Abstract: A controller (6) for an internal combustion engine includes: a calculation section (5) for calculating an angular acceleration or an angular velocity; an operational status-determining section (5, 6) for determining an operational status based on the angular acceleration or the angular velocity; a gain-setting section (6, 3a) for setting a gain of torque based on feedback control; and a control section (6) for controlling the gain-setting section so that, when the operational status is a first operational status, the gain-setting section uses the angular acceleration as input data to set the gain (i), and when the operational status is a second operational status, the gain-setting section uses the angular velocity as input data to set the gain (ii).

Abstract: The fuel injection amounts into each cylinder are set on the assumption that a heavy fuel will be injected during the engine starting process, and a specific torque is allowed to be generated by combustion in a specific cylinder when a fuel with a specific property between those of the heaviest fuel and the lightest fuel is injected thereinto. When the torque generated in the specific cylinder is in a range at or around the specific torque, the property level of fuel to be injected during the engine starting process is determined to be in a level range at or around the specific property. When the torque generated in the specific cylinder is higher than the range around the specific torque, the property level is determined to be in a level range on the light fuel side of the level range around the specific property.

Abstract: A data output apparatus converts input data into data that changes less than the input data, and outputs the converted data to a memory.

Abstract: The fuel injection amounts into each cylinder are set on the assumption that a heavy fuel will be injected during the engine starting process, and a specific torque is allowed to be generated by combustion in a specific cylinder when a fuel with a specific property between those of the heaviest fuel and the lightest fuel is injected thereinto. When the torque generated in the specific cylinder is in a range at or around the specific torque, the property level of fuel to be injected during the engine starting process is determined to be in a level range at or around the specific property. When the torque generated in the specific cylinder is higher than the range around the specific torque, the property level is determined to be in a level range on the light fuel side of the level range around the specific property.

Abstract: In a speed transition period from when an internal combustion engine is started to when an engine speed settles down to a certain speed, a compression top dead center of a cylinder first operating is set as a reference crank angle and compression top dead centers of the cylinders arriving successively after said reference crank angle in the speed transition period are set as judgment use crank angles. Reference crank angle advancing times are detected and stored in advance, wherein the reference crank angle advancing times are crank angle advancing times when a reference fuel is used, and the crank angle advancing times are times required for the crank angle to advance from the reference crank angle to the judgment use crank angles. The actual crank angle advancing times are detected.

Abstract: It is an object to provide an L-ascorbic acid derivative which can keep the L-ascorbic acid stable to heat and light and thus has a long shelf life, which is high in permeability into the skin, which can be quickly hydrolyzed by phosphatase, an enzyme that is ubiquitous in vivo, and which exhibits physiological activities that are inherent to L-ascorbic acid and beneficial to health, a method for producing such an L-ascorbic acid derivative, and a skin-whitening cosmetic material. There is provided an ascorbic acid derivative comprising an L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate ester or a salt thereof wherein the phosphate ester has a branched alkyl group, the L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate ester being of formula [13].

Abstract: The present invention provides a multi-layered object having a hard coat layer capable of improving anti-staining property, anti-staining durability, scratch resistance, abrasion resistance and the like. A multi-layered object comprising a hard coat layer and a light transmitting layer, wherein the hard coat layer is formed from a composition for hard coat comprising: an active energy ray-curable silicone-acrylic copolymer (A); and an active energy ray-curable polyfunctional compound (B), and wherein the active energy ray-curable silicone-acrylic copolymer (A) contains: a polysiloxane block (a-1), an acrylic block (a-2) containing an active energy ray-curable double bond group and a fluoroalkyl group-containing acrylic block (a-3).

Abstract: The present invention provides a composition for hard coat capable of forming a hard coat layer having the improved anti-staining property, anti-staining durability, scratch resistance, abrasion resistance, antistatic property and the like. A composition for hard coat comprising: an active energy ray-curable silicone-acrylic copolymer (A); an active energy ray-curable polyfunctional compound (B); and an electrically conductive material (C), wherein the active energy ray-curable silicone-acrylic copolymer (A) contains: a polysiloxane block (a-1), an acrylic block (a-2) containing an active energy ray-curable double bond group, and a fluoroalkyl group-containing acrylic block (a-3).

Abstract: It is an object to provide an L-ascorbic acid derivative which can keep the L-ascorbic acid stable to heat and light and thus has a long shelf life, which is high in permeability into the skin, which can be quickly hydrolyzed by phosphatase, an enzyme that is ubiquitous in vivo, and which exhibits physiological activities that are inherent to L-ascorbic acid and beneficial to health, a method for producing such an L-ascorbic acid derivative, and a skin-whitening cosmetic material. There is provided an ascorbic acid derivative comprising an L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate ester or a salt thereof wherein the phosphate ester has a branched alkyl group, the L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate ester being of formula [13].

