Abstract: Fiber laser unit 1 comprises a plurality of fiber lasers 2 and 3 that generate laser beams by exciting a laser active substance inside cores 2a and 3a by exciting light, propagate the laser beams inside the cores 2a and 3a, and output the laser beams from the end portions 2c and 3c, wherein the respective fiber lasers 2 and 3 have resonators 4 and 5 that reflect the laser beams on both ends 2b, 2c, 3b, and 3c thereof and have a structure in which a part of the cores 2a and 3a is reduced in diameter, the diameter reduced portions of the cores 2a and 3a are made proximal to each other, injection synchronization is carried out inside the resonators 4 and 5 by laser beams leaked from the cores 2a and 3a, and a loss is applied to the port of either one of the fiber lasers 2 and 3.

Abstract: A laser apparatus (100) has a semiconductor laser device (12a to 12c), coolant jetting means (24), and a heatsink (18a to 18c). The semiconductor laser device has a light output surface (50) for emitting laser light. The coolant jetting means has a coolant chamber (53) for accommodating a coolant, an inflow port (54) communicating with the coolant chamber, and a jet port (25) opposing the light output surface of the laser device. The heatsink has a laser mount surface (36) for mounting the semiconductor laser device, and a flow path (68a to 68c) where the coolant (56) jetted from the jet port flows in. When the coolant chamber is fed with the coolant, the jet port jets the coolant onto the light output surface of the semiconductor laser device. Since the light output surface is directly cooled by a jet flow of the coolant, cooling efficiency is excellent.

Abstract: A solid laser module etc. having a structure that enables to obtain a high-quality light output. The solid laser module has a vacuum container with a window, and a heat sink, a solid laser medium, and a pair of transparent members are received in an integrally assembled state in the container. The solid laser medium and the pair of transparent members are each formed in a disc shape, and the solid laser medium is sandwiched between the pair of transparent members. The thermal conductivity of each of the pair of transparent members is higher than the thermal conductivity of the solid laser medium. The heat sink is shaped to simultaneously hold portions of the pair of transparent members that hold the solid laser medium in between. A heat insulation region having a lower thermal conductivity than the solid laser medium is provided between the heat sink and the solid laser medium.

Abstract: A semiconductor is provided with: a silicon substrate 2a of a first conductivity type, including a first surface S1a and a second surface S2a; a silicon layer 4a of a second conductivity type, arranged on the first surface S1a of the silicon substrate 2a, including a third surface S3a opposite a junction surface with the silicon substrate 2a; a first electrode 12a arranged on the second surface S2a; a second electrode 14a arranged on the third surface S3a; and an argon added area 6a formed in a semiconductor area formed of the silicon substrate 2a and the silicon layer 4a. The argon added area 6a includes an area indicating an argon concentration of a minimum of 1×1018 cm?3 and a maximum of 2×1020 cm?3.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a silicon device includes steps of: forming a silicon layer 4a that indicates a second conductivity type on a first surface S1a of a silicon substrate 2a that indicates a first conductivity type; and exposing, after the step, a third surface S3a of the silicon layer 4a for a period of a minimum of 30 minutes and a maximum of 6 hours to an argon-containing atmosphere which is adjusted to temperatures of a minimum of 400° C. and a maximum of 900° C. and pressures of a minimum of 4 MPa and a maximum of 200 MPa.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a semiconductor laser apparatus having a structure for preventing the corrosion of a refrigerant flow path in a heat sink and for cooling a semiconductor laser array stably over a long period of time. The semiconductor laser apparatus comprises a semiconductor laser stack in which a plurality of semiconductor laser units are stacked, a refrigerant supplier, a piping for connecting these components, and a refrigerant flowing through these components. The refrigerant supplier supplies the refrigerant to the semiconductor laser stack. The refrigerant is comprised of fluorocarbon. Each of the semiconductor laser units is constituted by a pair of a semiconductor laser array and a heat sink. The heat sink has a refrigerant flow path.

