Abstract: An operating method for a data storage device is provided. The operating method includes steps of: dividing a mapping table into a plurality of sub-mapping tables; receiving an access command comprising a data address and a command category; determining whether a target sub-mapping table corresponding to the data address has been cached, wherein the target sub-mapping table is one of the sub-mapping tables; and if false, reading and caching the target sub-mapping table from the sub-mapping tables.

Abstract: A flash memory method includes: classifying data into a plurality of groups of data; respectively executing error code encoding to generate first corresponding parity check code to store the groups of data and first corresponding parity check code into flash memory module as first blocks; reading out the groups of data from first blocks; executing error correction and de-randomize operation upon read out data to generate de-randomized data; executing randomize operation upon de-randomized data according to a set of seeds to generate randomized data; performing error code encoding upon randomized data to generate second corresponding parity check code; and, storing randomized data and second corresponding parity check code into flash memory module as second block; a cell of first block is used for storing data of first bit number which is different from second bit number corresponding to a cell of second block.

Abstract: A flash memory method includes: classifying data into a plurality of groups of data; respectively executing error code encoding to generate first corresponding parity check code to store the groups of data and first corresponding parity check code into flash memory module as first blocks; reading out the groups of data from first blocks; executing error correction and de-randomize operation upon read out data to generate de-randomized data; executing randomize operation upon de-randomized data according to a set of seeds to generate randomized data; performing error code encoding upon randomized data to generate second corresponding parity check code; and, storing randomized data and second corresponding parity check code into flash memory module as second block; a cell of first block is used for storing data of first bit number which is different from second bit number corresponding to a cell of second block.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method optimize a restraint specification based on a particle swarm optimization algorithm using impact analysis between the restraint specification and passenger injuries. A passenger injury prediction value is generated according to the injury degree of a passenger by sequentially inputting values according to specifications of each design variable included in the injury result data into a particle swarm optimization algorithm. The optimization algorithm is implemented with a plurality of computational layers formed for each detailed configuration in order to search for an optimal specification of a restraint. Information on the optimal specification of the restraint is provided by calculating a comprehensive result indicator using the passenger injury prediction value. Thus, the information on the optimal specification of the restraint can be calculated without repetitive evaluation tests.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a motor and a method of manufacturing the motor. The motor includes a rotor, a stator including a plurality of coil bobbin unit groups, and a coil prepared on coil bobbin units by winding a wire sequentially on coil bobbin units of each coil bobbin unit group, cutting the wound wire at a cutting point, connecting one end of the cut wire to a neutral point port, and connecting the other end of the cut wire to a driving point port.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a cosmetic vessel. The cosmetic vessel includes a discharge unit discharging cosmetics to an outside, and a discharge plate provided at one side of the discharge unit from which the cosmetics are discharged, the discharge plate including a plurality of discharge holes, wherein the cosmetics are discharged through the plurality of discharge holes of the discharge plate, and a thin film is formed on one surface of the discharge plate exposed to the outside.

Abstract: A method for accessing a flash memory module is provided. The flash memory module is a 3D flash memory module including a plurality of flash memory chips, each flash memory chip includes a plurality of blocks, each block includes a plurality of pages, and the method includes: configuring the flash memory chips to set at least a first super block and at least a second super block of the flash memory chips; and allocating the second super block to store a plurality of temporary parities generated when data is written into the first super block.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a dropper-type cosmetic container, which is configured so that in a process of releasing screw-coupling to a container main body by rotating a closing cap, by frictional force between an inner circumferential surface of a content inflow tube and an outer circumferential surface of a dropper pipe, the contents stored in the container main body pass through a content inflow hole forming a narrow channel, are dispersed, and are sucked into the dropper pipe, thereby allowing the contents to be drawn into the interior of the dropper pipe through a simple sucking structure to be used.

Abstract: A flash memory storage management method includes: providing a flash memory module including single-level-cell (SLC) blocks and at least one multiple-level-cell block such as MLC block, TLC block, or QLC block; classifying data to be programmed into groups of data; respectively executing SLC programming and RAID-like error code encoding to generate corresponding parity check codes, to program the groups of data and corresponding parity check codes to the SLC blocks; when completing program of the SLC blocks, performing an internal copy to program the at least one multiple-level-cell block by sequentially reading and writing the groups of data and corresponding parity check codes from the SLC blocks to the multiple-level-cell block according to a storage order of the SLC blocks.

Abstract: A semiconductor system may include a first semiconductor device and a second semiconductor device. The first semiconductor device may be configured to output a reset signal, command/address signals and data. The second semiconductor device may be configured to generate internal commands, internal addresses and internal data for performing an initialization operation. The second semiconductor device may be configured to store the internal data in a plurality of memory cells selected by the internal commands and the internal addresses.

