Abstract: Provided is a communication system which is provided with a plurality of communication devices and transfers a packet between the plurality of communication devices through a communication path. When a packet is looped back at any of the communication devices on the communication path to verify connectivity of the communication path, a first communication device of the plurality of communication devices stores, in a first region of header information of the packet, first information for designating the communication device at which the packet is looped back, further stores, in a second region of the header information of the packet, second information on a loopback point in the designated communication device at which the packet is looped back, and sends the packet to which the first information and the second information have been added.

Abstract: A communication apparatus includes: a table set group comprising a plurality of table sets each containing a plurality of 1RD/1WR-configuration tables; a latest access holding table for specifying, for each flow, one of the table sets as the latest access destination of the each flow; and an updating unit for selecting, when a reference made to the latest access destination holding table with respect to a plurality of simultaneously received write requests shows that access destinations of flows indicated by the respective write requests are the same table set, a different table set for each of the flows indicated by the respective write requests, executing write processing in each table of the selected table set, and updating the latest access holding table so that the access destinations after the write processing are registered as access destinations of the flows indicated by the respective write requests.

Abstract: A network management server stores, in terms of a transmission path within the network, each occurrence pattern of a failure occurrence area in which a failure has occurred in a communication apparatus through which the transmission path passes. Information for identifying a recovery plane serving as a set of recovery paths corresponding to each occurrence pattern and information for identifying the communication apparatus through which each of the recovery paths passes is also stored. When a failure occurs in any one of the plurality of areas, whether or not the failure corresponds to any one of the failure occurrence patterns, the information for identifying the recovery plane corresponding to the identified failure occurrence patterns is acquired; and the communication apparatus through which each of the recovery paths included in the recovery plane passes is notified of the information for identifying the recovery plane acquired.

Abstract: A transmission network is comprised of a network management system for collectively managing and controlling a plurality of transmission devices coupled mutually through transmission routes and the transmission network as well. The network management system includes a plane management table adapted to manage transmission planes defined as a set of paths in the transmission network, and the plane management table has the function to set and manage a transmission plane (working plane) applied during normal operation and besides, a single or a plurality of transmission planes (protection planes) applicable in the event of occurrence of a fault in the transmission network. Then, when a fault occurs in the transmission network, the network management system changes the applied plane to a suitable transmission plane.

Abstract: In a mixing structure with an injector 3 arranged 2 immediately after a bend 1a of an exhaust pipe 1, urea water 5 being injected by the injector 3 into the exhaust pipe 1 for mixing, a pipe diameter Dp downstream of the bend 1a of the exhaust pipe 1 is large relative to a pipe diameter De upstream of the bend.

Abstract: A packet transfer apparatus connects two networks of different protocols. The packet transfer apparatus, connected to a first communication network and a second communication network, performs the steps of: storing first destination correspondence information; receiving a packet of the first communication protocol; based on the first destination correspondence information, determining destination information of a packet of the second communication protocol corresponding to destination information of the received packet of the first communication protocol; generating the header of the packet of the second communication protocol, based on the determined destination information of the packet of the second communication protocol; converting the received one or more packets of the first communication protocol into one or more packets of the third communication protocol; and adding the generated header of the packet of the second communication protocol to the packets of the third communication protocol.

Abstract: When a communication path between a user site and a dual-homed data center is made redundant, a communication between the user site and a server within a data center can be continued. An edge node DCE-1 of a data center 40-1 and edge nodes TPE-1, TPE-2 of a transport network are connected to each other by a link TPE-1-1 and a link TPE-2-1, respectively. The edge nodes TPE-3 and TPE-1, TPE-2 that hold a node AE51 of a user site 50 are set with an LSP 110 of an active system, and an LSP 120 of a backup system, respectively. One of the links is active, and the other link is backup, and the LSP of the TPE node having the active link in the LSP 100 and the LSP 120 is made active. The respective links are prioritized, and the links are switched to an active state in order from the links higher in the order of priority when a link failure or an LSP failure occurs.

Abstract: A pedal device includes a pedal suspended from a supporting shaft penetrating through a pair of lengthwise walls of a pedal bracket, and shaft detachment means configured to allow one end portion of the supporting shaft to be disengaged from a corresponding one of the lengthwise walls at the time of frontal collision. A pedal stroke sensor is arranged on the pedal bracket at a distance from the pedal, and the pedal stroke sensor and the pedal are connected to each other by a transmission mechanism. The transmission mechanism includes permission means for permitting the end portion of the supporting shaft to be disengaged from the corresponding lengthwise wall at the time of frontal collision.

Abstract: In order to specify a data discarding point in a network, provided is a network system for collecting, in the network including an access network and a transport network, pieces of statistical information including a traffic amount of the network, including: an access terminal coupled to the access network; and an edge node for interconnecting the access network and the transport network, in which: the access terminal is configured to: measure pieces of statistical information including a traffic amount in the access terminal; and notify the edge node of the measured pieces of statistical information; and the edge node collects the pieces of statistical information notified by the access terminal.

Abstract: An interconnection between fully synchronous networks and next-generation frame communications networks is disclosed. A means of bidirectional frame format conversion between a synchronous multiplexing system and a logical multiplexing system is provided, along with a method of transmitting data between different networks on a path as if it were being transmitted in the same network. Further, when converting network control information in an STM network into data suitable for a packet network, even across the boundary of a synchronous multiplexing system and a logical multiplexing system, a unified communication management means is provided over the whole path.

Abstract: A packet transfer apparatus connects two networks of different protocols. The packet transfer apparatus, connected to a first communication network and a second communication network, performs the steps of: storing first destination correspondence information; receiving a packet of the first communication protocol; based on the first destination correspondence information, determining destination information of a packet of the second communication protocol corresponding to destination information of the received packet of the first communication protocol; generating the header of the packet of the second communication protocol, based on the determined destination information of the packet of the second communication protocol; converting the received one or more packets of the first communication protocol into one or more packets of the third communication protocol; and adding the generated header of the packet of the second communication protocol to the packets of the third communication protocol.

Abstract: A pedal stroke sensor is placed at a point of a pedal bracket, which is located away from a pedal, and where the pivot of the pedal stroke sensor is not aligned with the pivot of the pedal; the pedal and the pedal stroke sensor, which are thus separated away from each other, are connected together by a link mechanism; and a pedal deflection is transmitted through the link mechanism to the pedal stroke sensor.

Abstract: A packet transfer apparatus connects two networks of different protocols. The packet transfer apparatus, connected to a first communication network and a second communication network, performs the steps of: storing first destination correspondence information; receiving a packet of the first communication protocol; based on the first destination correspondence information, determining destination information of a packet of the second communication protocol corresponding to destination information of the received packet of the first communication protocol; generating the header of the packet of the second communication protocol, based on the determined destination information of the packet of the second communication protocol; converting the received one or more packets of the first communication protocol into one or more packets of the third communication protocol; and adding the generated header of the packet of the second communication protocol to the packets of the third communication protocol.