Abstract: An apparatus for controlling buffering of an arrival packet. The apparatus includes a packet buffer for temporarily storing each of one or more packets to be transmitted in association with an arrival time thereof, and a packet discard section for determining an arrival packet to be discarded or to be stored in the packet buffer, based on a discard condition defined by using a packet residence time that is calculated on the basis of one or more residence times of one or more packets staying in the packet buffer, wherein the arrival packet is defined as a packet that has newly arrived at the apparatus.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a first switch circuit in an active mode and a second switch circuit in a standby mode. The apparatus receives high-priority packets and low-priority packets. Each switch circuit stores the high-priority packets and the low-priority packets into first and second buffers, respectively. The each switch circuit performs packet-readout processing reading out a packet from the first and second buffers where the packet-readout processing is performed on the first buffer on a priority basis. The apparatus controls the first switch circuit so that a back-pressure time for the high-priority packets becomes longer with increasing amount of data transmitted by the high-priority packets, when a low-priority packet outputted from the first switch circuit is determined to be a packet that has been received at a first time that is later than a second time at which another low-priority packet outputted from the second switch circuit has been received.

Abstract: A routing control method includes learning a route of receiving a first packet, which first packet has identification information attached thereto, only for the first packet having first arrived among a plurality of first packets that have identification information common to that of the first packet, which route is applied for transmitting a second packet having the same identification information as that of the first packet; and transmitting the first packet, wherein transmitting the first packet is done in a controlled manner depending on a condition of the first packet, wherein the controlled manner of transmitting the first packet includes controlling timing of the transmitting the first packet.

Abstract: A shaping apparatus includes a plurality of buffers that are set with a writable upper limit size and a buffer where a read processing is carried out is switched every predetermined time. A flow information table includes specific information for specifying a buffer in which input data should be written for each of flows of the input data, maximum amount information indicating a maximum data amount writable in each of the plurality of buffers for each of the flows, and remaining amount information indicating a remaining data amount writable in the buffer specified by the specific information for each of the flows. A shaper writes the input data in the buffer specified by the specific information among the plurality of buffers for each of the flows.

Abstract: A packet buffering device includes: a queue for temporarily holding an arriving packet; a residence time predicting unit which predicts a length of time during which the arriving packet will reside in the queue; and a packet discarding unit which discards the arriving packet when the length of time predicted by the residence time predicting unit exceeds a first reference value.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a cylindrical body and a film forming layer formed on an outer surface of the cylindrical body, having a photosensitive layer. The electrophotographic photoreceptor is divided into a first region where an electrostatic latent image is formed and second regions provided at both end portions in an axial direction of the cylindrical body. The second regions include inclined annular surfaces whose outer diameters decrease toward end portions in the axial direction.

Abstract: A band control apparatus including: a buffer memory configured to hold and output data units on a first-in first-out basis; a counter memory configured to hold a counter value; and a processor configured to add a value to the counter value on a basis of a rule, reduce, when a first one of the data units is output from the buffer memory, cause, when a first condition of a total size of the data units being smaller than a buffer threshold is satisfied, the first data unit to be output when a second condition that the counter value is larger than the size of the first data unit is satisfied and the counter value is larger than a counter threshold, and cause, when the first condition is not satisfied, the data units to be output in sequence with the first data unit first, until a third condition is satisfied.

Abstract: A policer sets in advance, with respect to tokens consumed with the passage of arriving packets, a threshold for each bandwidth usage rate (for each rate order ranked by the bandwidth usage rate) to be compared with the remaining amount of tokens at packet arrival time to determine whether to discard an arriving packet. Determining that the remaining amount of tokens at the arrival of a packet is less than a threshold set for the bandwidth usage rate (rate order) of a class (network flow) where the arriving packet belongs, the policer discards the arriving packet.

Abstract: A packet relay apparatus relaying a packet exchanged between communication apparatuses with a connection established is provided. The packet relay apparatus includes a buffer for storing a packet selected from among arrival packets so that a transfer of the selected packet is to be suspended, and a congestion controller for monitoring, after the storage of the packet on the buffer, a packet passing through the packet relay apparatus, and causing the packet, stored on the buffer, to be transmitted at a timing responsive to a passage status of a packet having the same connection as the connection of the packet stored on the buffer.

