Abstract: A data forwarding method includes: receiving, by a session management function network element, information about a first bearer in a first network from an access and mobility management function network element; and sending flow information of a first flow in a second network and forwarding information to the access and mobility management function network element. The flow information indicates a flow for data forwarding, and the forwarding information is used for forwarding the first flow to a tunnel corresponding to the first bearer.

Abstract: A domain name system query method in which: a first network element receives a DNS query request including a first domain name from a terminal apparatus; the first network element sends first request information which comprises location information of the terminal apparatus and the first domain name to a second network element; the second network element determines, based on the first request information, an IP address and feeds back the IP address to the first network element; and the first network element sends the IP address to the terminal apparatus. When a terminal apparatus performs domain name query, a core network element determines an IP address of an application server based on location information of the terminal apparatus and a queried domain name. In this way, the terminal apparatus obtains an IP address of an application server close to the terminal apparatus, thereby improving service access efficiency of the terminal apparatus.

Abstract: A wireless federated learning (FL) framework and a resource optimization method are provided to resolve a problem that FL is not suitable for many hardware-constrained Internet of Things (IoT) devices with a small amount of computing resources. In the framework, users with sufficient computing resources upload locally trained model parameters to a base station, and users with limited computing resources only need to send training data to the base station. The base station performs data training and model aggregation to obtain a global model. In this way, the users with limited computing resources and the users with sufficient computing resources cooperatively train the global model. To improve a data transmission rate and reduce an aggregation error of FL, a non-convex optimization problem is constructed to jointly design user transmit power and a reception strategy of the base station, and solves the problem through a successive convex approximation (SCA) method.

Abstract: A multi-functional reconfigurable intelligence surface (MF-RIS) integrating signal reflection, refraction and amplification and energy harvesting and an application thereof are provided. The MF-RIS can support wireless signal reflection, refraction and amplification and energy harvesting on one surface, to amplify, reflect, or refract a signal through harvested energy, and further enhance effective coverage of wireless signals. When a signal model of the MF-RIS constructed in the present disclosure is applied to a multi-user wireless network, a non-convex optimization problem of jointly designing operation modes and parameters that include BS transmit beamforming, and different components and a deployment position of the MF-RIS is constructed with an objective of maximizing a sum rate (SR) of a plurality of users in an MF-RIS-assisted non-orthogonal multiple access network.

Abstract: An entity establishment processing method and an apparatus are provided. The processing method includes: A terminal side device receives first indication information from a first network side device, where the first indication information is used to trigger reestablishment of a first PDCP entity of the terminal side device. When a first bearer corresponding to the first PDCP entity is not a radio bearer used to perform duplication transmission between the terminal side device and a core network side device, in a process in which the terminal side device reestablishes the first PDCP entity based on the first indication information, the terminal side device sets a parameter of the first PDCP entity to an initial value.

Abstract: Provided are a character display method and apparatus, an electronic device, and a computer-readable storage medium. The character display method includes: receiving a display parameter; obtaining a to-be-displayed character; obtaining a texture of the to-be-displayed character; and displaying the texture of the to-be-displayed character on a screen based on the display parameter and an attribute of the texture of the to-be-displayed character. According to the method, the display parameter is received, and the texture of the to-be-displayed character is drawn based on the display parameter, which can solve the problem of inflexible controlling on the drawing of the character.

Abstract: Embodiments of this disclosure provide a positioning method, an apparatus, and a system, so that a network side obtains accurate geographical location information of a terminal device in time in a satellite communication scenario. The method includes: After determining that a trigger condition occurs, an access network device sends first location information of a terminal device to a core network device, where the first location information includes a first tracking area identity TAI, and the first TAI is an identifier of a tracking area in which the terminal device is currently located.

Abstract: This application provides a network node selection method and apparatus. An SMF network element obtains transmission capability information of an access network device, and selects, for a terminal device based on the transmission capability information of the access network device, a UPF network element that supports at least one transmission capability included in the transmission capability information. In this process, the SMF network element obtains a transmission capability of the access network device, and selects the UPF network element based on the transmission capability of the access network device. The selected UPF network element supports the transmission capability used by the access network device, so that data can be successfully transmitted between the access network device and the UPF network element. Therefore, a data transmission success rate is improved.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for text effect processing, an electronic device, and a computer readable storage medium. The method comprises: sending to a server a request to acquire a text effect resource, the text effect resource being used to implement a display effect of text associated with multimedia; receiving a text effect resource sent by the server; and on the basis of the text effect resource, performing color-separated effect processing on text, causing text of different color components to be synchronously and dynamically displayed on a terminal screen, following playback progress of the multimedia.