Abstract: An alkali-encapsulated cell internally having an alkali metal vapor G encapsulated is provided with first and second heaters 11, 12. The alkali-encapsulated cell 10 has first and second end faces 10a, 10b opposed to each other, and a side face 10c connecting the two end faces 10a, 10b. Each of the first and second heaters 11, 12 has a covering portion 11B, 12B and an extending portion 11C, 12C. Some portions of the alkali-encapsulated cell 10 are inserted in the covering portions 11B, 12B. On the other hand, the extending portions 11C, 12C extend in directions away from the alkali-encapsulated cell 10. The first and second heaters 11, 12 are separated from each other with a distance d0 between them in an opposing direction of the first and second end faces 10a, 10b.

Abstract: A fuel cell using a liquid fuel containing methanol with a concentration of more than 50 mol % and no more than 100 mol %, the fuel cell includes a cathode catalyst layer, an anode catalyst layer to which a vaporized component of the liquid fuel is supplied, and a proton conductive membrane provided between the cathode catalyst layer and the anode catalyst layer, wherein a ratio (L:L0) of a thickness L to a thickness L0 is more than 1:1 and no more than 5:1 assuming a total thickness of the cathode catalyst layer and the anode catalyst layer to be represented by L and a thickness of the proton conductive membrane to be represented by L0.

Abstract: A fuel cell comprises a proton conductive membrane, an anode catalyst layer provided on one surface of the proton conductive membrane, and a cathode catalyst layer provided partly on another surface of the proton conductive membrane, wherein water generated in the cathode catalyst layer is supplied to the anode catalyst layer through the proton conductive membrane, and the fuel cell further comprises a water-diffusing portion which is provided on the another surface of the proton conductive membrane and is in contact with the cathode catalyst layer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a semiconductor laser apparatus having a metal body which efficiently cools a semiconductor laser element, in which joining of copper-made members coated with DLC layers and prevention of corrosion in the vicinity of joined portions are possible. The semiconductor laser apparatus has a metal body as a heat sink for cooling the semiconductor laser element. The metal body is constituted by a plurality of copper-made members, and the surfaces of each copper-made members are continuously coated with a diamond carbon layer except for regions corresponding to an exposed region in which the semiconductor laser element is mounted.

Abstract: In the solid-state laser apparatus 1, a main pipe 11 for circulating a coolant through a solid-state laser medium 3 is provided with a heat exchanger 14, whereby the laser medium 3 is prevented from raising its temperature. When the coolant becomes acidic or alkaline, a controller 24 controls a flow regulating valve 23, so as to increase the flow rate of the coolant flowing into a bypass pipe 21 provided with a deionizing filter 22, whereby the acidity or alkalinity of the coolant can be weakened. This can prevent the coolant from deteriorating a predetermined part of the laser apparatus 3, and thus can improve the durability of the solid-state laser apparatus 1. Also, since the bypass pipe 21 connected in parallel to a part of the main pipe 11 is provided with the deionizing filter 22, the flow rate of the coolant circulating through the main pipe 11 can be restrained from decreasing, and the cooling efficiency of the laser medium 3 can be prevented from lowering.

Abstract: A fuel cell comprising a cathode catalyst layer, an anode catalyst layer including a conductive perfluoro-binder having a micellar structure formed by outwardly orienting hydrophilic groups and inwardly orienting hydrophobic (lipophilic) groups, and a proton conductive membrane provided between the cathode catalyst layer and the anode catalyst layer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a semiconductor laser element and the like which can efficiently emit laser beams at a small emission angle using a simpler configuration. The semiconductor laser element has a structure where an n-type cladding layer, active layer and p-type cladding layer are sequentially laminated. The p-type cladding layer has a ridge portion for forming a refractive index type waveguide in the active layer. The ridge portion, at least the portion excluding the edges, extends in a direction crossing each normal line of both end faces of the refractive index type waveguide, which corresponds to the light emitting face and light reflecting face respectively, at an angle ?, which is equal to or less than the complementary angle ?c of the total reflection critical angle on the side face of the refractive index type waveguide.