Abstract: A packet relay device including a plurality of queues which store packets waiting to be transmitted, a congestion detection unit which detects a congestion state of the plurality of queues and selects one or more queues from among the plurality of queues based on the congestion state, a distribution unit which separates a packet addressed to one or more of the queues selected by the congestion detection unit from a sequence of packets before being stored in the plurality of queues, and a discard unit which discards, at a prescribed probability, a packet addressed to one or more of the queues separated by the distribution unit.

Abstract: To provide a game device capable of improving reality regarding an operation of a game in which an attack on one or more attack targets is performed. Remaining number-of-times information storage means (70) stores remaining number-of-times information that indicates a remaining number of times an attack on one or more attack targets can be performed. Display means (74) displays a screen that includes a first image, containing a plurality of reference regions, and a second image. Image moving means (72) moves at least one of the first image and the second image according to a direction instructing operation of a player. Remaining number-of-times information update means (76) increases the remaining number of times the attack on one or more attack target can be performed based on a number of one or more reference regions included in a superposition region in which the first image and the second image are superposed on each other.

Abstract: A learning-target packet to be used for a path learning is selected from among a plurality of packets queued by a relay apparatus. A relationship between a transmission-source address and a first-arrival port for the selected learning-target packet is registered as learning information. A packet corresponding to the registered learning information is transferred to the first-arrival port pertaining to the learning information, and a packet that does not correspond to the learning information is transferred to all ports to which the packet is to be transferred.

Abstract: A routing control method includes learning a route of receiving a first packet, which first packet has identification information attached thereto, only for the first packet having first arrived among a plurality of first packets that have identification information common to that of the first packet, which route is applied for transmitting a second packet having the same identification information as that of the first packet; and transmitting the first packet, wherein transmitting the first packet is done in a controlled manner depending on a condition of the first packet, wherein the controlled manner of transmitting the first packet includes controlling timing of the transmitting the first packet.

Abstract: In a flow control method for conducting a flow control in a network in that a variable-length frame is transmitted and a minimum inter frame gap being a fixed length is regulated among frames, by setting each variable-length frame to be a subject of the flow control by adding a value corresponding to a fixed-length portion outside a frame region to a frame length of the each variable-length, it is possible to conduct the flow control precisely and easily, independent of the frame length in the variable-length frame network, and it is possible to improve flexibility of a location where to conduct the flow control.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a cylindrical body and a photosensitive layer. The cylindrical body has provided with an outer circumference, end surfaces and chamfers formed therebetween. The photosensitive layer is formed on the outer circumference of the cylindrical body. The photosensitive layer covers the chamfers. The chamfers have a surface roughness larger than the outer circumference. Preferably, the end surfaces have a surface roughness larger than the outer circumference.

Abstract: A relay device includes a plurality of physical ports physically connected to a plurality of other relay devices on a network to form physical links; a setting unit for setting one or more logical links for each of the physical links; an evaluation unit for automatically adding an evaluated value based on communication characteristics of the logical link when a control packet is received from a first relay device through the logical link or the control packet is transferred to a second relay device through the logical link; and a unit for selecting, when there are a plurality of routes that merge at the relay device, one of the routes based on evaluated values accumulated by the other relay devices.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling buffering of an arrival packet. The apparatus includes a packet buffer for temporarily storing each of one or more packets to be transmitted in association with an arrival time thereof, and a packet discard section for determining an arrival packet to be discarded or to be stored in the packet buffer, based on a discard condition defined by using a packet residence time that is calculated on the basis of one or more residence times of one or more packets staying in the packet buffer, wherein the arrival packet is defined as a packet that has newly arrived at the apparatus.

Abstract: A switching apparatus for learning a source address set in a packet in an address learning table and delivering a packet on the basis of an address learned in the address learning table includes an address learning unit for limiting a number of learned addresses such that a number of learned addresses for each user group in the address learning table is equal to or less than an address learning upper limit value for the user group.

Abstract: A policer sets in advance, with respect to tokens consumed with the passage of arriving packets, a threshold for each bandwidth usage rate (for each rate order ranked by the bandwidth usage rate) to be compared with the remaining amount of tokens at packet arrival time to determine whether to discard an arriving packet. Determining that the remaining amount of tokens at the arrival of a packet is less than a threshold set for the bandwidth usage rate (rate order) of a class (network flow) where the arriving packet belongs, the policer discards the arriving packet.

Abstract: When an externally received data frame is transmitted at a station of a ring-shaped packet communication network, a congestion point in the communication network is defined as a boundary point, a frame addressed to a station located before the boundary point is transmitted at a first transfer rate, and a frame addressed to a station located after the boundary point is transmitted at a second transfer rate lower than the first transfer rate.