Abstract: To shorten a high voltage line connecting a lighting circuit and an electric discharge lamp, and to achieve weight reduction of a stay, in a head lamp of a motorcycle. A stay 26L is attached to a flange 24L, a head lamp 27 is attached to a front end of the stay 26L, and a lighting circuit box 30 is arranged substantially between the head lamp 27 and the flange 24L. The lighting circuit box is arranged on the front side of the head pipe of the motorcycle. Therefore, the lighting circuit box can be located near the head lamp. As a result, the lighting circuit is arranged at a position as near as possible to both the body of the motorcycle and the lamp body, the high voltage line is shortened, and countermeasures against insulation or high frequency hazards can be taken easily and inexpensively.

Abstract: A polishing technique wherein scratches, peeling, dishing and erosion are suppressed, a complex cleaning process and slurry supply/processing equipment are not required, and the cost of consumable items, such as slurries and polishing pads, is reduced. A metal film formed on an insulating film having a groove is polished with a polishing solution containing an oxidizer and a substance which renders oxides water-soluble, but not containing a polishing abrasive.

Abstract: When a rotating shaft is at a standstill, a first sealing lip of a first sealing element comes elastically into contact with the shaft, thereby preventing a fluid leakage. Annular grooves are formed on the inner peripheral surface of a second sealing lip of a second sealing element so that a wide contact surface pressure can be obtained between each two adjacent grooves. Accordingly, a fluid leaked from the first sealing element is prevented from leaking to the low-pressure side by means of the second sealing lip. When the rotating shaft is rotating, moreover, the fluid from a fluid chamber is allowed to permeate the gap between the outer peripheral surface of the shaft and the inner peripheral surface of the first sealing lip. Thus, the inner peripheral surface of the first sealing lip is lubricated by means of the fluid, so that the first sealing lip can be prevented from wearing or heating.

Abstract: A toner for electrophotography, comprising toner particles and an additive, is obtained by mixing toners A and B together which are obtained by respectively adding the additive to each of at least two toner particle groups (a) and (b) having different particle size distributions. The average particle size of the toner particle group (a) is smaller than that of the toner particle group (b), and the amount of additive in the toner A is larger than that in the toner B. The toner reduces the differences in development conditions between different particle sizes due to broadening of toner particle size distribution, thereby enabling a stable image quality to be obtained which maintains a high image density for an extended period of time and is relatively free from fog generation in non-image portions.

Abstract: There is provided an image forming method, including: gradation-processing an image signal based on a halftone image to output a pulse-width-modulated signal; forming a latent image on a latent image-bearing member on the basis of the pulse-width-modulated signal; and developing the latent image with a developer comprising a toner to reproduce the halftone image; wherein the toner has a volume average particle size of M and comprises toner particles having a particle size of r; and has a volume-basis distribution such that it comprises 90% by volume or more of toner particles satisfying M2<r<3/2M and comprises 99% by volume or more of toner particles satisfying 0<r<2M.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus wherein a laser beam produced by a laser source is imaged through an imaging optical system on an image bearing member as a beam spot. The beam spot scans the image bearing member in a main scan direction. The laser source is rendered on and off to form an image with picture elements. The laser driving pulse width per picture element is changed in accordance with the image density of the image to be formed, so that the tone gradation of the image is provided on the image bearing member in accordance with the pulse width. The size of the spot measured in the main scan direction (1/e.sup.2 diameter) is not more than 0.7 times of the size of the picture element measured in the main scan direction.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a movable photosensitive member; a toner image forming device for forming a toner image on the photosensitive member; a transfer device for electrostatically transferring the toner image from the photosensitive member to a transfer material at a transfer position; and a transfer material carrying member for carrying the transfer material to feed the transfer material to the transfer position. The transfer device transfers the image while the transfer material is on the transfer material carrying member, and after the image is transferred, the transfer material having the toner image transferred thereon and carried on the transfer material carrying member is contacted to the photosensitive member.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a movable image bearing member; an image forming device for forming a toner image on the image bearing member; a transfer device for electrostatically transferring the toner image from the image bearing member onto a transfer material at an image transfer position; a transfer material carrying device for carrying the transfer material to the transfer position; wherein the transfer device supplies different electric charge amount per unit area to an end of the transfer material in a direction of conveyance of the transfer material by the transfer material carrying device and to another portion of the transfer material.

Abstract: In an image forming apparatus for forming an ordinary copy or a tonality image for an original image for a printing press, original image data is divided into data within a predetermined area and that outside the area, and pixel density within the area is subjected to a density conversion in accordance with screen half-toning information which will increase density information toward the approximate center of these pixels, by way of example. The original image data or the density-converted image data is converted into a binary-coded signal conforming to the density, and an output image is formed in accordance therewith. Preferably, plural types of non-linear correction tables are provided and a tone-conversion is performed selecting an appropriate correction table for each pixel, or for each line, of the density-converted image data.

Abstract: The heat-sensitive stencil sheet of the present invention is a heat-sensitive stencil sheet including a thermoplastic film (3) laminated through an adhesive layer (2) on one surface of a porous base (1). The adhesive layer includes an ionizing-radiation-curable adhesive, and therefore the above porous support (1) and the thermoplastic film (3) can be rapidly and firmly adhered together, and yet printing resistance during printing can be improved simultaneously with the additional excellent effect of making the printed image sharper.

Abstract: A dry-type developing apparatus includes a developer container for accommodating a magnetic developer, the developer container being provided with an opening, developer carrying member, disposed in the opening, for carrying the magnetic developer out of the developer container. The developer carrying member including a magnetic field generating magnet which is provided with magnetic field generating portions having different polarities arranged in a direction of carrying the magnetic developer, a continuous elastic sheet including a contact portion for contacting the magnetic developer carrier out of the developer container by the developer carrying member. The elastic sheet having upstream and downstream portions which are respectively fixed to the developer container at positions upstream and downstream of the contact portion with respect to movement of the magnetic developer.

Abstract: An image forming method and apparatus using an image bearing member, movable along an endless path, for bearing a toner image and having a critical surface tension of not more than 33 dyne/cm, wherein, the toner image formed on the image bearing member by a developer containing toner not less than 70% of which has a particle size of 1-5 microns, and lubricant in an amount not less than 0.5% by weight of the toner, and the image bearing member is cleaned by removing the toner image remaining on the image bearing member.