Abstract: This application provides a communication method and apparatus. The method may include: A first session management network element determines an offloading point in a visited network based on first information, where the first information indicates that offloading is allowed in the visited network, and the first session management network element is a network element deployed in the visited network; and the first session management network element sends an offloading rule to the offloading point, where the offloading rule is for offloading a packet to the visited network. According to this application, after accessing the visited network through HR roaming, a terminal device may access a service in the visited network by using the offloading point determined by the first session management network element, to implement local offloading in the visited network.

Abstract: This application provides a communication method and apparatus. The method may include receiving, by a second session management network element in a visited network, from a first session management network element in a home network, indication information, wherein the indication information indicates that traffic routing is allowed in the visited network. The method may further include sending, by the second session management network element and based on the indication information, IP address information of the visited network to a user plane network element in the visited network, wherein the IP address information is information used to determine an extension mechanisms for domain name system DNS client subnet option, or the IP address information is a local DNS server address.

Abstract: A method and a device for performing special effect processing on an image, an electronic apparatus, and a computer-readable storage medium are provided. The method includes: acquiring a video; determining a current image based on a current play progress of the video; acquiring a previous image of the current image from a data storage layer by an image acquisition unit of a rendering layer; superposing, by a special effect unit of the rendering layer, the previous image and the current image by superposing transparency of the previous image and transparency of the current image; outputting the superimposed image and displaying the superimposed image on the terminal screen.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides example traffic routing methods, apparatuses, and systems. One example method includes receiving a routing rule from a session management network element in a session management process, wherein the routing rule indicates at least one of the following: to send a first traffic to a first function entity, or to send a second traffic to a second function entity or an access device, where the first traffic is a traffic on which first traffic steering control is to be performed, and the second traffic is a traffic on which the first traffic steering control has been performed; and transmitting a received traffic according to the routing rule.

Abstract: This application provides an information transmission method and apparatus. The method may include: A first session management network element selects an edge application server discovery network element, where the first session management network element and the edge application server discovery network element are network elements deployed in a visited network. The first session management network element sends address information of the edge application server discovery network element. In this way, after accessing the visited network through HR roaming, a terminal device may access a service in the visited network by using the edge application server discovery network element selected by the first session management network element.

Abstract: This application provides a communication method and apparatus. The method includes: A first session management function network element determines whether a first session management function network element is able to serve a first data network access identifier (DNAI). The first session management function network element sends first information to a first access and mobility management function network element when the first session management function network element is able to serve the first DNAI, where the first information is used by the first access and mobility management function network element to remove an intermediate session management function network element.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a routing control method, network device, and controller. The method may include the network device obtaining a route suppression request. The method may also include determining the second routing entry. Furthermore, the method may include setting a state of the second routing entry to a non-delivery state that is used to indicate that the second routing entry does not need to be delivered to a forwarding table. In the method, the network device may have a first routing entry and a second routing entry, an address prefix of the first routing entry is a first address prefix, an address prefix of the second routing entry is a second address prefix, a network segment to which the second address prefix belongs is a subset of a network segment to which the first address prefix belongs, and a mask in the second address prefix is greater than a mask in the first address prefix.

Abstract: This application provides a method for controlling disorder of downlink data and an apparatus thereof. The method includes: A control plane network element determines to switch from a first user plane device to a second user plane device, and sends indication information to the second user plane device. The second user plane device buffers, according to the received indication information, downlink data received from a session anchor, and sends the buffered downlink data after reception of an end marker from the first user plane device.

Abstract: A transmission method and a communication apparatus provide a source access network device receives first data and a first identifier. The first identifier indicates a last data packet of the first data, and the first data is data in a first periodicity of a periodic service. The source access network device sends a handover command to a terminal device in a first time period. A start moment of the first time period is a moment at which the last data packet is sent, an end moment of the first time period is an end moment of the first periodicity, and the handover command instructs the terminal device to perform a handover to a target access network device. This avoids interruption of sending the first data by the source access network device due to the handover and improves transmission reliability of the periodic service.

Abstract: A communication method and apparatus. A session management function obtains at least one group of first association relationships, where the first association relationship is a correspondence between identification information of domain name system DNS handling information and the DNS handling information. The SMF sends, to an EASDF, the at least one group of first association relationships used for PDU sessions of a plurality of terminal devices, and sends, to the EASDF, a first message corresponding to a first PDU session, where the first information includes first identification information, and the first identification information is identification information of DNS handling information corresponding to the first PDU session. The EASDF receives the first association relationship and the first message, and determines, based on the first association relationship and the first identification information, the DNS handling information corresponding to the first PDU session.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to user plane information reporting methods and apparatus. In one example method, a session management network element obtains parameter information, and initiates establishment of a dedicated tunnel between a first communications apparatus and a second communications apparatus, where the parameter information indicates the first communications apparatus to report user plane information when a reporting condition is met. The session management network element sends a first rule to the first communications apparatus, where the first rule indicates the first communications apparatus to send a packet to the second communications apparatus through the dedicated tunnel when the reporting condition is met.