Abstract: An operating condition value is acquired at the time of internal combustion engine startup. If the acquired condition value is one of a plurality of reference condition values for which optimum values are defined, the optimum value for the reference condition value is set as a fuel injection amount. If, on the other hand, the acquired condition value is other than the reference condition values, an interpolated value, which is interpolation-calculated by using the relationship between the reference condition values and optimum values, is set as a fuel injection amount. The angular acceleration for fuel injection according to the interpolated value, which is a physical quantity related to the operating performance of an internal combustion engine, is then determined to correct the interpolated value in accordance with the difference between the actual angular acceleration and target angular acceleration.

Abstract: An operating condition value is acquired at the time of internal combustion engine startup. If the acquired condition value is one of a plurality of reference condition values for which optimum values are defined, the optimum value for the reference condition value is set as a fuel injection amount. If, on the other hand, the acquired condition value is other than the reference condition values, an interpolated value, which is interpolation-calculated by using the relationship between the reference condition values and optimum values, is set as a fuel injection amount. The angular acceleration for fuel injection according to the interpolated value, which is a physical quantity related to the operating performance of an internal combustion engine, is then determined to correct the interpolated value in accordance with the difference between the actual angular acceleration and target angular acceleration.

Abstract: A data output apparatus converts input data into data that changes less than the input data, and outputs the converted data to a memory.

Abstract: A pharmaceutical preparation for preventing and/or treating hypertrophic scars, keloid or chronic arthritic diseases comprising as an effective component an erythropoietin antagonist. More specifically, there is provided a pharmaceutical preparation for preventing and/or treating hypertrophic scars, keloid or chronic arthritic diseases comprising as an effective component an erythropoietin antagonist such as an anti-erythropoietin antibody, an erythropoietin receptor protein, etc. This pharmaceutical preparation has excellent prophylactic and/or therapeutic effects on collagenous hyperproliferation such as hypertrophic scars, keloid, etc., or chronic arthritic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, etc.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an image processing apparatus, an image input/output apparatus, a scaling method and a memory control method, by which input image data is written to an external memory in tiles, the tiles written to the external memory are read, and the read-out tiles are scaled.

Abstract: It is an object to provide an L-ascorbic acid derivative which can keep the L-ascorbic acid stable to heat and light and thus has a long shelf life, which is high in permeability into the skin, which can be quickly hydrolyzed by phosphatase, an enzyme that is ubiquitous in vivo, and which exhibits physiological activities that are inherent to L-ascorbic acid and beneficial to health, a method for producing such an L-ascorbic acid derivative, and a skin-whitening cosmetic material. There is provided an ascorbic acid derivative comprising an L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate ester or a salt thereof wherein the phosphate ester has a branched alkyl group, the L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate ester being of formula [13].

Abstract: It is an object to provide an L-ascorbic acid derivative which can keep the L-ascorbic acid stable to heat and light and thus has a long shelf life, which is high in permeability into the skin, which can be quickly hydrolyzed by phosphatase, an enzyme that is ubiquitous in vivo, and which exhibits physiological activities that are inherent to L-ascorbic acid and beneficial to health, a method for producing such an L-ascorbic acid derivative, and a skin-whitening cosmetic material. There is provided an ascorbic acid derivative comprising an L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate ester or a salt thereof wherein the phosphate ester has a branched alkyl group, the L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate ester being of formula [13].

Abstract: The present invention relates to an image processing apparatus, an image input/output apparatus, a scaling method and a memory control method, by which input image data is written to an external memory in tiles, the tiles written to the external memory are read, and the read-out tiles are scaled.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an image processing apparatus, an image input/output apparatus, a scaling method and a memory control method, by which input image data is written to an external memory in tiles, the tiles written to the external memory are read, and the read-out tiles are scaled.

Abstract: A torque correspondence value (e.g., estimated indicated torque) is determined. The degree of torque correspondence value variation in a plurality of previous cycles is digitized as a variation index value (e.g., locus length). If the variation index value is smaller than a predetermined first judgment value, the intake air amount of an internal combustion engine is corrected. If the variation index value is not smaller than the first judgment value, the ignition timing of the internal combustion engine is corrected. If the variation index value is not smaller than a second judgment value, which is greater than the first judgment value, the ignition timing and fuel injection amount of the internal combustion engine are both corrected.

Abstract: If the combustion status detected in a steady state is partial combustion, the setting of a combustion status control parameter for the next cycle is adjusted so as to provide an increased degree of partial combustion. If, on the other hand, the detected combustion status is fast combustion, the setting of the control parameter for the next cycle is adjusted so as to provide an increased degree of fast combustion. The combustion status can be detected in accordance with an output parameter that correlates with the engine torque.