Abstract: A method for monitoring a control loop or a regulating loop in a system, in particular in an engine system in a motor vehicle, is described. A characteristic value is ascertained from a preset value and a system variable of the regulating loop or the control loop during one or more state changes, and an error is detected as a function of the ascertained characteristic value.

Abstract: A galvanic element has a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a separator lying in between, wherein the separator consists at least partially of a polymer of which the melting and/or softening temperature is >200° C. A multi-layer separator for galvanic elements, in particular for lithium-ion batteries, includes at least one layer of the polymer with a melting and/or softening temperature >200° C.

Abstract: An electrochemical element has a housing having an inside surface, a first electrode resting adjacent an inside surface of the housing and defining a cavity, the first electrode including at least two individual segments adjacent one another in a 2-dimensional manner via first contact surfaces and rest via further contact surfaces adjacent the inside surface, a second electrode of opposite polarity arranged inside the cavity, a separator arranged between the first and second electrodes, and at least one connector arranged between the first contact surfaces which connects the segments electrically conductively and which is annular or ring-shaped and includes at least one strip-shaped projection formed on an outside portion thereof

Abstract: A method and an emulation device for emulating control and/or regulating functions of a control or regulating unit, in particular of a motor vehicle. For emulation, the functions are swapped out into an external emulation computer, a data circuit is produced before the beginning of the emulation via a software interface of the emulation computer and a software interface of the control/regulating unit. In order to significantly accelerate the development and programming of new control/regulating functions of the control/regulating unit, the software interfaces are configured for the emulation of different control/regulating functions before the beginning of the emulation without changing the software.

Abstract: A method for predefining an operating point of a drive machine of a drive system, including the drive machine and at least two loads which are driven by the drive machine is disclosed. The method includes the following steps: (i) identification of in each case one instantaneous load power demand of the at least two loads, (ii) determination of at least one partial request point of the drive machine for each identified load power demand in order to meet the respective load power demand, (iii) determination of at least one overall request point of the drive machine on the basis of the specific partial request points, (iv) determination of a cost variable of the drive machine for the at least one overall request point, and (v) selection of the operating point taking into account the cost variable and predefining of the operating point.

Abstract: In an internal combustion engine, at least one rotation variable characterizing the rotational movement of a crankshaft is ascertained cylinder-specifically. It is provided that, in an operating state in which differences and/or fluctuations of the rotation variable are basically a function of a combustion position, the instant of a fuel injection is adapted cylinder-specifically in order to reduce the differences and or fluctuations.

Abstract: A button cell has a multiple-part housing for holding electrodes and a separator, wherein there is an interlocking connection between the housing and at least one of the electrodes, in particular the anode. A method for producing button cells includes a step wherein an electrode material is introduced into a housing half-part, the inside of which has at least one recess provided with at least one undercut to create an interlocking connection between the resultant electrode and the housing half-part.

Abstract: A method for operating a speed-controlled internal combustion engine, including regulating the rotational speed of the internal combustion engine, information concerning a torque to be set being provided as a manipulated variable, limiting the manipulated variable according to a torque limiting value in order to obtain a limited manipulated variable, activating the internal combustion engine as a function of the limited manipulated variable, and increasing the air volume fed to the internal combustion engine for achieving the torque to be set irrespective of the torque limiting value.

Abstract: A method for diagnosing a sensor unit of an internal combustion engine, in which an output signal of the sensor unit is compared to a setpoint value which is specified independently from the output signal. The setpoint value relates to a periodic characteristic, and the variation over time of the value of the output signal of the sensor unit or a variable which is derived from the value variation over time is analyzed with regard to this periodic characteristic.

