Abstract: A technique is provided for a structure. A substrate has a nanopillar vertically positioned on the substrate. A bottom layer is formed beneath the substrate. A top layer is formed on top of the substrate and on top of the nanopillar, and a cover layer covers the top layer and the nanopillar. A window is formed through the bottom layer and formed through the substrate, and the window ends at the top layer. A nanopore is formed through the top layer by removing the cover layer and the nanopillar.

Abstract: A nanodevice includes a reservoir filled with conductive fluid and a membrane separating the reservoir. A nanopore is formed through the membrane having electrode layers separated by insulating layers. A certain electrode layer has a first type of organic coating and a pair of electrode layers has a second type. The first type of organic coating forms a motion control transient bond to a molecule in the nanopore for motion control, and the second type forms first and second transient bonds to different bonding sites of a base of the molecule. When a voltage is applied to the pair of electrode layers a tunneling current is generated by the base in the nanopore, and the tunneling current travels via the first and second transient bonds formed to be measured as a current signature for distinguishing the base. The motion control transient bond is stronger than first and second transient bonds.

Abstract: Disclosed is a novel system, and method to evaluate a prediction of a possibly unknown outcome out of a plurality of predictions of that outcome. The method begins with accessing a particular prediction of an outcome out of a plurality of predictions of that outcome in which the outcome may be unknown. Next, a subsample of the plurality of predictions of the outcome is accessed. The subsample can possibly include the particular prediction. A consensus prediction of the outcome based on the subsample of the plurality of predictions is determined. A proximity of the particular prediction to the consensus prediction is determined. Each prediction is ranked out of the plurality of predictions in an order of a closest in proximity to the consensus prediction to a farthest in proximity to the consensus prediction.

Abstract: A mechanism is provided for forming a nanodevice. A reservoir is filled with a conductive fluid, and a membrane is formed to separate the reservoir in the nanodevice. The membrane includes an electrode layer having a tunneling junction formed therein. The membrane is formed to have a nanopore formed through one or more other layers of the membrane such that the nanopore is aligned with the tunneling junction of the electrode layer. The tunneling junction of the electrode layer is narrowed to a narrowed size by electroplating or electroless deposition. When a voltage is applied to the electrode layer, a tunneling current is generated by a base in the tunneling junction to be measured as a current signature for distinguishing the base. When an organic coating is formed on an inside surface of the tunneling junction, transient bonds are formed between the electrode layer and the base.

Abstract: A mechanism is provided for capturing a molecule via an integrated system. An alternating voltage is applied to a Paul trap device in an electrically conductive solution to generate electric fields. The Paul trap device is integrated with a nanopore device to form the integrated system. Forces from the electric fields of the Paul trap device position the molecule to a nanopore in the nanopore device. A first voltage is applied to the nanopore device to capture the molecule in the nanopore of the nanopore device.

Abstract: A mechanism is provided for capturing a molecule via an integrated system. An alternating voltage is applied to a Paul trap device in an electrically conductive solution to generate electric fields. The Paul trap device is integrated with a nanopore device to form the integrated system. Forces from the electric fields of the Paul trap device position the molecule to a nanopore in the nanopore device. A first voltage is applied to the nanopore device to capture the molecule in the nanopore of the nanopore device.

Abstract: Techniques for increasing the capture zone in nano and microchannel-based polymer testing structures using concentric arrangements of nanostructures, such as nanopillars are provided. In one aspect, a testing structure for testing polymers is provided that includes a first fluid reservoir and a second fluid reservoir formed in an electrically insulating substrate; at least one channel formed in the insulating substrate that interconnects the first fluid reservoir and the second fluid reservoir; and an arrangement of nanostructures within either the first fluid reservoir or the second fluid reservoir wherein the nanostructures are arranged so as to form multiple concentric circles inside either the first fluid reservoir or the second fluid reservoir with each of the concentric circles being centered at an entry point of the channel. A method of analyzing a polymer using the testing structure is also provided.

Abstract: A mechanism is provided for reducing entropy of a polyelectrolyte before the polyelectrolyte moves through a nanopore. A free-standing membrane has the nanopore formed through the membrane. An agarose gel is formed onto either and/or both sides of the nanopore in the membrane. The agarose gel is a porous material. The polyelectrolyte is uncoiled by driving the polyelectrolyte through the porous material of the agarose gel via an electric field. Driving the polyelectrolyte, having been uncoiled and linearized by the agarose gel, into the nanopore is for sequencing.

Abstract: A mechanism is provided for reducing entropy of a polyelectrolyte before the polyelectrolyte moves through a nanopore. A free-standing membrane has the nanopore formed through the membrane. An agarose gel is formed onto either and/or both sides of the nanopore in the membrane. The agarose gel is a porous material. The polyelectrolyte is uncoiled by driving the polyelectrolyte through the porous material of the agarose gel via an electric field. Driving the polyelectrolyte, having been uncoiled and linearized by the agarose gel, into the nanopore is for sequencing.

Abstract: A technique includes forming a gradient channel with width and depth gradients. A mask is disposed on top of a substrate. The mask is patterned with at least one elongated channel pattern having different elongated channel pattern widths. A channel is etched in the substrate in a single etching step, the channel having a width gradient and a corresponding depth gradient both simultaneously etched in the single etching step according to the different elongated channel pattern widths in the mask.

Abstract: A nanodevice includes a reservoir filled with conductive fluid and a membrane separating the reservoir. A nanopore is formed through the membrane having electrode layers separated by insulating layers. A certain electrode layer has a first type of organic coating and a pair of electrode layers has a second type. The first type of organic coating forms a motion control transient bond to a molecule in the nanopore for motion control, and the second type forms first and second transient bonds to different bonding sites of a base of the molecule. When a voltage is applied to the pair of electrode layers a tunneling current is generated by the base in the nanopore, and the tunneling current travels via the first and second transient bonds formed to be measured as a current signature for distinguishing the base. The motion control transient bond is stronger than first and second transient bonds.

