Abstract: An access network device receives characteristic information of a first live media stream included in a switching request from a terminal device. The access network device or a user plane network element determines, based on the characteristic information, the first live media stream corresponding to the characteristic information of the first live media stream. Therefore, the access network device or the user plane network element switches a media stream sent to the terminal device, to be specific, switches the live media stream sent to the terminal device from a second live media stream to the first live media. Both the second live media stream and the first live media stream correspond to the access network device or the user plane network element. According to the method, media stream switching can be completed on the access network device side or the user plane network element side.

Abstract: An information determining method and a related device. In the method, a first network element receives first information from a first terminal device, where the first information includes first indication information. The first network element determines, based on the first indication information, a first access network device connected to the first access network device, determines second information based on historical statistical information of a bandwidth between the first access network device and the first terminal device, and further sends the second information to a second network element, where the second information is useable for determining a first code rate, and the first code rate indicates a code rate of media data of first media received by the first terminal device. This improves accuracy and real-time performance of code rate adjustment of the media data, and further improve effectiveness of the code rate adjustment.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide example media packet transmission methods, apparatuses, and systems, and relate to the field of communication technologies. One example method includes receiving, by a user plane network element, a media packet from an application server. The user plane network element determines association information corresponding to the media packet, where the association information is information associated with a client operation corresponding to the media packet. The user plane network element then sends the media packet to an access network element via a quality of service (QoS) flow corresponding to the association information.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a routing control method, network device, and controller. The method may include the network device obtaining a route suppression request. The method may also include determining the second routing entry. Furthermore, the method may include setting a state of the second routing entry to a non-delivery state that is used to indicate that the second routing entry does not need to be delivered to a forwarding table. In the method, the network device may have a first routing entry and a second routing entry, an address prefix of the first routing entry is a first address prefix, an address prefix of the second routing entry is a second address prefix, a network segment to which the second address prefix belongs is a subset of a network segment to which the first address prefix belongs, and a mask in the second address prefix is greater than a mask in the first address prefix.

Abstract: A packet transmission method, including receiving, by a session management function network element, first access network tunnel information and second access network tunnel information that correspond to a first service, and sending a downlink forwarding rule to a user plane function network element, where the downlink forwarding rule includes the first access network tunnel information and the second access network tunnel information, and the downlink forwarding rule indicates the user plane function network element to replicate a received downlink packet of the first service, and send downlink packets of the first service through two paths respectively corresponding to the first access network tunnel information and the second access network tunnel information.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method of preparing a specimen for scanning capacitance microscopy, comprising the steps of: providing a sample including at least one object to be analyzed; manually grinding the sample from an edge of the sample toward a target region containing the object to be analyzed gradually, and stopping at a distance of dl from a longitudinal section of the at least one object to be analyzed in the target region to form a grinding stopping surface; cutting the grinding stopping surface by a plasma focused ion beam equipped with a scanning electron microscopy toward the target region and stopping at a distance of d2 from the longitudinal section to form a cutting stopping surface, wherein 0<d2<d1; and manually grinding to polish the cutting stopping surface and gradually remove the part of the sample between the longitudinal section and the cutting stopping surface to expose the longitudinal section of the at least one object to be analyzed, and complete the preparation of a sp

Abstract: This application provides a network connection configuration method and an apparatus. The method is as follows: After a terminal device obtains network configuration information of an application in the terminal device, the terminal device sends the network configuration information to a core network control plane network element, so that the core network control plane network element may determine a network connection that is of the application and is between the terminal device and the data network and that meets the network configuration information.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method of preparing a specimen for scanning capacitance microscopy, comprising the steps of: providing a sample including at least one object to be analyzed; manually grinding the sample from an edge of the sample toward a target region containing the object to be analyzed gradually, and stopping at a distance of dl from a longitudinal section of the at least one object to be analyzed in the target region to form a grinding stopping surface; cutting the grinding stopping surface by a plasma focused ion beam equipped with a scanning electron microscopy toward the target region and stopping at a distance of d2 from the longitudinal section to form a cutting stopping surface, wherein 0<d2<d1; and manually grinding to polish the cutting stopping surface and gradually remove the part of the sample between the longitudinal section and the cutting stopping surface to expose the longitudinal section of the at least one object to be analyzed, and complete the preparation of a sp

Abstract: An image processing method includes performing additional image feature extraction on a training source face image to obtain a source additional image feature, performing identity feature extraction on the training source face image to obtain a source identity feature, inputting a training template face image into an encoder in a to-be-trained face swapping model to obtain a face attribute feature, inputting the source additional image feature, the source identity feature, and the face attribute feature into a decoder in the face swapping model for decoding to obtain a decoded face image, obtaining a target model loss value based on an additional image difference between the decoded face image and a comparative face image, and adjusting the model parameters of the encoder and the decoder based on the target model loss value to obtain the trained face swapping model.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a session management method, apparatus, and system. The method includes: receiving, by a first session management network element, a session request message from a second session management network element; allocating, by the first session management network element, Internet protocol IP information of a terminal device to a first session based on the session request message, where the first session is a branch of an established second session; and sending, by the first session management network element, the IP information of the terminal device to the second session management network element, where the IP information is used to obtain policy information corresponding to the IP information.

