Abstract: An outer peripheral coating member contains first particles containing titanium oxide, second particles containing zirconium oxide, third particles containing niobium oxide or aluminum oxide, and a dispersion medium. It is preferable for the first particles to have at least two peak values R1 in a distribution of particle sizes of the first particles. One of the peak values R1 is within a range of 1 to 50 nm, and the other peak value R1 is within a range of 100 to 500 nm.

Abstract: A battery state estimating apparatus includes an updating unit. The updating unit updates a charge-transfer impedance model in a battery model of a secondary battery, which is a series connection of a DC resistance model, a charge-transfer impedance model, and an diffusion impedance model, using the amount of change in a measurement value of a current flowing through the secondary such that a first relationship between the current flowing through the secondary battery and a voltage across the charge-transfer resistance approaches a second relationship between an actual value of the current and an actual value of the voltage across the charge-transfer resistance. The first relationship between the current flowing through the secondary battery and the voltage across the charge-transfer resistance is defined based on the Butler-Volmer equation. A state estimator estimates a state of the secondary battery based on the battery model including the updated charge-transfer impedance model.

Abstract: A secondary battery control unit has a calculating portion identifying a parameter of an equivalent circuit based on an estimation error that is obtained by a comparison between an actual output value of a secondary battery and an equivalent output value of the equivalent circuit. Based on a predetermined amount of an infinitesimal change in the parameter and an evaluation function that is obtained using a result of the comparison, the calculating portion numerically calculates a slope of the evaluation function and renews the parameter based on the slope. As a result, the secondary battery control unit has the calculating portion capable of identifying the parameter of the equivalent circuit while reflecting effects of deterioration of the secondary battery and capable of being integrated to a vehicle-mounted microcomputer.

Abstract: When disassembling after a gas being supplied into a tube member, the gas in the tube member is discharged before the tube member and a moving member become separable. In a webbing take-up device, a cover plate cannot be removed from a frame and thereafter a cylinder and a piston inside the cylinder cannot be separated before covering of a fixing screw with a covering section of a plate being released by removing a screw from an exhaust port of the cylinder and by removing the plate from the cylinder. Thus, after a high-pressure gas being supplied into the cylinder, the high-pressure gas inside the cylinder can surely be discharged by removing the plate from the cylinder and the exhaust port is opened by the screw before the cylinder and the piston being separated.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire includes: two external circumferential main grooves in a vehicle-installed outside half portion; two internal circumferential main grooves in a vehicle-installed inside half portion; a central land portion; an external intermediate land portion; and an internal intermediate land portion. The central land portion is a rib-shaped land portion continuous in the tire circumferential direction. The external intermediate land portion includes external resonators each composed of a first auxiliary groove, a first branch groove, and a second branch groove. The internal intermediate land portion includes internal resonators each composed of a second auxiliary groove, a third branch groove, and a fourth branch groove. The first auxiliary groove is less in groove volume than the second auxiliary groove. A total groove width of the two external circumferential main grooves is less than a total groove width of the two internal circumferential main grooves.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire provided with, in a tread surface, at least two main circumferential grooves, and a first land portion defined by the two main grooves, wherein in the first land portion, the followings are disposed: a first inclined groove; inclining relative to a tire width direction, and having one end portion opening in the main groove on one side adjacent to the first land portion and the other end portion terminating within the first land portion, and a first notched portion; having one end in a tire width direction as a tip positioned at an endmost, in a tire width direction, of the other end portion of the first inclined groove and the other end in a tire width direction opening in the main groove on the other side adjacent to the first land portion.

Abstract: A block segment sections and outer rib-shaped sections are arranged in an outer shoulder land section. An end portion of one of vertical groove sections in one of L-shaped groove sections, which is at the other side in the tire circumferential direction communicates with one of the horizontal groove sections in another L-shaped groove section of the L-shaped groove sections, which is adjacent to the L-shaped groove section in the tire circumferential direction, via one of second communicating sections. In addition, positions of first communicating sections and the second communicating section in the tire width direction are different from each other.

Abstract: A tire wherein a first bulge part and a second bulge part are formed in a circumferential direction groove. The first bulge part has a narrow-tip shape such that, in the tire tread plan view, the size in the tread width direction diminishes along a first direction in the tire circumferential direction. The second bulge part has a narrow-tip shape such that, in the tire tread plan view, the size in the tread width direction diminishes along a second direction opposite to the first direction in the tire circumferential direction. A plurality of first bulge parts and second bulge parts are provided at predetermined intervals in the tire circumferential direction. A groove part which extends in the tire circumferential direction is provided between the first bulge part and the second bulge part which opposes the first bulge part in the tread width direction.