Abstract: A flash memory storage management method includes: providing a flash memory module including single-level-cell (SLC) blocks and at least one multiple-level-cell block such as MLC block, TLC block, or QLC block; classifying data to be programmed into groups of data; respectively executing SLC programing and RAID-like error code encoding to generate corresponding parity check codes, to program the groups of data and corresponding parity check codes to the SLC blocks; when completing program of the SLC blocks, performing an internal copy to program the at least one multiple-level-cell block by sequentially reading and writing the groups of data and corresponding parity check codes from the SLC blocks to the multiple-level-cell block according to a storage order of the SLC blocks.

Abstract: A flash memory method includes: classifying data into a plurality of groups of data; respectively executing error code encoding to generate first corresponding parity check code to store the groups of data and first corresponding parity check code into flash memory module as first blocks; reading out the groups of data from first blocks; executing error correction and de-randomize operation upon read out data to generate de-randomized data; executing randomize operation upon de-randomized data according to a set of seeds to generate randomized data; performing error code encoding upon randomized data to generate second corresponding parity check code; and, storing randomized data and second corresponding parity check code into flash memory module as second block; a cell of first block is used for storing data of first bit number which is different from second bit number corresponding to a cell of second block.

Abstract: A garbage collection method for a data storage device includes steps of: entering a background mode from a foreground mode; selecting a plurality of source data blocks from a plurality of in-use data blocks; dividing a mapping table into a plurality of sub-mapping tables and selecting one of the sub-mapping tables as a target sub-mapping table, wherein the target sub-mapping table is used to manage one of the source data blocks; selecting a destination data block from a plurality of spare data blocks; and sequentially updating a correspondence relationship of data stored in the target sub-mapping table from the source data blocks to the destination data block, wherein the updating comprises copying the data stored in the source data blocks to the destination data block.

Abstract: A flash memory method includes: classifying data into a plurality of groups of data; respectively executing error code encoding to generate first corresponding parity check code to store the groups of data and first corresponding parity check code into flash memory module as first blocks; reading out the groups of data from first blocks; executing error correction and de-randomize operation upon read out data to generate de-randomized data; executing randomize operation upon de-randomized data according to a set of seeds to generate randomized data; performing error code encoding upon randomized data to generate second corresponding parity check code; and, storing randomized data and second corresponding parity check code into flash memory module as second block; a cell of first block is used for storing data of first bit number which is different from second bit number corresponding to a cell of second block.

Abstract: A memory management method applicable to a data storage device is provided. The memory management method includes steps of: requesting a private memory space from a host; recording a reserved memory space given by the host; dividing a mapping table into a plurality of sub-mapping tables; determining whether a capacity of the reserved memory space is sufficient to store the sub-mapping tables; and if yes, uploading the sub-mapping tables to the reserved memory space via an interface logic.

Abstract: An operating method for a data storage device is provided. The operating method includes steps of: dividing a mapping table into a plurality of sub-mapping tables; receiving an access command comprising a data address and a command category; determining whether a target sub-mapping table corresponding to the data address has been cached, wherein the target sub-mapping table is one of the sub-mapping tables; and if false, reading and caching the target sub-mapping table from the sub-mapping tables.

Abstract: A memory management method applicable to a data storage device is provided. The memory management method includes steps of: requesting a private memory space from a host; recording a reserved memory space given by the host; dividing a mapping table into a plurality of sub-mapping tables; determining whether a capacity of the reserved memory space is sufficient to store the sub-mapping tables; and if yes, uploading the sub-mapping tables to the reserved memory space via an interface logic.

Abstract: Methods for treating central nervous system (CNS) disorders or attenuating pain with a lithium benzoate compound.

Abstract: A garbage collection method for a data storage device includes steps of: entering a background mode from a foreground mode; selecting a plurality of source data blocks from a plurality of in-use data blocks; dividing a mapping table into a plurality of sub-mapping tables and selecting one of the sub-mapping tables as a target sub-mapping table, wherein the target sub-mapping table is used to manage one of the source data blocks; selecting a destination data block from a plurality of spare data blocks; and sequentially updating a correspondence relationship of data stored in the target sub-mapping table from the source data blocks to the destination data block, wherein the updating comprises copying the data stored in the source data blocks to the destination data block.

Abstract: An operating method for a data storage device is provided. The operating method includes steps of: dividing a mapping table into a plurality of sub-mapping tables; receiving an access command comprising a data address and a command category; determining whether a target sub-mapping table corresponding to the data address has been cached, wherein the target sub-mapping table is one of the sub-mapping tables; and if false, reading and caching the target sub-mapping table from the sub-mapping tables.