Abstract: A mechanism is provided for forming a nanodevice. A reservoir is filled with a conductive fluid, and a membrane is formed to separate the reservoir in the nanodevice. The membrane includes an electrode layer having a tunneling junction formed therein. The membrane is formed to have a nanopore formed through one or more other layers of the membrane such that the nanopore is aligned with the tunneling junction of the electrode layer. The tunneling junction of the electrode layer is narrowed to a narrowed size by electroplating or electroless deposition. When a voltage is applied to the electrode layer, a tunneling current is generated by a base in the tunneling junction to be measured as a current signature for distinguishing the base. When an organic coating is formed on an inside surface of the tunneling junction, transient bonds are formed between the electrode layer and the base.

Abstract: A technique is provided for a structure. A substrate has a nanopillar vertically positioned on the substrate. A bottom layer is formed beneath the substrate. A top layer is formed on top of the substrate and on top of the nanopillar, and a cover layer covers the top layer and the nanopillar. A window is formed through the bottom layer and formed through the substrate, and the window ends at the top layer. A nanopore is formed through the top layer by removing the cover layer and the nanopillar.

Abstract: A method of implementing verification of a complex workflow includes partitioning the workflow into modules, wherein the modules have inputs, processing steps and outputs; selecting, from the workflow, one of the partitioned modules for independent verification by challenge thereof; running, with a computing device, a challenge of the selected module, the challenge comprising comparing reference outputs to outputs of the selected module, wherein reference inputs are received by the selected module and the reference outputs are generated using the reference inputs and one of an ideal performing module or a well-established module; determining whether outputs of the selected module meet verification criteria with respect to the reference outputs, and based on the determining, implementing one of: declaring the selected module verified; subdividing the selected module into smaller modules and repeating the challenge on the smaller modules; or declaring the selected module not verified.

Abstract: A technique is provided for a structure. A substrate has a nanopillar vertically positioned on the substrate. A bottom layer is formed beneath the substrate. A top layer is formed on top of the substrate and on top of the nanopillar, and a cover layer covers the top layer and the nanopillar. A window is formed through the bottom layer and formed through the substrate, and the window ends at the top layer. A nanopore is formed through the top layer by removing the cover layer and the nanopillar.

Abstract: A nanodevice includes a reservoir filled with conductive fluid and a membrane separating the reservoir. A nanopore is formed through the membrane having electrode layers separated by insulating layers. A certain electrode layer has a first type of organic coating and a pair of electrode layers has a second type. The first type of organic coating forms a motion control transient bond to a molecule in the nanopore for motion control, and the second type forms first and second transient bonds to different bonding sites of a base of the molecule. When a voltage is applied to the pair of electrode layers a tunneling current is generated by the base in the nanopore, and the tunneling current travels via the first and second transient bonds formed to be measured as a current signature for distinguishing the base. The motion control transient bond is stronger than first and second transient bonds.

Abstract: The present invention provides a nano-fluidic field effective device. The device includes a channel having a first side and a second side, a first set of electrodes adjacent to the first side, a second set of electrodes adjacent to the second side, a control unit for applying electric potentials to the electrodes and a fluid within the channel containing a charge molecule. The first set of electrodes is disposed such that application of electric potentials produces a spatially varying electric field that confines a charged molecule within a predetermined area of said channel. The second set of electrodes is disposed such that application of electric potentials relative to the electric potentials applied to the first set of electrodes creates an electric field that confines the charged molecule to an area away from the second side of the channel.

Abstract: A technique is provided for base recognition in an integrated device is provided. A target molecule is driven into a nanopore of the integrated device. The integrated device includes a nanowire separated into a left nanowire part and a right nanowire part to form a nanogap in between, a source pad connected to the right nanowire part, a drain pad connected to the left nanowire part, and the nanopore. The source pad, the drain pad, the right nanowire part, the left nanowire part, and the nanogap together form a transistor. The nanogap is part of the nanopore. A transistor current is measured while a single base of the target molecule is in the nanogap of the nanopore, and the single base affects the transistor current. An identity of the single base is determined according to a change in the transistor current.

Abstract: A mechanism is provided for base recognition of an integrated transistor and nanochannel. A target molecule is forced down to a carbon nanotube a single base at a time in the nanochannel by applying a gate voltage to a top electrode, and/or a narrow thickness of the nanochannel. The nanochannel exposes an exposed portion of the carbon nanotube at a bottom wall, and the top electrode is positioned over the exposed portion. The exposed portion of the carbon nanotube is smaller than the distance between bases to only accommodate the single base at a time. The target molecule is stretched by the narrow thickness and by applying a traverse voltage across a length direction of the nanochannel. The target molecule is frictionally restricted by the narrow thickness of the nanochannel to stretch is restrictedly translocates in the length direction. Current is measured to determine an identity of the single base.

Abstract: A mechanism is provided for base recognition of an integrated transistor and nanochannel. A target molecule is forced down to a carbon nanotube a single base at a time in the nanochannel by applying a gate voltage to a top electrode, and/or a narrow thickness of the nanochannel. The nanochannel exposes an exposed portion of the carbon nanotube at a bottom wall, and the top electrode is positioned over the exposed portion. The exposed portion of the carbon nanotube is smaller than the distance between bases to only accommodate the single base at a time. The target molecule is stretched by the narrow thickness and by applying a traverse voltage across a length direction of the nanochannel. The target molecule is frictionally restricted by the narrow thickness of the nanochannel to stretch is restrictedly translocates in the length direction. Current is measured to determine an identity of the single base.