Abstract: The present disclosure relates to user plane information reporting methods and apparatus. In one example method, a session management network element obtains parameter information, and initiates establishment of a dedicated tunnel between a first communications apparatus and a second communications apparatus, where the parameter information indicates the first communications apparatus to report user plane information when a reporting condition is met. The session management network element sends a first rule to the first communications apparatus, where the first rule indicates the first communications apparatus to send a packet to the second communications apparatus through the dedicated tunnel when the reporting condition is met.

Abstract: A data forwarding method includes: receiving, by a session management function network element, information about a first bearer in a first network from an access and mobility management function network element; and sending flow information of a first flow in a second network and forwarding information to the access and mobility management function network element. The flow information indicates a flow for data forwarding, and the forwarding information is used for forwarding the first flow to a tunnel corresponding to the first bearer.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides example traffic routing methods, apparatuses, and systems. One example method includes determining, by a session management network element, a routing rule, where the routing rule indicates a first traffic steering entity to send a first traffic to a first function entity, or send a second traffic to a second function entity or an access device, where the first traffic is a traffic on which first traffic steering control is to be performed, and the second traffic is a traffic on which the first traffic steering control has been performed. The routing rule is sent by the session management network element to the first traffic steering entity in a session management process.

Abstract: This application provides a communication method and apparatus. In the method, each URSP rule included in a URSP corresponds to an HPLMN or a VPLMN of a UE. When the UE accesses an application, based on existing URSP rule matching, the UE uses PLMN information in the URSP rule as one of criteria for the UE to match a URSP rule.

Abstract: A binocular scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) is used to track the fixational eye movement of each of the eyes of a subject. The binocular SLO may include right eye optics for imaging a portion of the retina of the right eye and left eye optics for imaging a portion of the retina of the left eye. Shifts in the imaged portion of the retina with respect to a reference image of the retina may be used to measure and track eye movement. The right eye optics and left eye optics may be separate imaging paths, each with its own bi-directional MEMS scanning mirror and Keplerian telescope. The use of the MEMS scanning mirrors minimizes the size and weight of the binocular SLO.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to time-aware Quality-of-Service (QoS), in particular techniques for providing time-aware QoS in communication systems such as 5G NR (New Radio). In particular the disclosure relates to a device for translating between a first communication network, in particular a deterministic communication network, and a second communication network, in particular a mobile communication network, in particular a 5G communication network, wherein the device comprises: an application function that is configured to translate between Quality-of-Service (QoS) parameters of the first communication network and QoS parameters of the second communication network; a QoS profile comprising the QoS parameters of the first communication network translated by the application function and, optionally, additional QoS parameters originating from the second communication network; and a signaling procedure configured to exchange the translated QoS parameters within the second communication network.

Abstract: A hammer structure includes a hammer body, at least one hitting block, a compression spring, and a shaft. The hammer body has a radial through hole. The hitting block includes a mounting portion having an accommodating hole. The compression spring is accommodated in the accommodating hole. The shaft is inserted through the compression spring so that it can be elastically extended and retracted via the compression spring. The mounting portion of the hitting block is screwed to the end of the hammer body. The shaft counteracts an elastic force of the compression spring to be partially engaged in the radial through hole. The hammer structure can prevent the hitting block screwed to a mounting groove of the hammer body from being loosened due to strong impact and vibration in the hitting process, so as to fix the hitting block and avoid damage effectively.

Abstract: This application provides a method for controlling disorder of downlink data and an apparatus thereof. The method includes: A control plane network element determines to switch from a first user plane device to a second user plane device, and sends indication information to the second user plane device. The second user plane device buffers, according to the received indication information, downlink data received from a session anchor, and sends the buffered downlink data after reception of an end marker from the first user plane device.

Abstract: A fermented supernatant of Bangia fusco-purpure and Lactobacillus with an alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity is provided, where a preparation method for the fermented supernatant of Bangia fusco-purpure and Lactobacillus includes the following steps of: S1: mixing Bangia fusco-purpure with water in a mass/volume ratio of 4.45%-5% to obtain a Bangia fusco-purpure suspension; S2: adding glucose in a mass/volume ratio of 2% to the Bangia fusco-purpure suspension, followed by pasteurization; S3: inoculating Lactobacillus delbrueckii or Lactobacillus plantarum in a mass/volume ratio of 4% to obtain a mixed solution of Bangia fusco-purpure and Lactobacillus; S4: fermenting the mixed solution of Bangia fusco-purpure and Lactobacillus at 37° C.

Abstract: An address obtaining method includes obtaining, by a third network device, an identifier of a first application from a terminal device. The identifier of the first application indicates a request for obtaining an address of an instance of the first application. The address obtaining method further includes sending, by the third network device, a first message to a first network device, wherein the first message comprises the identifier of the first application, and the first message is useable to request the address of the instance of the first application. The address obtaining method further includes receiving, by the third network device, the address of the instance of the first application from the first network device, and sending the address of the instance of the first application to the terminal device.

