Abstract: Treating a fluid may include using a flow-through capacitor that includes first and second electrodes and a flow path between the first and second electrodes, wherein an acidic aqueous solution is supplied to the capacitor to flow through the flow path while a reverse potential difference is formed across the first and second electrodes, and thereby deposits formed in the flow-through capacitor may be removed.

Abstract: A data transmission method in an ad-hoc network includes: a determining step in which a data sink node determines information of a route from a source node to the data sink node and a kind of data collected by the source node; a selecting step in which the data sink node selects a target node to compress data from the source node and a relay node with respect to the source node to minimize estimated total energy consumption of the network and a kind of a compression algorithm to be used by the target node using the information of the route and the kind of data; an informing step in which the data sink node informs the target node of data compression information including the kind of a compression algorithm depending on the information of the route and the kind of data; and a compressing and transmitting step in which the target node compresses collected or received data according to the data compression information and transmits the data.

Abstract: A maskless exposure device includes an exposure head including a digital micro-mirror device. The digital micro-mirror device is configured to transmit a source beam applied from an exposure source to a substrate. A system control part is configured to control the digital micro-mirror device by using a graphic data system file. The graphic data system file includes data for forming a source electrode, a drain electrode and a channel portion disposed between the source electrode and the drain electrode. The graphic system file includes data for forming the channel portion extending in a diagonal direction with respect to a scan direction of the exposure head.

Abstract: A nonvolatile memory device includes an array of nonvolatile memory cells and a plurality of page buffers configured to receive a plurality of pages of data read from the same page in the array using different read voltage conditions. A control circuit is provided, which is electrically coupled to the plurality of page buffers. The control circuit is configured to perform a test operation by driving the plurality of page buffers with control signals that cause generation within the nonvolatile memory device of a string of XOR data bits, which are derived from a comparison of at least two of the multiple pages of data read from the same page of nonvolatile memory cells using the different read voltage conditions. An input/output device is provided, which is configured to output test data derived from the string of XOR data bits to another device located external to the nonvolatile memory device.

Abstract: In a memory system including a flash memory and a memory controller having a cache memory and a nonvolatile random access memory (NVRAM), a method of operating the memory system includes; receiving a write request specifying a write operation directed to a page of a designated active write block in the flash memory, storing a page mapping table for the active write block in the cache memory, generating update information for the page mapping table stored in the cache memory as a result of executing the write operation, and storing the update information in the NVRAM, and storing an updated version of the page mapping table in the flash memory after execution of the write operation is complete.

Abstract: A photoresist composition including 5 wt % to 10 wt % of a binder resin, 5 wt % to 10 wt % of a photopolymerization monomer, 1 wt % to 5 wt % of a photopolymerization initiator comprising an oxime ester-based compound and activated by light in a wavelength range of 400 nm to 410 nm, 5 wt % to 10 wt % of a black coloring agent, and a residual amount of a solvent.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a lighting switch apparatus and a lighting switching method, which can perform lighting control by blocking or passing light from a lighting device using a user's hand motion while the user may make input to a lighting switch by means of a capacitive touch on the lighting switch. The lighting switch apparatus includes a capacitive touch sensing unit for recognizing a user's touch. A hand motion visible light receiving unit receives visible light from a lighting device depending on motion of the user's hand. A control unit generates a touch-based lighting control signal based on results of touch recognition, controls the hand motion visible light receiving unit so that the user's hand motion-based signal is output based on the results of touch recognition, and generates a lighting control command by combining the lighting control signal with the user's hand motion-based signal.

Abstract: Disclosed is a panel operating apparatus. The panel operating apparatus changes a state of a display device electrically connected to a circuit board located below a panel. The panel operating apparatus includes a tact member mounted on the circuit board, and a resilient member electrically connected to a circuit pattern of the circuit board and separated from the panel and the circuit board. The resilient member is selectively brought into contact with the panel or the tact member depending on a degree of pressure applied to the panel, thereby allowing the apparatus to be operated in a tact manner when the apparatus cannot be operated in a touch manner due to individual features of operators or external conditions.

Abstract: A filter unit may include an electrode structure, a fluid-purifying flow path, and a pH adjusting chamber. The electrode structure may include a cathode, a cation exchange membrane, an anion exchange membrane, and an anode in that order. The fluid-purifying flow path may be at least one of a path in the cathode, between the cathode and the cation exchange membrane, between the anion exchange membrane and the anode, and in the anode. The fluid-purifying flow path may include an adsorption function. The pH adjusting chamber may be between the cation exchange membrane and the anion exchange membrane. The pH adjusting chamber may be configured to control the pH of the fluid in the fluid-purifying flow path.

Abstract: An extended Pulse-Interval Encoding (PIE) modulating method in a Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) system, wherein the method modulates 2-bit transmitted data and comprises: adjusting a length of a symbol according to a value of the first bit of the transmitted data; and adjusting a length of an energy transfer waiting section according to a value of the second bit of the transmitted data.