Abstract: The present invention provides a fuel cell comprising: a cathode catalyst layer 2; an anode catalyst layer 3; a proton conductive membrane 6 disposed between the cathode catalyst layer 2 and the anode catalyst layer 3; a liquid fuel tank 9 for storing a liquid fuel L; a fuel vaporizing layer 10 for supplying a vaporized component of the liquid fuel to the anode catalyst layer 3; and a vaporized fuel chamber 12 formed between the fuel vaporizing layer 10 and the anode catalyst layer 3; wherein the vaporized fuel chamber 12 is provided with an internal pressure releasing mechanism 20 for discharging a generated gas including carbon dioxide gas, that is generated anode catalyst layer 3, from a side wall of the vaporized fuel chamber 12 to outside a cell body.

Abstract: The present invention relates to, for example, a semiconductor laser element capable of emitting laser beams having a small emitting angle efficiently with a simpler structure. The semiconductor laser element includes a first semiconductor portion, an active layer, and a second semiconductor portion. The first semiconductor portion has a ridge portion for forming a refractive index type waveguide region in the active layer. The waveguide region includes, at least, first and second portions having respective different total reflection critical angles at the side surfaces thereof The first and second portions are arranged in such a manner that the relative angle of the side surfaces thereof to a light emitting surface and a light reflecting surface that are positioned at either end of the active layer is greater than the total reflection critical angle at the side surfaces.

Abstract: A solid-state laser apparatus which can cool a solid-state laser medium such that the solid-state laser medium attains a uniform temperature along the propagating direction of light to be amplified is provided. In a solid-state laser apparatus 1, a coolant circulating through flow paths 12a, 12b comes into direct contact with a pair of reflecting end faces 5a, 5b of a solid-state laser medium 3, whereby the laser medium 3 heated by pumping light emitted from semiconductor lasers 9 can efficiently be cooled. Since the coolant circulates through the flow paths 12a, 12b in a direction substantially perpendicular to a propagating surface P of light to be amplified L, the solid-state laser medium 3 can be cooled such as to attain a uniform temperature along a propagating direction of the light L. This can lower the thermal lens effect and thermal birefringence effect in the solid-state laser medium 3.

Abstract: A transmission secondary electron emitter is provided which emits secondary electrons generated by the incidence of primary electrons. The transmission secondary electron emitter includes a secondary electron emitting layer which is made of diamond or a material containing diamond as a main component, and of which one surface is the surface of incidence for making the primary electrons incident thereon, and the other surface is the surface of emission for emitting the secondary electrons. Also included is a voltage applying arrangement for applying a predetermined voltage between the surfaces of the incidence and the emission of the secondary electron emitting layer to form an electric field in the secondary electron emitting layer.

Abstract: This invention relates to semiconductor laser apparatus with a structure for reducing the divergence angle of output light and for narrowing the spectral width. The semiconductor laser apparatus has at least a semiconductor laser array, a collimator lens, a path rotator, and an optical element with a reflecting function. The collimator lens collimates a plurality of laser beams from the semiconductor laser array, in a predetermined direction. The path rotator outputs each beam collimated in the predetermined direction, with a predetermined divergence angle in the predetermined direction in a state in which a transverse section of the beam is rotated by about 90°. The optical element is arranged at a position where at least a part of each beam from the path rotator arrives, and constitutes at least a part of an external resonator. This optical element reflects a part of each beam from the path rotator to return the reflected part of each beam to the active layer in the semiconductor laser array.

Abstract: A fuel cell includes a cathode catalyst layer, an anode catalyst layer, a proton-conductive membrane provided between the cathode catalyst layer and the anode catalyst layer, and a fuel transmitting layer that supplies a vaporized component of a liquid fuel to the anode catalyst layer. Water generated in the cathode catalyst layer is supplied to the anode catalyst layer via the proton-conductive membrane. The liquid fuel is one of a methanol aqueous solution having a concentration of over 50% by molar and liquid methanol.

Abstract: The semiconductor laser device 1A has a semiconductor laser array 3 including a plurality of active layers 2 arranged in parallel along a slow direction, and outputs laser beams from the front end face 2a side of the active layers 2. The semiconductor laser device 1A comprises a collimating lens 5 that collimates laser beams L1 outputted from the respective rear end faces 2b of the active layers 2 within a plane orthogonal to the slow axis, and a reflecting mirror 9 that feeds back parts of the laser beams L2 outputted from the collimating lens 5 to the respective active layers 2 via the collimating lens 5.