Abstract: A signaling method and device can support channel puncturing of BW size. Embodiments provide various options for signaling methods, each of which may be suitable for supporting single-user and/or multi-user communication. A wireless network device is suitable for channel puncturing, and can include information regarding the channel puncturing in a preamble of a transmitted packet.

Abstract: A printed circuit board (PCB) is disclosed. The PCB includes a substrate having a plurality of through holes, a plurality of thermally-conductive blocks disposed in the through holes respectively, bonding structures respectively disposed in each through holes, and a metal circuit formed on the substrate. Particularly, the thermally-conductive block is tightly attached to the inner wall of the through hole through the bonding structure. In brief, the bonding structure includes a metal block and metal layers coated on both surfaces of the metal block to replace the conventional adhesive layer made of epoxy resin to tightly fix the thermally-conductive block in the through hole.

Abstract: An access point, AP (110), configured to perform a sounding procedure with one or more associated non-AP stations (120) in a wireless local area network (100) is provided. The AP (110) comprises a processing circuitry (111) configured to generate a null data PPDU announcement, NDPA, frame, wherein the NDPA frame comprises for each of the one or more associated non-AP stations (120) a station info field. The station info field comprises a partial BW info subfield, including a feedback bitmap and an indication of a resolution and/or a range of the feedback bitmap with a 20 MHz or 40 MHz subchannel resolution for a Sounding NDP with a bandwidth of up to 320 MHz. The AP (110) further comprises a communication interface (113) configured to transmit the NDPA frame to the one or more associated non-AP stations (120). Moreover, a corresponding non-AP station (120) is disclosed.

Abstract: An antenna channel sounding method, an apparatus, and a storage medium are provided. A first communication apparatus sends a first frame and a first physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) to a second communication apparatus. The first frame includes first indication information for indicating the second communication apparatus to perform transmit antenna channel sounding. The first PPDU is a null data packet (NDP). The first PPDU includes a first identifier field indicating an identifier of a first transmit antenna set. In this way, the second communication apparatus can determine a correspondence between a transmit antenna channel sounding result corresponding to a received PPDU and an identifier of a transmit antenna set, and can determine an identifier of a transmit antenna set selected based on one or more transmit antenna channel sounding results. This can perform antenna selection based on the antenna channel sounding results in the large-scale antenna scenario.

Abstract: This disclosure is related to a circuit board structure with an embedded ceramic substrate. A circuit substrate includes an insulating base, a first copper foil and a through-hole portion. A ceramic substrate is disposed in the through-hole portion and includes a ceramic substrate and a second copper foil. A plurality of positioning parts are arranged between the insulating base and the ceramic base. An adhesive layer is disposed between the insulating base and the ceramic base to seal the through-hole portion. A metal layer is disposed on the first copper foil and the second copper foil to cover the adhesive layer exposed from the through-hole portion. The metal layer is patterned to form a circuit layer. This disclosure also provides a manufacturing process of a circuit board structure with an embedded ceramic substrate.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of a circuit board. The manufacturing method includes: providing a first substrate; forming an opening on the first substrate; disposing a second substrate, which has a plurality of through holes in the opening; forming an adhesive layer between the first substrate and the second substrate; forming a bonding layer on the first substrate and the second substrate; forming a metal layer on the bonding layer; and patterning the metal layer to form a circuit layer. A circuit board is also disclosed in the disclosure.

Abstract: This application provides a communication method and a communications apparatus. According to the communication method, a first device sends to one or more second devices, by using a control trailer, configuration information used for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication between the first device and the one or more second devices, so that the MIMO communication can be performed between the first device and the one or more second devices based on the configuration information.

Abstract: An access point, AP, is provided, configured to perform coordinated beamforming with at least one further AP. The AP is configured to communicate via one or more first spatial streams of a plurality of spatial streams with one or more first non-AP stations and the further AP is configured to communicate via one or more second spatial streams of the plurality of spatial streams with one or more second non-AP stations. The AP comprises a processing circuitry configured to obtain information indicative of a total number of the plurality of spatial streams. The AP further comprises a communication interface configured to transmit a frame to each of the one or more first non-AP stations, wherein the frame comprises management information including the information indicative of the total number of the plurality of spatial streams.

Abstract: A power control method and apparatus, to implement power control on a sensing signal, thereby ensuring sensing performance of a terminal device, and improving sensing precision. The method includes: the terminal device determines a first path loss, determines a transmit power of a first signal based on the first path loss, and sends the first signal based on the transmit power. The first path loss is a path loss of a detection link, and the detection link is a round-trip link between the terminal device and at least one object.

Abstract: A soil testing device includes a housing and at least one sensor assembly rotatably connected to the housing. The the at least one sensor assembly is configured to insert into soil and to output an electrical signal corresponding to a soil parameter to be displayed on a display unit. The at least one sensor assembly includes a rotating portion and a detecting rod, the rotating portion is connected with the detecting rod, and the rotating portion is disposed in the housing, the detecting rod extends out of the housing from an interior of the housing.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application relate to the communication field, and in particular, to a multi-link communication method and an apparatus. A STA in a STA MLD sends an information frame on a link corresponding to the station, and the information frame is used to indicate a STA in an awake state in the STA MLD. An AP MLD receives the information frame, and sends a downlink message frame on a one or more links corresponding to a part of or all of STAs in the awake state in the STA MLD, to assist the part of or all of the stations in fast accessing a channel without waiting for a NAVSyncDelay time period.

