Abstract: A cylindrical hub for winding web-like or tape-like magnetic recording media of relatively great length. With a winding tension of not more than 2N/cm width of the wound magnetic recording medium, the skew measured over the total length of the wound recording medium should be not more than 5 .mu.s. The length of the wound recording medium is at least 5,000 m; the hub may consist, for example, of aluminum, steel or hard pertinax. It was found that the conditions are fulfilled by a hub in which the compression is less than 0.3% of the hub diameter.

Abstract: A method is proposed for monitoring operations of an internal combustion engine to detect combustion misses for internal combustion engines having dual spark coils. A method is provided for the primary-side monitoring of the spark voltage and/or of the spark duration, and a method is provided for detecting irregular operations. If a faulty ignition is detected in one cylinder at one spark plug by monitoring the spark voltage and/or the spark duration, the second spark plug in this cylinder is then cut off (de-energized) and the reaction to this cut-off is monitored by means of the method for detecting irregular running. If the irregular running detection confirms faulty operation of the internal combustion engine, then the faulty ignition at the first spark plug of a cylinder was correctly recognized and appropriate emergency measures are introduced.

Abstract: A process for acidic electrolytical deposition of lead layers and predominantly lead-containing layers onto surfaces using an electrolyte containing lead salts and acids, in particular alkanesulfonic acid, borofluoric acid or silicofluoric acid, with non-ionic surfactants and cationic or amphoteric surfactants being added to the electrolyte. The process can be operated at current densities of from 0.5 to 20 A/dm.sup.2 and at a pH value below 1.

Abstract: Novel compounds of the formula ##STR1## where the phenyl ring can also contain a nitrogen atom instead of a CH group, R.sub.1 is C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 -alkenyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 -alkynyl, hydroxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkoxy, C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -alkenyloxy, C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -alkynyloxy, C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 -alkanoyloxy, benzoyloxy, morpholinocarbonyloxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyloxycarbonyloxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkylaminocarbonyloxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -dialkylaminocarbonyloxy or the group -Alk-A, where Alk represents C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 -hydroxyalkyl or C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -cycloalkyl and the symbol A represents hydrogen or other substituents.R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 represent various substituents, where R.sub.1 may also be hydrogen, when R.sub.2 is the group ##STR2## and R.sub.5 represents phenyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkoxyphenyl or diphenylmethyl and R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are hydrogen and their salts. The compounds provide anti-allergic, anti-asthmatic, anxiolytic and hypotensive effects.

Abstract: A method for preserving a polymer emulsion comprising intimately admixing with the polymer emulsion a polymer emulsion preserving amount of a stabilized composition comprising in intimate admixture an aqueous solution of one or more 3-isothiazolones and an effective stabilizing amount of a hydroperoxide-free organic and/or manganese-free inorganic oxidizing agent, and, optionally, a stabilizer for the oxidizing agent.

Abstract: A keypad (10) comprises a membrane having a plurality of switch actuating portions (41). The keypad (10) further comprises key portions (44) corresponding to said switch actuating portions (41) and located on an opposite side of the membrane to said switch actuating portions (41) and a plurality of switch elements (18) located beneath said switch actuating portions (41) of the membrane. The membrane extends across the keypad (10) and provides a water resistant barrier between the switch elements (18) and the key portions (44) of the membrane. Removable buttons (40) are provided for the keypad (10) and are attached to the key portions (44) of the membrane, whereby pressing of the buttons (40) causes flexing of the membrane and actuation of the switch elements (18) by the switch actuating portion of the membrane.

Abstract: Stabilized aqueous solutions of one or more 3-isothiazolones of the general Formula I or II ##STR1## are given, characterized in that they contain at least 0.1 wt. % taken on the total solution of a 3-isothiazolone, of a hydroperoxide-free organic and/or manganese-free inorganic oxidizing agent, as well as optionally a stabilizer for the oxidizing agent.

