Abstract: A capacitor structure includes a lower electrode structure having a lower electrode on a substrate and an electrode structure including electrode patterns stacked on the lower electrode in a vertical direction substantially perpendicular to an upper surface of the substrate, a dielectric pattern contacting the lower electrode structure, and an upper electrode contacting the dielectric pattern.

Abstract: Disclosed are adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsid protein variants that have improved infectivity and transduction efficiency for target cells, and uses thereof. Specifically, the disclosure relates to AAV2 variant capsid proteins selected by directed evolution for gene delivery to retinal cells, recombinant AAV vectors comprising the same, and uses thereof as gene delivery vehicles to retinal cells.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a substrate including an active area and a non-active area, a plurality of insulating layers on the substrate, and a plurality of light emitting elements positioned in the active area on the insulating layers. A plurality of wiring lines is disposed in the non-active area on different insulating layers and at least partially overlaps each other. A plurality of pad electrodes is also disposed in the non-active area on the insulating layers and electrically connected to the wiring lines. One ends of the wiring lines are electrically connected to the same pad electrode, while the other ends are electrically connected to different pad electrodes. This configuration allows for detection of discontinuities in individual wiring lines and may improve the crack detectability in the display apparatus.