Abstract: A data forwarding method includes receiving, by a session management function network element, information about a first bearer in a first network from an access and mobility management function network element; and sending flow information of a first flow in a second network and forwarding information to the access and mobility management function network element. The flow information indicates a flow for data forwarding, and the forwarding information is used for forwarding the first flow to a tunnel corresponding to the first bearer.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure disclose a service processing method, an apparatus, and a system that relate to the field of communications technologies and are used to reduce resource waste. The method includes: controlling, by a controller, a first node to send a received packet to a processing network; and controlling, by the controller, the processing network to process the packet and then send a processed packet to a second node. The first node is a base station or a network element connected to the base station, and the second node is a routing function entity; or the first node is the routing function entity, and the second node is the base station or a network element connected to the base station. The routing function entity is an anchor point of an Internet Protocol IP address of a user.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to user plane information reporting methods and apparatus. In one example method, a session management network element obtains parameter information, and initiates establishment of a dedicated tunnel between a first communications apparatus and a second communications apparatus, where the parameter information indicates the first communications apparatus to report user plane information when a reporting condition is met. The session management network element sends a first rule to the first communications apparatus, where the first rule indicates the first communications apparatus to send a packet to the second communications apparatus through the dedicated tunnel when the reporting condition is met.

Abstract: A domain name system query method in which: a first network element receives a DNS query request including a first domain name from a terminal apparatus; the first network element sends first request information which comprises location information of the terminal apparatus and the first domain name to a second network element; the second network element determines, based on the first request information, an IP address and feeds back the IP address to the first network element; and the first network element sends the IP address to the terminal apparatus. When a terminal apparatus performs domain name query, a core network element determines an IP address of an application server based on location information of the terminal apparatus and a queried domain name. In this way, the terminal apparatus obtains an IP address of an application server close to the terminal apparatus, thereby improving service access efficiency of the terminal apparatus.

Abstract: A routing control methodincludes: the network device obtains a route suppression request; determines the second routing entry; and sets a state of the second routing entry to a non-delivery state that is used to indicate that the second routing entry does not need to be delivered to a forwarding table. Wherein the network device has a first routing entry and a second routing entry, an address prefix of the first routing entry is a first address prefix, an address prefix of the second routing entry is a second address prefix, a network segment to which the second address prefix belongs is a subset of a network segment to which the first address prefix belongs, and a mask in the second address prefix is greater than a mask in the first address prefix.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure disclose a policy control method for multipath transmission, and a related device. User equipment (UE) supporting multipath transmission performs service packet transmission using at least two transmission subflows. The method includes: receiving, by a policy decision network element, association information of the at least two transmission subflows from a communication peer, where the association information includes flow identifiers of the at least two transmission subflows; determining, by the policy decision network element, a resource modification policy of at least one transmission subflow in the at least two transmission subflows based on the association information; and sending, by the policy decision network element, the resource modification policy to a forwarding plane network element corresponding to the at least one transmission subflow.

Abstract: A transmission control method including in a re-allocation process of a first user plane function network element to a second user plane function network element, a session management function network element sends a respective session modification request to each anchor user plane function network element of a plurality of anchor user plane function network elements, where each session modification request includes information about the second user plane function network element; and indicates to only a first anchor user plane function network element in the plurality of anchor user plane function network elements to send an end marker; or sends the end marker to only the first anchor user plane function network element.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention disclose a path determining method, apparatus, and system. In a hybrid network including one controller for implementing a control function, the controller may separately obtain network topology information of a first network and a second network of different network types by using a same control channel protocol. When the controller obtains a path determining requirement for the data transmission path, because the controller has the network topology information of the first network and the second network, during computation of the data transmission path, the controller can determine a path computation result including transmission path parts of the first network and the second network, without performing additional information exchange with another device, and send the path computation result to the first network device. In this way, planning efficiency of the data transmission path is improved.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a policy control method and system, a network element, and a storage medium. A control plane network element establishes, for UE, a first DN connection that uses a first forwarding plane network element as an anchor. The method includes: when the control plane network element receives a handover notification message for the UE and determines that a second forwarding plane network element serves the UE, or when the control plane network element establishes, for the UE, a second DN connection that uses a second forwarding plane network element as an anchor, the control plane network element updates a forwarding path of the first DN connection, so that an updated forwarding path of the first DN connection passes through the second forwarding plane network element, and the second forwarding plane network element performs policy control on a packet on the first DN connection.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to communication methods, core network devices, and access network devices. One example method includes receiving, by a core network device, a first message from an access network device, where the first message carries information used to indicate a slice supported by the access network device, and determining, by the core network device, a location area identity list of user equipment UE based on the information used to indicate the slice supported by the access network device.

