Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a communication method and a communication apparatus. The method includes: A network device sends first information to a terminal device, where the first information indicates at least one second network, the second network is a network in which local traffic routing is allowed by a first public network, the network device is a device of the first public network, and the first network is a home network of the terminal device; the terminal device performs network switching; and the terminal device determines, based on the first information and networks before and after the switching, an application server having an optimal path. In embodiments of this application, the application server is determined based on whether the first information includes the network after the switching, thereby improving communication quality after the network switching and reducing communication latency.

Abstract: This application discloses an application discovery method and apparatus, and a system. A session management function network element receives first information from a first network element, and determines second information based on at least the first information and location information of a terminal device. The session management function network element sends the second information to the first network element. The second information is for obtaining a first IP address corresponding to a first domain name.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a communication method and apparatus. The method may include: A terminal device receives a first timer from a network device that indicates a first duration after which the terminal device initiates periodic connection establishment to the network device. The first duration is greater than or equal to a duration of the terminal device in a non-coverage area of a satellite. The terminal device activates the first timer when the terminal device determines that the terminal device leaves a coverage area of the satellite.

Abstract: A communications method and apparatus, where the method includes: sending, by a session management network element, first indication information when the session management network element determines, based on first information, to establish a first low-latency service flow for a session, wherein the first indication information is used to indicate to set the session to an always-on session. According to solutions of this application, when determining to establish the low-latency service flow, the session management network element flexibly indicates to a terminal apparatus to set the session to the always-on session. This avoids a resource waste caused by setting the session to the always-on session all the time, and avoids a transmission latency caused when the session is not set to the always-on session in time, such that resource utilization and transmission efficiency are improved.

Abstract: A communications method in a roaming scenario and an apparatus are provided. The method includes: obtaining, by a new V-SMF from an old V-SMF, first service information corresponding to first DNAI which is a DNAI corresponding to the location before UE's movement; sending, by the new V-SMF, the first service information to an H-SMF; receiving, by the new V-SMF, a first message comprising the first service information from the H-SMF; and after receiving the first message, sending, by the new V-SMF based on the first message, a session modification command to the UE, wherein the session modification command comprises the first service information and an EAS re-discovery indication, so that the UE re-queries the EAS.

Abstract: Example communication methods and apparatus are described. In one example method, a user plane network element obtains network status information of a to-be-monitored service flow. The network status information is used to determine a ratio of a quantity of data packets carrying a congestion experienced (CE) mark in at least one data packet of the to-be-monitored service flow to a quantity of the at least one data packet of the to-be-monitored service flow. The user plane network element adds, based on the network status information, the CE mark in the at least one data packet of the to-be-monitored service flow, and sends the at least one data packet in the to-be-monitored service flow to a terminal device. According to some embodiments, the user plane network element sends the network status information to the terminal, so that the terminal knows the network status in mobile network.

Abstract: A packet transmission method, including receiving, by a session management function network element, first access network tunnel information and second access network tunnel information that correspond to a first service, and sending a downlink forwarding rule to a user plane function network element, where the downlink forwarding rule includes the first access network tunnel information and the second access network tunnel information, and the downlink forwarding rule indicates the user plane function network element to replicate a received downlink packet of the first service, and send downlink packets of the first service through two paths respectively corresponding to the first access network tunnel information and the second access network tunnel information.

Abstract: A preparation method of a low-lactose dairy product rich in honey pomelo fiber includes the following steps: washing, cutting and debitterizing peels of honey pomelos to obtain honey pomelo fiber pieces; sterilizing and cooling milk solution, performing the first-round fermentation by inoculating lactic acid bacteria, centrifuging the fermented milk after curding, collecting precipitates, adding water to the precipitates, and performing homogenizing treatment to obtain the first-round fermented milk; mixing the honey pomelo fiber pieces with the first-round fermented milk, and performing the second-round fermentation by inoculating the lactic acid bacteria; or performing the second-round fermentation by inoculating the first-round fermented milk with the lactic acid bacteria, and then mixing the second-round fermented milk with the honey pomelo fiber pieces; and prefreezing the treated honey pomelo fiber pieces treated in the previous step and then performing vacuum freeze-drying to obtain low-lactose dairy p

Abstract: A communication method and apparatus, where the method includes: a session management network element sending location area information; a mobility management network element receiving the location area information from the session management network element; obtaining location information of a terminal; determining, based on the location area information and the location information, that the terminal is located outside a service area indicated by the location area information; and in response to the determination, sending, to the session management network element, a message for triggering update of a session management information.

Abstract: A policy control network element obtains a first transmission delay, and determines, based on the first transmission delay, delay budget information for transmitting service data. The policy control network element sends the delay budget information to a session management network element, to implement air interface resource scheduling. The delay budget information indicates an uplink transmission delay budget and/or a downlink transmission delay budget.

