Abstract: A display element not causative of crosstalk, ensures sharp display, and can be driven at a low energy is disclosed. In the display element (18), a polymer solid electrolyte layer (5) which contains a colorant material such as bismuth chloride or AgI, capable of causing deposition, dissolution or color change based on electrochemical reduction or oxidation, is disposed between transparent pixel electrodes (2) and opposing electrodes (6), and at least the transparent pixel electrodes (2) are covered with an insulating material (14b) in an area exclusive of at least pixel portions (17).

Abstract: The invention provides an electrochromic display unit with high-quality display. The display unit comprises a transparent electrode (1), a display layer (2) which is formed on the transparent electrode (1) and which changes a color according to the amount of accumulated electrical charges, and an ion conductive layer (3) formed on the display layer (2). A plurality of picture electrodes (4) are formed on the ion conductive layer (3) on the side opposite to the display layer (2). The picture electrodes (4) are driven independently by, for example, a corresponding thin film transistors (6). In driving, by applying a drive current having given amount of electrical charges and then applying a certain amount of an inverted current, a certain amount of coloration is deducted, and extra coloration of the display layer (2) is eliminated.

Abstract: An electrochemical display apparatus in which simple matrix driving is realized, whereby apparatus constitution can be simplified, and the price of the apparatus can be lowered. The electrochemical display apparatus performs display by use of electrochemical deposition/dissolution of a metal. The display apparatus is driven by a simple matrix driving system, in which a deposition overvoltage at the time of deposition of metallic ions as the metal is used as a threshold in the simple matrix driving. A driving voltage is set to be not more than two times the deposition overvoltage. The electrochemical display apparatus includes transparent electrodes and counter electrodes, the display is performed by utilizing deposition/dissolution of the metal on the transparent electrodes, and the potential difference between the metal to be deposited on the transparent electrodes and the counter electrodes is set to be less than the deposition overvoltage.

Abstract: The real mass flow rate is calculated for a variety of gases. The variety of gases are classified into a plurality of classifications, and representative discharge coefficient relationships are previously determined for the respective classifications. When an upstream pressure and a temperature are detected for a certain gas on an upstream side of the sonic nozzle, a theoretical mass flow rate is calculated. After the theoretical mass flow rate is calculated, reference is made to a theoretical mass flow rate-discharge coefficient correspondence table recorded in a memory corresponding to the classification of the gas, to determine a discharge coefficient based on the relationship appropriate for the gas type. After the discharge coefficient is selected, a real mass flow rate is determined as a product of the determined discharge coefficient and the theoretical mass flow rate.

Abstract: Between each transparent pixel electrode driven by TFT as a drive device and a common electrode, a polymer layer located in contact with the transparent pixel electrode and electrically active to change in color by electrochemical oxidization or reduction and a polymeric solid electrolytic layer located in contact with the polymer layer and containing a coloring agent are interposed. since electrochemical oxidization or reduction brings about a color change, the contrast and the black concentration can be enhanced, and bronzing after long-time use does not occur.

Abstract: A surface processing method for processing the surface of an insulating article in which an ion-implanted surface-modified layer is effectively formed on the article 2. In surface processing the article 2 of an insulating material, an electrically conductive thin metal film 50 is first formed on the article surface. A pulsed voltage containing a positive pulsed voltage and a negative pulsed voltage is applied to the article in a plasma containing ions to be implanted to implant ions in the article surface. This implants ions at right angles to the article surface to generate a surface-modified layer 51. There is no possibility of the article 2 being charged up due to application of a pulsed voltage.

Abstract: A flow meter for measuring a flow rate of a fluid passing through a fluid passage is provided with a throttle structure disposed at the inside, and it is connected to the fluid passage. The fluid passes through a groove via expanded grooves formed on a surface of a substrate which constitutes the throttle structure. The flow rate of the fluid passing through the fluid passage can be measured by detecting pressures and temperatures of said fluid on an inflow side and an outflow side concerning the throttle structure.

Abstract: The real mass flow rate is calculated for a variety of gases. The variety of gases are classified into a plurality of classifications, and representative discharge coefficients are previously determined for the respective classifications. When an upstream pressure and a temperature are detected for a certain gas on an upstream side of the sonic nozzle, a theoretical mass flow rate is calculated. After the theoretical mass flow rate is calculated, reference is made to a theoretical mass flow rate-discharge coefficient correspondence table recorded in a memory corresponding to the classification of the gas to select a desired discharge coefficient. After the discharge coefficient is selected, a real mass flow rate is determined with a product of the selected discharge coefficient and the theoretical mass flow rate.

Abstract: A surface processing method for processing the surface of an insulating article in which an ion-implanted surface-modified layer is effectively formed on the article 2. In surface processing the article 2 of an insulating material, an electrically conductive thin metal film 50 is first formed on the article surface. A pulsed voltage containing a positive pulsed voltage and a negative pulsed voltage is applied to the article in a plasma containing ions to be implanted to implant ions in the article surface. This implants ions at right angles to the article surface to generate a surface-modified layer 51. There is no possibility of the article 2 being charged up due to application of a pulsed voltage.

Abstract: A surface processing method for processing the surface of an insulating article in which an ion-implanted surface-modified layer is effectively formed on the article 2. In surface processing the article 2 of an insulating material, an electrically conductive thin metal film 50 is first formed on the article surface. A pulsed voltage containing a positive pulsed voltage and a negative pulsed voltage is applied to the article in a plasma containing ions to be implanted to implant ions in the article surface. This implants ions at right angles to the article surface to generate a surface-modified layer 51. There is no possibility of the article 2 being charged up due to application of a pulsed voltage.

