Abstract: A method implemented in a Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit, WTRU, for selecting a local network for the WTRU to join includes storing steering of roaming, SoR, information for a plurality of local service hosting networks, wherein the SoR information includes an indication of a priority order in a list of network identifiers, switching to an access mode for network searching, searching for a local service hosting network to join from among the plurality of local service hosting networks, and selecting a local service hosting network to join based on the indication of the priority order in the list of network identifiers. The method may further include updating the SoR information during any one or more of a periodic procedure or a mobility registration procedure.

Abstract: A method and a system are disclosed for providing session continuity in a 5G system. A wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) may receive, from a session management function (SMF), a first Non-Access Stratum (NAS) message indicating a Packet Data Unit (PDU) session re-establishment. Upon receiving the first NAS message, the WTRU may determine an old PDU session ID based on the NAS message and generate a new PDU session ID. The WTRU may transmit a second NAS message indicating a PDU session establishment request. The second NAS message may include the old and new PDU session IDs. Upon receiving the PDU session establishment request, the SMF may determine that the old PDU session ID is associated with an existing PDU session for which the PDU session re-establishment is requested. The SMF may also determine that the new PDU session ID is associated with a new PDU session to be established.

Abstract: Cellular connectivity and quality of service (QOS) monitoring and prediction are provided for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication. A core network (CN) may select assisting UAVs for communication link monitoring according to a target UAV's flight route. The CN may receive the assisting UAV's monitoring report, which may be used to derive a communication link quality prediction for the target UAV's flight path. The target UAV may discover and select an adjacent pilot UAV, which flies ahead of the target UAV's trajectory. The target UAV may receive a monitoring report from the pilot UAV, which may be used to predict a communication link quality for the target UAV's flight path. An unmanned aerial system (CAS) network function (NF) may collect QOS monitoring information from other NFs for a predetermined/popular flight route. The UAS NF may provide a prediction to the USS (e.g., upon request).

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may establish a multi-access (MA) protocol data unit (PDU) in accordance with the examples described herein. The WTRU may establish a new packet data network (PDN) connection or identify a suitable existing PDN connection in an evolved packet core (EPC), establish a MA-PDU in a 5G core network (5GC), and associate the existing PDN with the MA-PDU. The WTRU may already have a MA-PDU session established in 5GC with both 3GPP access leg and non-3GPP access leg in 5GC, and the WTRU may replace the 3GPP access leg in 5GC with a suitable PDN connection in EPC. The WTRU may send a request for establishing a single-access PDU session in 5GC via non-3GPP access, and a 5GC network may upgrade a PDU session established for the WTRU to a MA-PDU with 3GPP access leg in EPC.

Abstract: Procedures, systems, and devices for addressing quality of service (QoS) during an inter-system change of a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) are discussed herein. A WTRU may send a packet data unit (PDU) modification request to a network node, such as a session management function (SMF) device, indicating support for reflective quality of services (RQoS). In response to the modification request, the WTRU may then receive an acknowledgment, after which the WTRU may then be able to send data for a PDU of a specific RQoS. The RQoS may be specific to a single PDU or a plurality of PDUs. The modification request may include Session Management (SM) and/or Mobility Management (MM) information. The modification request may be included in an attach procedure or a tracking area update (TAU).

Abstract: A method for use in wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) which assesses both a first network and a second network to receive radio frames from each of the first network and the second network is disclosed. The method comprise: obtaining a first paging occasion (PO) as the first network's current PO and a second PO as the second network's current PO; determining whether there is a PO collision between the first PO and the second PO, on condition that there is the PO collision, selecting a network from the first network and the second network, and sending a request to the selected network; receiving, from the selected network, a collision avoidance parameter corresponding to the request; calculating a third PO for the selected network using the collision avoidance parameter, and using the third PO as the selected network's current PO.

Abstract: A user equipment, WTRU (401), may be provisioned on a stand-alone non-public network, SNPN. The WTRU registers with an on-boarding network, ONN (402). An indication that the WTRU is requesting to register with the ONN is received by a provisioning server, PVS (403), of the SNPN. An identifier associated with the WTRU is transmitted to the PVS. The PVS requests to subscribe to notifications related to the provisioning. For example, the notifications are sent/received via a network exposure function, NEF. A notification that the WTRU has successfully registered with the SNPN is transmitted (e.g., to the devices the requested to subscription notifications). After the WTRU has been successfully registered, the WTRU is de-registered from the ONN, and an indication that the WTRU has been de-registered from the ONN is transmitted (e.g., via the NEF).