Abstract: This application provides a satellite communication method and an apparatus. The method may include: A session management network element obtains an identifier list. The identifier list includes identification information of one or more terminal devices that access a satellite in a satellite backhaul manner. The session management network element configures a forwarding rule for a user plane network element on the satellite. The forwarding rule is used to offload, to an access network device corresponding to the terminal device, a data packet whose destination address is included in an address of the terminal device corresponding to the identifier list. Based on the foregoing solution, a terminal device that supports local switching in the satellite can perform communication through local switching in the satellite, so that a delay can be reduced and user experience can be improved.

Abstract: This application provides a satellite communication method and apparatus. The method may include: A session management network element obtains first service information, where the service information indicates one or more services supported by a satellite. The session management network element determines, based on the first service information, whether a terminal device is allowed to access the services supported by the satellite. When determining that the terminal device is allowed to access at least one of the services supported by the satellite, the session management network element inserts a user plane network element on the satellite into a user plane path of the terminal device. According to the foregoing solutions, a delay in satellite communication of the terminal device can be reduced, and user experience can be improved.

Abstract: A communication method includes: determining a first central unit (CU)-user plane (UP) and a user plane function (UPF) network element that correspond to a quality of service (QoS) flow, where an access network device to which the first CU-UP belongs supports at least two CU-UPs; determining a first packet delay budget (PDB) for transmitting the QoS flow between the first CU-UP and the UPF network element; and sending the first PDB to the access network device, where the first PDB is used by the access network device to schedule an air interface resource. After the CU-UP corresponding to the QoS flow is determined, the PDB of the CU-UP corresponding to the QoS flow may be sent to the radio access network (RAN) device.

Abstract: Example network-based adaptive streaming media parameter adjustment methods and apparatuses are disclosed. One example method includes receiving, by an access network device, media QoS information from a session management network element, where the media QoS information includes at least two bit rate indicators and QoS requirement information corresponding to each of the bit rate indicators. The access network device determines, based on a current network condition and the media QoS information, a target bit rate indicator from the at least two bit rate indicators. The target bit rate indicator is sent to a terminal or a video server, where the current network condition meets a network requirement for transmitting streaming media data at a bit rate indicated by the target bit rate indicator.

Abstract: This application provides a network connection configuration method and an apparatus. The method is as follows: After a terminal device obtains network configuration information of an application in the terminal device, the terminal device sends the network configuration information to a core network control plane network element, so that the core network control plane network element may determine a network connection that is of the application and is between the terminal device and the data network and that meets the network configuration information.

Abstract: This application provides a braking system, a control apparatus, and an electric vehicle. The braking system includes a controller and four actuators. Each actuator includes a brake disc. The braking system is configured to adjust, based on temperatures of four brake discs, braking force output by the four actuators. The controller is configured to control an actuator corresponding to a brake disc with a too high temperature to reduce braking force output, or is configured to control an actuator corresponding to a brake disc with a too low temperature to increase braking force output.

Abstract: A communication method and apparatus are provided to improve a power saving effect of the terminal device and service experience. After obtaining traffic characteristic information of a service, an access network device determines power saving configuration information based on the traffic characteristic information, and then sends the power saving configuration information to the terminal device. The power saving configuration information is used to determine that the terminal device is in an active state or a sleep state when the service is performed. In this way, the access network device can sense the traffic characteristic information of the service, to determine the power saving configuration information matching the service, and to improve the power saving effect of the terminal device and the service experience.

Abstract: A communication method includes sending, by a source mobility management network element in a first area, a first slice set for a home public land mobile network (PLMN) (HPLMN) of a terminal device to a target mobility management network element in a second area when handing over the terminal device from a source access network device in the first area to a target access network device in the second area, where the first slice set corresponds to a second slice set for the first area, and obtaining, by the target mobility management network element, a third slice set for the second area based on the first slice set.

Abstract: A communication method and apparatus. One method includes: a session management network element obtains an identifier of a DN accessed by a terminal device and/or an identifier of a network slice accessed by the terminal device. The session management network element determines, based on the identifier of the DN and/or the identifier of the network slice, a service type requested by the terminal device. The session management network element requests, from an access network device on a satellite, tunnel information corresponding to the service type. The session management network element receives, from the access network device, the tunnel information corresponding to the service type.

Abstract: This application disclose an application discovery solutions. The application discovery method is applied to a first SMF network element, and includes: obtaining a first domain name requested by a terminal device; sending the first domain name to a second SMF network element; and receiving first information from the second SMF network element, where the first information includes information about a first application platform or an IP address of a DNS server corresponding to the first application platform, the first application platform is an application platform on which a first application corresponding to the first domain name is located, and the first information is for obtaining a target IP address corresponding to the first domain name. The terminal device may access, by using the target IP address, the first application corresponding to the first domain name.