Abstract: A secondary battery control unit has a calculating portion identifying a parameter of an equivalent circuit based on an estimation error that is obtained by a comparison between an actual output value of a secondary battery and an equivalent output value of the equivalent circuit. Based on a predetermined amount of an infinitesimal change in the parameter and an evaluation function that is obtained using a result of the comparison, the calculating portion numerically calculates a slope of the evaluation function and renews the parameter based on the slope. As a result, the secondary battery control unit has the calculating portion capable of identifying the parameter of the equivalent circuit while reflecting effects of deterioration of the secondary battery and capable of being integrated to a vehicle-mounted microcomputer.

Abstract: In an apparatus, a circuit model includes a DC resistance model, and a reaction impedance model having a nonlinear relationship between a first potential difference across a reaction resistance and a current flowing through the secondary battery. The nonlinearly relationship depends on a temperature of the secondary battery. The circuit model includes a diffusion impedance model. The apparatus predicts a future remaining voltage across the secondary battery at a future timing when a predetermined duration will have elapsed since a prediction time. The apparatus calculates a future polarization voltage across the secondary battery at the future timing. The apparatus predicts a target power parameter of the secondary battery at the future timing according to the future remaining voltage, the future polarization voltage, a first potential difference across the reaction resistance, and a second potential difference across the DC resistance model.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire 1 which includes a plurality of rib-shaped land portions extending in a tire-circumferential-direction and in which a circumferential groove is formed extending in the tire-circumferential-direction between the land portions. The circumferential groove is provided with an intra-groove groove formed to recess inwardly in a tire-radial-direction from the circumferential groove while having its upper ends at a groove bottom of the circumferential groove. Paired inner wall surface and outer wall surface forming the intra-groove groove each continuously extend in tire-circumferential-direction while meandering in tread-width-direction. The intra-groove groove includes a wide groove portion in which a groove width of the intra-groove groove in tread-width-direction is a predetermined width; and a narrow groove portion which is continuous with the wide groove portion and which has a narrower width than the predetermined width.

Abstract: A battery state estimation apparatus estimates a state of a secondary battery based on a battery model thereof. The battery model includes a DC resistance model, a reaction resistance model, and a diffusion resistance model. The apparatus includes a DC information storage section which stores information on the DC resistance related to temperature of the secondary battery, a reaction information storage section which stores information on the reaction resistance parameter related to the temperature, a diffusion information storage section which stores information on each of the first and second parameters related to the temperature, and a state estimation section which calculates the DC resistance, the reaction resistance parameter, and the first and second parameters from the stored information, by using the temperature as input, and estimates the state of the secondary battery based on the DC resistance, reaction resistance parameter, and first and second parameters.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire includes, in an inner land (4) portion, a first resonator (9) made up of a first sub-groove (9a), a first branch groove (9b) opening to one of two inner circumferential main grooves (2), and a first branch groove (9c) opening to the other one of the two inner circumferential main grooves (2), and also includes, in an external land portion (5), a second resonator (11) made up of a second sub-groove (11a) and a second branch groove (11b) that is opening to one of two external circumferential main grooves (3) and a third resonator (12) made up of a third sub-groove (12a) and a third branch groove (12b) that is opening to the other one of the two external circumferential main grooves (3). The second resonator (11) and the third resonator (12) have groove widths smaller than the groove width of the first resonator (9).

Abstract: A pretensioner comprising a gas generating unit; a pretensioner body to whose inside the gas is supplied; a spool driving member disposed inside the pretensioner body and causing a spool to rotate to retract webbing onto the spool; a gas flow rate adjusting portion disposed in the spool driving member and whose inner peripheral shape is set in accordance with a flow rate of the gas to be passed through the gas flow rate adjusting portion; and a filter unit having a vent portion that is communicated with a space between the gas generating unit and the spool driving member and is also communicated with the gas flow rate adjusting portion. The open shape of the gas flow rate adjusting portion has a portion that does not coincide in a plan view with the open shape of the vent portion, and the overall open area of the vent portion is set larger than the open area of the gas flow rate adjusting portion.