Abstract: A process for the production of white and black oxide ceramic surface films on silicon-containing light metal cast alloys by plasma-chemical anodic oxidation. An aluminum cast alloy is pickled with nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid and coated by plasma-chemical anodic oxidation in an aqueous electrolyte. Accordingly, a coating variant is provided particularly for construction parts of silicon-containing light metal cast alloys having complicated shapes which enables the production of uniformly thin oxide ceramic surface films in contrast to conventional coating variants.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for treating carbonaceous catalyst with a gaseous halogen or a gaseous halogen compound to increase the catalytic activity and prolong the useful life of the catalyst. The treatment of the catalyst is conducted at temperatures above about 150 degrees C., preferably with the use of an inert gas, which inert gas is flowed through the carbonaceous material, and which inert gas carries the gaseous halogen or the gaseous halogen compound to the carbonaceous material.

Abstract: Stabilized aqueous solutions of one or more 3-isothiazolones of the general Formula I or II ##STR1## are given, characterized in that they contain at least 0.1 wt. % taken on the total solution of a 3-isothiazolone, of a hydroperoxide-free organic and/or manganese-free inorganic oxidizing agent, as well as optionally a stabilizer for the oxidizing agent.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cyanide-free electrolyte being harmless to the environment and to health which makes feasible the production of black surface layers on light metals or on alloys of the latter, preferably titanium, remaining deeply-black and adhesive even after extreme changes in the ambient temperature and having nearly equal values of the optical absorptivity of radiation and of the thermal emission capability (the .alpha./.epsilon.-ratio is about 0.95) by means of the anodic oxidation by spark discharge (ANOF-method). These layers are absolutely X-amorphous and show, hence, an ideal optically isotropic behavior regarding the reflection of radiation. Due to their minimum evolution of gases they offer a high thermovacuum stability. The electrolyte consists of an ammoniacal solution of K.sub.2 H.sub.2 PO.sub.4 potssium dihydrogenphosphate and K.sub.2 CRO.sub.4 potassium chromate. The homogeneity of the optically black layers is ensured by not using fluoride ions and employing acetate ions.

Abstract: Described are aqueous acidic solutions for the electrodeposition of tin and lead/tin alloys for improving electro- deposition in the high current density range and for providing a uniform luster distribution of metals deposited in the low current density range. The solutions contain a mixture of metal salts, free alkanesulfonic acid, a non-ionic wetting agent and optionally aromatic short-chain aldehydes and/or optionally aromatic ketones and/or optionally short-chain unsaturated carboxylic acids. In the solutions, tin and/or lead salts of the alkanesulfonic acid are employed as the metal salt(s), the alkyl moiety of the alkanesulfonic acid consisting of from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, the free alkanesulfonic acid having alkyl moieties with from 1 to 5 carbon atoms. They contain, as a further brightener, a mixture comprising a reaction product of acetaldehyde and/or its aidol condensation product with ammonia and/or acyclic ketones and/or aliphatic amines, amides, amino acids and or hydrazine compounds.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for the removal of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides from exhaust gas with the addition of gaseous ammonia at temperatures between 110.degree. and 180.degree. C. The exhaust gas is led across carbon-containing adsorption agent flowing downwardly within a reactor, a portion of sulfur oxide initially being adsorptively removed in a upper part of a travelling bed, with nitrogen oxide catalytically reduced to nitrogen as well as further sulfur oxide being separated in a lower part of the travelling bed. Unloaded adsorption agent is delivered to the upper bed part, partially loaded adsorption agent is removed from that bed part and delivered to the lower bed part without mingling, loaded adsorption agent is removed from the lower bed part and led to a regeneration, after which it is delivered to the upper bed part.

Abstract: Use of activated carbon for reduction of nitric oxides with ammonia from exhaust gases using ammonia as reduction agent in the temperature range between 90.degree.-150.degree. C., made from hardcoal, blended with binding agents like pitch, bitumen, tar or tar oil, shaped and subjected to low-temperature carbonization with a heating rate of 20.degree.-100.degree. C./min to temperature between 700.degree.-900.degree. C. in an atmosphere containing 2-5% by vol. of oxygen, so that for the activated coke 2-8% of volatile matter and a surface of 20-150 am.sup.2 /g is arrived at.