Abstract: In a media data transmission method, an access network device receives layered coding information of a media flow, where the media flow is a target service; the access network device determines a plurality of multicast groups based on the layered coding information and information about terminal devices that access the target service; and the access network device sends a media data packet of the target service to the terminal devices based on the plurality of multicast groups. By using the method, multicast grouping may be performed on a plurality of terminal devices that access a same service, and further differentiated transmission is performed on media data of the same service. This improves a data transmission speed of the access network device, and improves a data throughput in a signal coverage area of the access network device.

Abstract: A service transmission method and apparatus are provided to establish a connection between an access and mobility management function network element and a secondary base station, when a master base station is not capable of continuing to provide a service for a terminal device. In an embodiment, an access and mobility management function network element determines that a master base station is not capable of continuing to provide a service for a terminal device. The access and mobility management function network element sends a mobility management context of the terminal device to a secondary base station, where the mobility management context is used by the secondary base station to perform mobility management on the terminal device. Therefore, a signaling connection between the access and mobility management function network element and the secondary base station can be quickly established, thereby ensuring service transmission and improving user experience.

Abstract: A data processing method and a device are provided, to meet a jitter buffer requirement of playing a real-time media service with a large amount of data, and improve real-time performance and accuracy of data transmission of the real-time media service. The method is performed in a radio access network RAN device, and includes: The RAN obtains first information of first media data, where the first information indicates a size of the first media data (S210); determines a playback policy for the first media data based on the first information, where the playback policy indicates a buffer size or a playback rate (S220); and sends the playback policy to a terminal device UE (S230).

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a method and an apparatus for adjusting a media parameter. The method includes: A terminal device obtains network information from a network data analytics function network element, where the network information includes one or more of the following: network performance prediction information or a media parameter, the network performance prediction information indicates prediction of a network status, and the media parameter is used for controlling, selecting, transmitting, or buffering media data. The terminal device processes the media data based on the network information. In embodiments of this application, a freezing phenomenon can be reduced by adjusting a media parameter, and quality of experience of a user can be improved.

Abstract: A device translates between a first communication network, in particular a deterministic communication network, and a second communication network, in particular a mobile communication network, in particular a 5G communication network. The device is configured to execute an application function that is configured to translate between Quality-of-Service, QoS, parameters of the first communication network and QoS parameters of the second communication network. A QoS profile includes the QoS parameters of the first communication network translated by the application function and, optionally, additional QoS parameters originating from the second communication network. The device is further configured to execute a signaling procedure configured to exchange the translated QoS parameters within the second communication network.

Abstract: This application provides a method for controlling a terminal device to access a network, and a communication apparatus. The method includes: An access network device sends, to a mobility management network element, identification information of a network selected by a terminal. When a core network does not determine whether the terminal device is allowed to access the network, the mobility management network element sends, to the terminal device, information indicating not to initiate a service. According to the method, the terminal device is prevented from initiating a service before the core network verifies whether the terminal device is allowed to access the network, so that compliance with regulatory requirements is ensured.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a policy control method and system, a network element, and a storage medium. A control plane network element establishes, for UE, a first DN connection that uses a first forwarding plane network element as an anchor. The method includes: when the control plane network element receives a handover notification message for the UE and determines that a second forwarding plane network element serves the UE, or when the control plane network element establishes, for the UE, a second DN connection that uses a second forwarding plane network element as an anchor, the control plane network element updates a forwarding path of the first DN connection, so that an updated forwarding path of the first DN connection passes through the second forwarding plane network element, and the second forwarding plane network element performs policy control on a packet on the first DN connection.

Abstract: A domain name system query method in which: a first network element receives a DNS query request including a first domain name from a terminal apparatus; the first network element sends first request information which comprises location information of the terminal apparatus and the first domain name to a second network element; the second network element determines, based on the first request information, an IP address and feeds back the IP address to the first network element; and the first network element sends the IP address to the terminal apparatus. When a terminal apparatus performs domain name query, a core network element determines an IP address of an application server based on location information of the terminal apparatus and a queried domain name. In this way, the terminal apparatus obtains an IP address of an application server close to the terminal apparatus, thereby improving service access efficiency of the terminal apparatus.

Abstract: This disclosure provides a communication method, and a corresponding apparatus. In the method, a terminal device obtains association information between first traffic description information and second traffic description information; determines the first traffic description information and the second traffic description information; and sends a first request message and a second request message that include same session pair information to establish redundant sessions. The first request message is used to request to establish a first session corresponding to the first traffic description information and the second request message is used to request to establish the second session corresponding to the second traffic description information.

Abstract: This application provides a network slice access control method, including: determining, by an access and mobility management function network element, first allowed network slice selection assistance information of a terminal device in a registration process to register the terminal device to a network; learning, by the access and mobility management function network element, of an authentication failure of a first network slice corresponding to first single network slice selection assistance information from the first allowed network slice selection assistance information.