Abstract: A relay wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may receive a direct communication request (DCR) from a remote WTRU requesting connectivity service (e.g., connectivity session parameters such as single-network slice selection assistance (S-NSSA!), data network name (DNN)). The relay may determine that the connectivity session for the service is subject to a secondary authentication and authorization (A&A), based on an indication associated with the connectivity session if already established and/or an indication associated DN from relay proximity service (ProSe) configuration. Based on the determination, the relay may trigger a network-controlled authorization for the remote WTRU. The relay WTRU may send a direct communication accept (DCA) message including a pending secondary A&A. and configure a traffic filter associated with the connection (e.g., a PC5 link) to discard data traffic from the remote WTRU until a successful completion of the secondary A&A.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are described for supporting a two-stage device-to-device (D2D) discovery using a D2D interworking function (IWF). A D2D IWF component may be configured to perform mapping between an application running on an application server and a third generation partnership project (3GPP) network, and provide a set of application programming interfaces (APIs) to allow discovery to be provided as a service to D2D applications. An application identifier may be mapped to a 3GPP identifier. Further, a method and apparatus are described for performing client-server discovery. A first wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may be configured for a listen-only operation, and a second WTRU may be configured to transmit beacons. The first and second WTRUs may perform a radio access network (RAN) discovery procedure at an access stratum (AS) layer. A method and apparatus for performing charging for D2D service using a D2D IWF are also described.

Abstract: Systems and methods for supporting multiple uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) Service Suppliers (multi-USS) are described. The methods may be performed by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) including a UAV application enabling (UAE) client located in the UAV with the method performed with the UAV in-flight. Steps may include: sending a registration request to a UAE server, the registration request including an indication of multi-USS capability: receiving a registration response message that includes an indication that the UAE server supports multi-USS capability: receiving a multi-USS configuration request that includes multi-USS configuration parameters related to conditions under which the UAE client may initiate a USS change and a list of allowed USSs: sending a multi-USS configuration response; and performing a multi-USS change and sending a multi-USS change notification based on the multi-USS configuration parameters.

Abstract: Methodologies, technologies, etc., directed to handling of mutually exclusive network slices are provided herein. Pursuant to the methodologies and technologies a device or network may select a set of network slices that may serve the device simultaneously. The methodologies and technologies may involve using allowed Network Slice Selection Assistance Information (NSSAI), prior to applying exclusion rules and network slice exclusion rules, to enable selection of mutually exclusive network slices to be used by the device after registration. The methodologies and technologies may involve a device applying network slice exclusion rules for entries in the allowed NSSAI based on location and time when establishing a PDU session on a particular single NSSAI and/or involve requesting release of PDU session(s) served by currently accessed network slices when requesting establishment of new PDU session(s) on a network slice that cannot be accessed simultaneously as those currently accessed network slices.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for secure access control in wireless communications are disclosed. In an example, a method includes receiving a broadcast message including system information, identifying a first set of hashed identifiers (IDs) and a first random number based on the system information, and each ID of the first set of hashed IDs is individually hashed using at least the first random number. The method also includes calculating a first hash value for each ID of a second set of IDs using at least the first random number, determining whether at least a hashed ID of the second set of IDs matches a hashed ID of the first set of hashed IDs, and sending a request message based on a determination that at least a hashed ID of the second set of IDs matches a hashed ID of the first set of hashed IDs.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and systems are disclosed. A method, implemented by a Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit (WTRU) may use a first Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) not affected by a disaster condition and a second PLMN affected by a disaster condition. The method may include: receiving from a CAG cell of the first PLMN, broadcast information indicating: (1) that the CAG cell supports disaster inbound roaming (DIR) of WTRUs associated with the second PLMN and (2) that the CAG Cell accepts CAG-supporting disaster inbound roamers; selecting the CAG cell of the first PLMN based on the broadcasted information; and sending a Registration Request message including information indicating a DIR indication and an identifier of the second PLMN. The method may further include receiving new CAG information associated with the first PLMN; and initiating a cell (re)selection procedure using the new CAG information associated with the first PLMN.