Abstract: A service packet transmission method and apparatus, the method including receiving, by the source mobile edge computing network element, after a source mobile edge computing network element receives a second uplink service packet, a first uplink service packet sent by a source user plane network element and that is from a target user plane network element, where the second uplink service packet is the last uplink service packet sent by the source mobile edge computing network element to a source application server, sending, by the source mobile edge computing network element, the first uplink service packet to a target mobile edge computing network element, and sending, by the source mobile edge computing network element, first indication information to the target mobile edge computing network element, the first indication information indicating that the sending of the first uplink service packet by the source mobile edge computing network element ends.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to service packet transmission methods. In one example method, a target user plane network element receives a first uplink service packet from a source user plane, where the first uplink service packet is an uplink service packet received by the source user plane after receiving a second uplink service packet, and the second uplink service packet is the last uplink service packet from the source user plane to a source application server. The target user plane network element receives first indication information, used to indicate that sending of the first uplink service packet by the source user plane network element ends, from the source user plane network element. The target user plane network element sends, to a target AS after the first uplink service packet is sent, an uplink service packet that is from an access network device to the target user plane network element.

Abstract: A communication method and apparatus, where the method includes: a session management network element sending location area information; a mobility management network element receiving the location area information from the session management network element; obtaining location information of a terminal; determining, based on the location area information and the location information, that the terminal is located outside a service area indicated by the location area information; and in response to the determination, sending, to the session management network element, a message for triggering update of a session management information.

Abstract: A binocular scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) is used to track the fixational eye movement of each of the eyes of a subject. The binocular SLO may include right eye optics for imaging a portion of the retina of the right eye and left eye optics for imaging a portion of the retina of the left eye. Shifts in the imaged portion of the retina with respect to a reference image of the retina may be used to measure and track eye movement. The right eye optics and left eye optics may be separate imaging paths, each with its own bi-directional MEMS scanning mirror and Keplerian telescope. The use of the MEMS scanning mirrors minimizes the size and weight of the binocular SLO.

Abstract: Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) mask blanks, methods for their manufacture, and production systems therefor are disclosed. The method for forming an EUV mask blank comprises placing a substrate in a multi-cathode physical vapor deposition chamber, the chamber comprising at least three targets, a first molybdenum target adjacent a first side of a silicon target and a second molybdenum target adjacent a second side of the silicon target.

Abstract: A network slice selection method and apparatus are disclosed. The method includes: receiving, by a first SSF device of a VPLMN, a first service request message; obtaining, by the first SSF device, roaming information of UE according to the first service request message; selecting, by the first SSF device, a first network slice instance in the VPLMN for the UE based on the roaming information of the UE.

Abstract: This application discloses a communications method and apparatus. The method includes: sending, by a session management network element, first indication information when the session management network element determines, based on first information, to establish a first low-latency service flow for a session; and the first indication information is used to indicate to set the session to an always-on session. According to solutions of this application, when determining, based on the local configuration information, the subscription data, and the QoS parameter, to establish the low-latency service flow, the session management network element flexibly indicates a terminal apparatus to set the session to the always-on session. This avoids a resource waste caused by setting the session to the always-on session all the time, and avoids a transmission latency caused when the session is not set to the always-on session in time, so that resource utilization and transmission efficiency are improved.

Abstract: A data forwarding method includes: receiving, by a session management function network element, information about a first bearer in a first network from an access and mobility management function network element; and sending flow information of a first flow in a second network and forwarding information to the access and mobility management function network element. The flow information indicates a flow for data forwarding, and the forwarding information is used for forwarding the first flow to a tunnel corresponding to the first bearer.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a policy control method and system, a network element, and a storage medium. A control plane network element establishes, for UE, a first DN connection that uses a first forwarding plane network element as an anchor. The method includes: when the control plane network element receives a handover notification message for the UE and determines that a second forwarding plane network element serves the UE, or when the control plane network element establishes, for the UE, a second DN connection that uses a second forwarding plane network element as an anchor, the control plane network element updates a forwarding path of the first DN connection, so that an updated forwarding path of the first DN connection passes through the second forwarding plane network element, and the second forwarding plane network element performs policy control on a packet on the first DN connection.

Abstract: A method and a device for processing a communication path are provided. The method includes: obtaining a path processing parameter from local configuration information or from a control layer device, obtaining path information and/or a restarting counter parameter from the control layer device; increasing a path with an opposite-end device when the path information is of increasing a path, identifying the state of the path and/or the state of the opposite-end device using the path processing parameter and/or the restarting counter parameter the opposite-end device; reporting the fault state of the path and/or the reset state of the opposite-end device to the control layer device when the path fails and/or the opposite-end device is reset, releasing sessions on the failed path and/or on a path connected with the reset opposite-end device.