Abstract: Various embodiments provide a packet transmission method and an apparatus. In those embodiments, a first device supports a first protocol layer, and replicates a packet at the first protocol layer. A second device supports a second protocol layer, and deduplicates the packet at the second protocol layer. When receiving a first packet, a first access device converts a sequence number of the first protocol layer in the first packet into a sequence number of the second protocol layer, and then sends, to the second device, a second packet that carries the sequence number of the second protocol layer and a data packet of the first packet. For example, if the first access network device receives two packets having same data packets, the first access network device separately coverts sequence numbers in the two packets without performing operations of first deduplicating and then replicating the packet.

Abstract: An address obtaining method includes obtaining, by a third network device, an identifier of a first application from a terminal device. The identifier of the first application indicates a request for obtaining an address of an instance of the first application. The address obtaining method further includes sending, by the third network device, a first message to a first network device, wherein the first message comprises the identifier of the first application, and the first message is useable to request the address of the instance of the first application. The address obtaining method further includes receiving, by the third network device, the address of the instance of the first application from the first network device, and sending the address of the instance of the first application to the terminal device.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a media packet transmission method, an apparatus, and a system that relate to the field of communication technologies. In an example method, a transmit end network element obtains a correspondence between an encoding type and a quality of service (QoS) flow. The transmit end network element is a user plane network element or a terminal. The QoS flow is used to transmit a media packet whose encoding type is the encoding type corresponding to the QoS flow. The transmit end network element identifies an encoding type of a received media packet, and sends, based on the correspondence through a QoS flow corresponding to the encoding type of the media packet, the media packet carrying information associated with the encoding type to an access network element.

Abstract: Example network-based adaptive streaming media parameter adjustment methods and apparatuses are disclosed. One example method includes receiving, by an access network device, media QoS information from a session management network element, where the media QoS information includes at least two bit rate indicators and QoS requirement information corresponding to each of the bit rate indicators. The access network device determines, based on a current network condition and the media QoS information, a target bit rate indicator from the at least two bit rate indicators. The target bit rate indicator is sent to a terminal or a video server, where the current network condition meets a network requirement for transmitting streaming media data at a bit rate indicated by the target bit rate indicator.

Abstract: A face image processing method and apparatus, a face image display method and apparatus, and a device are provided, belonging to the technical field of image processing. The method includes: acquiring a first face image of a person; invoking an age change model to predict a texture difference map of the first face image at a specified age, the texture difference map being used for reflecting a texture difference between a face texture in the first face image and a face texture of a second face image of the person at the specified age; and performing image processing on the first face image based on the texture difference map to obtain the second face image.

Abstract: According to a communication method and a communications apparatus, in a process in which an access network device serving a terminal is handed over from a source access network device to a target access network device, a user plane function network element may transmit first information to the source access network device. The first information is used to indicate that the user plane function network element bicasts downlink packets to the source access network device and the target access network device, so that after determining that a data packet received before the first information is sent to the terminal, the source access network device triggers an air interface handover, to avoid a packet loss in a handover process, or so that the source access network device synchronizes a PDCP SN of the source access network device with a PDCP SN of the target access network device.

Abstract: This application disclose an application discovery solutions. The application discovery method is applied to a first SMF network element, and includes: obtaining a first domain name requested by a terminal device; sending the first domain name to a second SMF network element; and receiving first information from the second SMF network element, where the first information includes information about a first application platform or an IP address of a DNS server corresponding to the first application platform, the first application platform is an application platform on which a first application corresponding to the first domain name is located, and the first information is for obtaining a target IP address corresponding to the first domain name. The terminal device may access, by using the target IP address, the first application corresponding to the first domain name.

Abstract: This application discloses an application discovery method and apparatus, and a system. A session management function network element receives first information from a first network element, and determines second information based on at least the first information and location information of a terminal device. The session management function network element sends the second information to the first network element. The second information is for obtaining a first IP address corresponding to a first domain name.

Abstract: This application provides a network connection configuration method and an apparatus. The method is as follows: After a terminal device obtains network configuration information of an application in the terminal device, the terminal device sends the network configuration information to a core network control plane network element, so that the core network control plane network element may determine a network connection that is of the application and is between the terminal device and the data network and that meets the network configuration information.

Abstract: A method and system for enhanced time synchronization with lesser delay and jitter, from a gateway of a network or an external standard time source, over the internet, in a traditional network, including SDN, by NTP clients like newly added devices, spawned VMs and the like, by automatic deployment of the distributed NTP service through DHCP and DNS servers by spawning NTP demons (ntpd), according to the time synchronization requests received, thereby offloading the NTP functionality of the gateway and decreasing NTP traffic.