Abstract: A surface processing method for processing the surface of an insulating article in which an ion-implanted surface-modified layer is effectively formed on the article 2. In surface processing the article 2 of an insulating material, an electrically conductive thin metal film 50 is first formed on the article surface. A pulsed voltage containing a positive pulsed voltage and a negative pulsed voltage is applied to the article in a plasma containing ions to be implanted to implant ions in the article surface. This implants ions at right angles to the article surface to generate a surface-modified layer 51. There is no possibility of the article 2 being charged up due to application of a pulsed voltage.

Abstract: A recording material wherein heating causes surface tension inclination, thus generating surface tension convection which causes the recording material to fly, is used in a recording method which uses surface tension convection for causing ink to fly. This recording material has a surface tension temperature coefficient C represented by: |C|≧0.07 (dyn/cm·K)  (Expression 1) Thus, surface tension convection is effectively generated, thereby improving transfer efficiency.

Abstract: An ink retained in an ink transfer block is heated by a heating device correspondingly to information to be printed, thereby developing a surface tension gradient and interfacial tension gradient on the ink surface, and a fluidity caused by the surface tension gradient and/or interfacial tension gradient of the ink surface is utilized to have the ink fly from the ink transfer block, thereby printing the information on a print receptor, the heating device having a heating velocity v (in K/s) which meets a requirement (Tb−Ti)/v>h2/D where Tb is a boiling point of the ink in K; Ti is an initial temperature of the ink in K; h is the shortest distance between the surface of the heating means and ink surface in m; and D is a coefficient of thermal diffusion in m2/s.

Abstract: Printing paper is provided which has a mixture layer including inorganic filler and hydrophobic resin formed on a piece of paper as a substrate for making a dye sprayed by vaporization or ablation adhere to the printing paper, and a printing method is provided which forms images on the printing paper by spraying a vaporized dye on the mixture layer without bringing the printing paper and the dye into contact with each other.

Abstract: In a recording substance (ink 22) supplied to transfer to a body to be recorded on (printing paper 50) and effect prescribed recording on this body to be recorded on, the content of residual impurities which after the recording do not transfer to the body to be recorded on and remain is made less than 2wt %. As a result, the occurrence of residual impurities (residual solids) produced on the head during recording is prevented, the influences of such residual impurities are avoided and high quality recording with excellent sensitivity and tonal reproducibility is always obtained.

Abstract: The present invention provides a recording solution for vaporization type heat transfer recording which produces no precipitate in a recording operation and thus no problem of burning in a vaporization portion.The recording solution for vaporization type heat transfer recording in which the recording solution is vaporized to be transferred to a recording material contains a dye, a solvent having a melting point of 0.degree. C. or less, and a compatibilier for increasing the solubility of the dye in the solvent. Particularly, when the temperature at which the weight loss by vaporization is 10% in thermogravimetric analysis at a rate of temperature rise of 20 C./min., is defined as the vaporization start temperature, the different between the vaporization start temperatures of any desired two of the dye, the solvent and the compatibilizer is set to 100.degree. C. or less.

Abstract: A thermal transfer recording material for use in a recording apparatus in which said thermal transfer recording material is introduced into a transfer section having a porous structure by an effect of capillarity, subjected to a state transformation by heating, and then transferred to a recording medium disposed opposed to said transfer section, comprising:a dye having a melting point of 160.degree. C. or lower, selected from the group consisting of a dye represented by the general formula (I): ##STR1## wherein A.sup.1, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are as defined, and a dye represented by the general formula (II): ##STR2## wherein A.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are as defined.

Abstract: A thermal transfer recording material for use in a recording apparatus in which the thermal transfer recording material is introduced into a transfer section having a porous structure by an effect of capillarity, subjected to a state transformation by heating, and then transferred to a recording medium disposed in an opposed relation to the transfer section, comprising:a dye represented by the general formula (I): ##STR1## where R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are individually a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or alkenyl group, or a cycloalkyl group, and when both R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are unsubstituted alkyl groups, at least one of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is a branched alkyl group.

Abstract: During the recording where a liquid dye 22 supplied through a dye passage 27 is supplied to a vaporizing means 17 due to the capillarity of many small columns 21 within a vessel formed by coupling of a glass base 14 and a Teflon protection plate 290, the liquid dye in the vaporizing means is vaporized by irradiation of the laser beam L and the vaporized dye is transmitted to a photographic paper 50 passing a vaporization hole (aperture) 23 for the purpose of recording. The protection plate 290 has a critical surface tension against the liquid dye which is smaller than a surface tension of the liquid dye.Since the critical surface tension of the protection plate 290 is set smaller than a surface tension of the liquid dye, wettability of the liquid dye against the internal wall surface of the vaporizing hole 23 is low and the liquid dye left unvaporized at the vaporizing hole 17 at the time of recording is never deposited on the internal wall surface of the vaporizing hole.

Abstract: A thermal transfer recording device in which a gap is provided between a layer of a transfer dye and an object of transfer recording and in which the transfer dye is supplied to a transfer section and subsequently vaporized by heating so as to be transferred onto the object of transfer recording wherein, with the density of the transfer dye .rho., the surface tension of the transfer dye .gamma. and with the period of heating .omega., a unit width d of a spatial structure of the transfer section is given by0.8n.pi.(.gamma./.rho..omega..sup.2).sup.1/3 <.sup.2 d<1.2n.pi.(.gamma./.rho..omega..sup.2).sup.1/3where n is a positive integer. With the present thermal transfer recording device, a high-quality color image can be produced easily.