Abstract: A maskless exposure device includes an exposure head including a digital micro-mirror device and an exposure source, the digital micro-mirror device being configured to reflect a source beam outputted from the exposure source to a substrate and a system controller configured to control the digital micro-mirror device by using a graphic data system file. The graphic data system file includes data regarding patterns to be formed on the substrate. A pattern extending in a direction parallel to a scan direction of the exposure head includes a first pattern portion having a first width that is greater than a target width and a second pattern portion alternately disposed with the first pattern portion and having a second width that is less than the target width.

Abstract: A fiber reinforced plastic bolt (FRP) and a method for producing the same are disclosed. The FRP bolt is useful in the industrial areas which require a bolt having electric-insulation, anti-corrosive, thermal-insulation, and non-magnetic properties. The method for producing the FRP bolt includes the steps of: winding a prepreg around a surface of an internal body, wherein the internal body includes a first reinforcing fiber which is unidirectionally aligned along the axis of the bolt, and a synthetic resin which is impregnated into the first reinforcing fiber, and the prepreg includes a second reinforcing fiber and a thermosetting resin which is impregnated into the second reinforcing fiber; forming a fiber reinforced plastic round bar by heat-hardening the prepreg; and forming a screw thread on the surface of the fiber reinforced plastic round bar.

Abstract: A maskless exposure device includes an exposure head that includes a digital micro-mirror device configured to reflect a source beam received from an exposure source to a substrate to scan an exposure beam to the substrate, and a system control part configured to control the digital micro-mirror device using a graphic data system file. The graphic data system file includes data of an align-key. The align-key includes an X-align-key that extends in a direction parallel to a scan direction of the exposure head, and has a bar shape in a plan view, and a Y-align-key disposed adjacent to the X-align-key that has a frame shape in a plan view.

Abstract: A maskless exposure device includes an exposure head including a digital micro-mirror device. The digital micro-mirror device is configured to transmit a source beam applied from an exposure source to a substrate. A system control part is configured to control the digital micro-mirror device by using a graphic data system file. The graphic data system file includes data for forming a source electrode, a drain electrode and a channel portion disposed between the source electrode and the drain electrode. The graphic system file includes data for forming the channel portion extending in a diagonal direction with respect to a scan direction of the exposure head.

Abstract: An operating method of an electronic device is provided. The method includes determining whether a present point in time corresponds to a predetermined period or event, obtaining a content associated with the predetermined period or event, and providing the content as at least a part of a user interface displayed on a user interface screen of the electronic device.

Abstract: A reservoir capacitor includes a first capacitor group having two or more capacitors, which are serially coupled to each other between a first power voltage supply terminal and a second power voltage supply terminal, a second capacitor group having two or more capacitors, which are serially coupled to each other between a third power voltage supply terminal and a fourth power voltage supply terminal and a connection line suitable for electrically coupling a first coupling node between the capacitors of the first capacitor group to a second coupling node between the capacitors of the second capacitor group.

Abstract: A maskless exposure device includes an exposure head including a digital micro-mirror device, the digital micro-mirror device being configured to scan an exposure beam to a substrate by reflecting a source beam from an exposure source; and a system control part configured to control the digital micro-mirror device by utilizing a graphic data system file. The graphic data system file includes data for a source electrode, a drain electrode and a channel portion between the source electrode and the drain electrode in a plan view. The channel portion includes a first portion extending in a direction perpendicular to a scan direction of the exposure head. A width of the first portion of the channel portion is defined to be a multiple of a pulse event generation of the exposure beam.

Abstract: A maskless exposure device includes a stage on which a substrate is disposed, an optical head, and an optical source part. The optical head irradiates light to the substrate. The light source part provides the optical head with a light. The optical head irradiates the light, according to an average-focus distance, to the substrate. The average-focus distance is determined by averaging best-focus distances for a plurality of regions of the substrate, respectively.

Abstract: A substrate aligning unit includes a first driving roll, a second driving roll, a web guider, an encoder roll, and a controller. The first driving roll transfers a substrate in a first direction. The second driving roll is disposed spaced apart from the first driving roll in the first direction and transfers the substrate in the first direction. The web guider controls a position of the substrate in a second direction substantially perpendicular to the first direction. The encoder roll senses the position of the substrate to generate a sensing signal. The controller controls the first driving roll, the second driving roll, and the web guider based on the sensing signal.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are an apparatus and method for controlling a lighting network. The apparatus for controlling lighting network includes a control device and a plurality of control gears. The control device generates and transfers commands to control lighting. The plurality of control gears receives the commands from the control device and control lighting. The control device assigns a right to use a lighting network to the control gears, and the control gears send information about a change in a lighting state or error details to the control device using the right to use a lighting network.