Abstract: A communication method includes a first communication device that sends, to a second communication device, a physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) including indication information and M link adaptation blocks, where the indication information indicates a resource used for link adaptation, the M link adaptation blocks use different transmission parameters, and the resource is used to transmit the M link adaptation blocks. The second communication device returns, to the first communication device, a feedback result determined based on a measurement result corresponding to the M link adaptation blocks, so that the first communication device sends, based on the feedback result, a PPDU used for data transmission. Hence, the two communication devices complete link adaptation through one interaction, and do not need to perform a plurality of interactions.

Abstract: This application relates to the field of wireless fidelity technologies, and in particular, to a resource indication method, an access point, and a station. The method includes: An access point generates a PPDU, and sends the PPDU, where the PPDU comprises a preamble puncturing information field; and where when the PPDU is in non-orthogonal frequency division multiple access (non-OFDMA) transmission mode, the preamble puncturing information field is used to indicate a puncturing status of an entire bandwidth corresponding to the PPDU; when the PPDU is in an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) transmission mode, the preamble puncturing information field is used to indicate a puncturing status of 80 MHz corresponding to a frequency domain fragment.

Abstract: A method for sending a physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) may be applied to some scenarios in which PPDU alignment is implemented. For example, in multi-link transmission of non-simultaneous transmit and receive, it is ensured that a time error of simultaneous ending of a plurality of PPDUs does not exceed 8 microseconds. In the method, a transmitter controls duration of one or more fields of a packet extension (PE) field, an Extremely High Throughput (EHT)-signal (SIG) field, and an EHT-long training field (LTF) field of the PPDU, and/or delays a sending time of the PPDU so that an error between an end time of the PPDU and a specific time (for example, a first time) is not greater than an error threshold, thereby implementing PPDU alignment.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application disclose an encoding method, a decoding method, and a related apparatus, which may be applied to a wireless local area network system. An encoding apparatus determines first available bits based on to-be-encoded data bits and a first encoding rate, and determines a second codeword number and a second codeword length based on the first available bits and a correspondence between the first available bits, a first codeword number, and a first codeword length at the first encoding rate. The second codeword number is obtained based on the first codeword number, and the second codeword length is obtained based on the first codeword length. The encoding apparatus does not need to store a correspondence between available bits, a codeword number, and a codeword length at a second encoding rate, thereby reducing storage overheads of the encoding apparatus.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a data transmission method and a communication apparatus. The method includes: determining an aggregated physical layer protocol data unit A-PPDU, where the A-PPDU includes at least two PPDUs belonging to different protocols, the A-PPDU includes a first sequence, the first sequence includes N segments of subsequences, any of the N segments of subsequences is obtained by performing phase rotation on a high efficiency-long training field HE LTF sequence and/or an extreme high throughput-long training field EHT LTF sequence based on a phase rotation parameter corresponding to the HE LTF sequence and/or a phase rotation parameter corresponding to the EHT LTF sequence, N phase rotation parameters corresponding to the N segments of subsequences include at least one phase rotation parameter whose value is ?1, and N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 2; and sending the A-PPDU.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to data communication methods and apparatuses. The data communication One example method includes when receiving a physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU), obtaining, by a network node, a basic service set (BSS) identifier in the PPDU. If the BSS identifier in the PPDU is different from a first BSS identifier and same as a second BSS identifier, the network node determines whether the PPDU meets a preset spatial reuse condition, where the first BSS identifier is an identifier of a first BSS to which the network node belongs, the second BSS identifier is an identifier of an extended BSS to which a target relay belongs, and the target relay and the network node belong to the first BSS. If the PPDU meets the preset spatial reuse condition, the network node contends for an access channel, and communicates with a station other than the target relay in the first BSS.

Abstract: This application provides a communication method, an access network device, a terminal device, and a core network device. In a process in which the terminal device is handed over from a first access network device to a second access network device, the second access network device learns of first service progress of the first access network device based on a first sequence number of a data packet forwarded by the first access network device, without introducing additional progress exchange information between the two access network devices.

Abstract: This application relates to the wireless communication field, and is applied to a wireless local area network that supports the 802.11be standard. In particular, this application relates to a method including: An access point AP sends a trigger frame, where the trigger frame is used for triggering a station to send an extremely high throughput trigger based physical layer protocol data unit EHT TB PPDU. The station determines, based on one or two of a value indicated by an uplink EHT spatial reuse parameter UL EHT SRP and a value indicated by one or more uplink spatial reuse parameter UL SRP fields in a common information field of the trigger frame, a value indicated by a spatial reuse parameter SRP in a universal signal field U-SIG of the EHT TB PPDU. The STA sends the EHT TB PPDU to the AP.

Abstract: This application discloses a communication method and apparatus. A first station generates a first frame. The first frame includes an aggregation control field, the aggregation control field includes a first control subfield, the first control subfield includes a control identifier and first control information corresponding to the control identifier, the first control information includes an extended control subfield, the extended control subfield includes an extended control identifier and second control information corresponding to the extended control identifier, the first control information is m bits, m<26 or m=26, and m is a positive integer. The first station sends the first frame to a second station. In this solution, the first station can provide more types of control information, and flexibly aggregate other types of control information.