Abstract: An asynchronous delta-sigma modulator is proposed that comprises an input port, a filter, an envelope path, a phase path, an amplifier, and a feedback path that conveys the amplifier output signal to the filter. The envelope path extracts an envelope from the signal provided by the filter and issues an envelope signal. The phase path processes or processes a phase from the signal provided by the filter and issues a phase signal. The amplifier comprises input ports for the envelope signal and the phase signal. The amplifier issues an amplifier output signal based on said envelope signal and said phase signal. The feedback path conveys the amplifier output signal to the filter. The feedback signal contains both amplitude information and phase information. A corresponding method and computer-program products usable for production and operation of the delta-sigma modulator are also disclosed.

Abstract: In a method for operating an internal combustion engine, the exhaust gas energy of the internal combustion engine is increased when a variable that is characteristic of the compression of the compression device reaches a predefined value, the variable that is characteristic of the compression is the pressure ratio between the pressure downstream from the compressor and the pressure upstream from the turbine.

Abstract: In an internal combustion engine, at least one rotation variable characterizing the rotational movement of a crankshaft is ascertained cylinder-specifically. It is provided that, in an operating state in which differences and/or fluctuations of the rotation variable are basically a function of a combustion position, the instant of a fuel injection is adapted cylinder-specifically in order to reduce the differences and or fluctuations.

Abstract: A method for operating a speed-controlled internal combustion engine, including regulating the rotational speed of the internal combustion engine, information concerning a torque to be set being provided as a manipulated variable, limiting the manipulated variable according to a torque limiting value in order to obtain a limited manipulated variable, activating the internal combustion engine as a function of the limited manipulated variable, and increasing the air volume fed to the internal combustion engine for achieving the torque to be set irrespective of the torque limiting value.

Abstract: A method for monitoring a control loop or a regulating loop in a system, in particular in an engine system in a motor vehicle, is described. A characteristic value is ascertained from a preset value and a system variable of the regulating loop or the control loop during one or more state changes, and an error is detected as a function of the ascertained characteristic value.

Abstract: A method for regulating an actual output variable of an internal combustion engine to a reference variable. A maximum value for the reference variable is generated as a function of at least one physical variable in the exhaust system of the internal combustion engine and the reference variable is limited to this maximum value.

Abstract: A method and a device for operating an internal combustion engine, in particular a motor vehicle having a plurality of cylinder banks are described, making it possible to eliminate fluctuations in a time trend in an output quantity of the internal combustion engine that may result due to differences in operation of different cylinder banks of the internal combustion engine. A characteristic value of the output quantity of the internal combustion engine is determined repeatedly over time. The thus formed time trend in the characteristic value for the output quantity of the internal combustion engine is filtered as a function of the operation of the cylinder banks.

Abstract: A method and a device for operating an internal combustion engine, particularly of a vehicle, having several cylinder banks are provided, which allow for a simplified control. For this purpose, a resulting requirement is formed by coordinating several output variable requirements of the internal combustion engine. The coordination of the requirements for several cylinder banks is performed jointly, and the resulting output variable requirement is then divided into several individual output variable requirements of each particular cylinder bank.

Abstract: An electrochemical element in the form of a button cell having at least one lithium-intercalating electrode, wherein the cell cover or the cell cup has an opening which is closed in a sealed manner during the formation process. Once the formation process has been completed, it is opened briefly for gas to escape from the cell, and is then closed in a gastight manner. The cell cover and the cell cup are composed in particular of metal. The opening can be closed by a metal or metal/plastic composite sheet, which is adhesively bonded or welded to the cell cover or to the cell cup.

Abstract: A method for regulating an actual output variable of an internal combustion engine to a reference variable. A maximum value for the reference variable is generated as a function of at least one physical variable in the exhaust system of the internal combustion engine and the reference variable is limited to this maximum value.

Abstract: In a method for operating an internal combustion engine, the exhaust gas energy of the internal combustion engine is increased when a variable that is characteristic of the compression of the compression device reaches a predefined value, the variable that is characteristic of the compression is the pressure ratio between the pressure downstream from the compressor and the pressure upstream from the turbine.