna device formed at an upper or lower dielectric layer in the main antenna device.

Abstract: Methods are provided for operating a magnetic random access memory device including a memory cell having a magnetic tunnel junction structure on a substrate. In particular, a writing current pulse may be provided through the magnetic tunnel junction structure, and a writing magnetic field pulse may be provided through the magnetic tunnel junction structure. In addition, at least a portion of the writing magnetic field pulse may be overlapping in time with respect to at least a portion of the writing current pulse, and at least a portion of the writing current pulse and/or at least a portion of the writing magnetic field pulse may be non-overlapping in time with respect to the other. Related devices are also discussed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and apparatus for transmitting and outputting data in voice communication over a traffic channel. The apparatus includes: a signal generator for generating a low frequency signal corresponding to a key signal inputted during voice communication; a signal synthesizer for synthesizing the low frequency signal and a voice signal; a radio communication unit for transmitting the synthesized signal over the traffic channel; a signal separator for separating a low frequency signal from a signal received and processed by the radio communication unit; and a data output unit for detecting a frequency of the separated low frequency signal and outputting data indicated by the detected frequency.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a multi-layered chip antenna using double coupling feeding.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a chip antenna for terrestrial DMB. The chip antenna comprises a dielectric block, a main antenna device formed with conductive patterns in the dielectric block such that a plurality of unit lamination structures of the conductive patterns having a meander line structure in the direction of the Z-axis in an XZ plane are arranged in the direction of the Y axis while adjacent unit lamination structures are connected to each other, forming a lamination structure having the meander line structure in the directions of the Y-axis, and the plurality of lamination structures are arranged in the direction of the X-axis and adjacent lamination structures are connected to each other in the direction of the X-axis to have the meander line structure, and a T-shaped assistant antenna device formed at an upper or lower dielectric layer in the main antenna device.