Abstract: A WTRU may initiate access for a PDU session over multiple access networks. The WTRU may register with two or more access networks. For example, the WTRU may register with a 3GPP access network (e.g., LTE Advanced) and a non-3GPP access network (e.g., Wi-Fi). The WTRU may determine to request a multi-access PDU session for a (e.g., at least one) PDU session. A multi-access PDU session may correspond to a PDU session where the WTRU communicates one or more PDUs associated with the PDU session over the 3GPP access network and one or more PDUs associated with the PDU session over the non-3GPP access network. The WTRU may receive a confirmation message indicating that a multi-access PDU session has been established. The WTRU may send uplink data over the 3GPP access network and the non-3GPP access network, e.g., in accordance with the established multi-access PDU session.

Abstract: A system and apparatus for addressing the different types of mobility of a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) in a network. A radio access network (RAN) may send a request for configuration information to a gateway device including a device ID of a WTRU, a service ID, and a RAN address. Once the RAN receives configuration information from the gateway device including a forwarding table, the RAN may be prepared to receive non-IP data from a WTRU including a routing tag. The routing tag may be based on the device ID of a WTRU and service ID. The RAN may transmit the non-IP data received from the WTRU to the gateway device over a routing path based on the routing tag and a forwarding table where the non-IP data is forwarded on to its detention, such as another WTRU or an Application Server.

Abstract: A method implemented in a Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit, WTRU, for selecting a local network for the WTRU to join includes storing steering of roaming, SoR, information for a plurality of local service hosting networks, wherein the SoR information includes an indication of a priority order in a list of network identifiers, switching to an access mode for network searching, searching for a local service hosting network to join from among the plurality of local service hosting networks, and selecting a local service hosting network to join based on the indication of the priority order in the list of network identifiers. The method may further include updating the SoR information during any one or more of a periodic procedure or a mobility registration procedure.

Abstract: A method performed by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may include sending, to a network, a registration message indicating the WTRU is capable of device-to-device (D2D) communication and sending a request for assistance in discovering at least one other WTRU in proximity to the WTRU. The method may include receiving, from the network, in response to the request for assistance in discovering the at least one other WTRU, assistance information including one or more of a unique identifier or filtering information. The method may include performing, using the assistance information, a device discovery procedure to discover the at least one other WTRU, wherein the device discovery procedure comprises at least one of: monitoring for signals from the at least one other WTRU using the assistance information, or sending a discovery announcement based on the assistance information and transmitting application data directly to the at least one other WTRU.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus and systems are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method, implemented by a UAS control entity includes the UAS control entity: receiving, from a USS/UTM, a monitoring request including information indicating a uncrewed/unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) identifier to be monitored and one or more types of events the USS/UTM is subscribing to; subscribing with a network entity serving a UAV associated with the UAV identifier to be monitored based on the information indicating a type of event; receiving a published event report from the network entity, the publish event report including information indicating the UAV identifier, the event type and meta information related to an event; and sending the published event report received to the USS/UTM.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed for priority handling for ProSe Communications. A relay wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may act as a relay between the network and the remote WTRU. The relay WTRU may receive a temporary mobile group identity (TMGI) request message from a remote WTRU. The TMGI request message may include a TMGI, a ProSe per packet priority level associated with the TMGI, etc. The relay WTRU may receive an evolved multimedia broadcast multicast service (eMBMS) data packet from a network. The eMBMS may be associated with the TMGI. The relay WTRU may apply the received ProSe per packet priority level associated with the TMGI to the received eMBMS data packet. The relay WTRU may relay the eMBMS data packet to the remote WTRU based on the ProSe per packet priority level. The relay WTRU may forward the eMBMS data packet to the remote WTRU via a PC5 interface.

Abstract: A method performed by a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU), of receiving a mobile terminated (MT) transmission using an ambient Internet of Things (IOT) service (AIS) is described. The method includes the WTRU receiving an activation signal from a radio access network (RAN) node and harvesting energy. The WTRU determines a format of the received activation signal and based on the format of the activation signal, determines to begin an MT Data procedure with the network. The WTRU receives system information broadcasted by the RAN node and determines to continue the MT data procedure with the network. The WTRU transmits a MT data request message to the RAN node; and receives a MT data container message from the RAN node. The MT data request may include an RRC part and NAS part. The MT data request may include a device identifier and an AIS ID.