Abstract: A fixedly positioned hot plate, particularly for use with a coffee maker, has an upper surface for receiving a container of liquid to be maintained at a constant temperature. An electric heating device arranged underneath the hot plate includes a plate member movable between a first position in biased engagement with the underside of the hot plate and a second position spaced therefrom to vary the heat exchange rate therebetween. Secured to the underside of the plate member is a metallic sheathed heating having a water heating pipe soldered to the periphery thereof. A temperature sensitive element, e.g. U-shaped bimetal, thermally coupled to the heating device has a first portion connected to a downwardly dependent stud secured to the underside of the hot plate and extending freely through a bore in the plate member an a second portion secured to the plate member.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an apparatus and a method for controlling the operating characteristic quantities of an internal combustion engine, with a characteristic set up with operating quantities of the internal combustion engine for pre-control of engine variables influencing the operating characteristic quantities, and with a control arrangement, responsive to at least one engine variable, for correctively influencing the characteristic values. The values stored in the characteristic field and selected in dependence on operating characteristic quantities of the internal combustion engine are modified via the control arrangement to correctively influence the characteristic values. In addition, the characteristic values lying within the defined region of the characteristic value modified are also changed in dependence on the modification of this particular characteristic value.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an apparatus for metering an air-fuel mixture to an internal combustion engine. The apparatus includes a characteristic field set up with operating quantities of the internal combustion engine for anticipatorily controlling engine variables that influence the air-fuel mixture and a control arrangement, responsive to at least one engine variable, for correctively influencing the characteristic field values. The characteristic field values are stored in the characteristic field and selected in dependence on operating quantities of the internal combustion engine. The characteristic field values are modified by means of different control methods to correctively influence the same. More specifically, the control methods include a control to a minimal specific fuel consumption in the lower and part-load ranges as well as a control to maximum power in the upper load range as may be necessary.

Abstract: A method of controlling fuel mixture supply to an internal combustion engine having fuel injection system in which the quantity of fuel is metered in dependency on gas pedal position and the quantity of air is subsequently metered in dependency on the position of the throttling plate. The method employs a preliminary control with superposed extreme value regulation. For this purpose, the injection time interval or the throttle plate position are adjusted in dependency on the gas pedal position and on the rotary speed of the engine. During the operation of the engine, test cycles are continuously established and according to the reaction of the engine to the tests, the adjustment of the injection time interval and of the throttle plate position are made. The method is suitable particularly for internal combustion engine used in motor vehicles.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an apparatus for controlling the operating characteristic quantities of an internal combustion engine. The apparatus includes a characteristic field for pre-controlling engine variables influencing the operating characteristic quantities. The characteristic field is made up of the operating characteristic quantities. The apparatus further includes a control arrangement for controlling to maximum power output of the engine. The control arrangement is superposed on the pre-control and includes means for determining corrective values from the control loop in a predetermined operating range of the engine. The corrective values are applied to influence all of the pre-control values of the characteristic field over all operating ranges. With the apparatus of the invention, it is possible in a simple manner to consider changes in the surrounding factors that influence the engine.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an apparatus for metering an air-fuel mixture to an internal combustion engine with an extreme-value control arrangement for controlling to a minimal specific consumption of fuel. The extreme-value control arrangement includes a test signal generator for acting upon the fuel metered to the engine. The rotational speed and a fuel metering signal are applied by the extreme-value control arrangement as actual information with respect to the minimal specific fuel consumption. In particular, the quantities of rotational speed change and the change in duration of fuel injection are utilized to determine the minimal consumption in the case of an internal combustion engine equipped with fuel injection. Further, for a minimal consumption control, it has been shown to be advantageous to consider information as to which gear of the transmission of the engine is in place.