Abstract: The invention relates to improving the movement of a target polynucleotide with respect to a transmembrane pore when the movement is controlled by a polynucleotide binding protein. The invention also relates to improved transmembrane pores and polynucleotide binding proteins.

Abstract: The invention relates to mutant forms of Msp. The invention also relates to polynucleotide characterisation using Msp.

Abstract: The invention relates to new methods of controlling the movement of polynucleotides through transmembrane pores. The invention also relates to new methods of characterising target polynucleotides using helicases.

Abstract: The invention relates to a mutant ?-hemolysin (?-HL) pore which is useful for detecting one or more nucleotides by stochastic sensing. The pore is particularly useful for sequencing DNA or RNA. A molecular adaptor that allows detection of the nucleotide(s) is covalently attached to the pore. The pore is specifically modified to facilitate positioning of the adaptor and may be modified to facilitate covalent attachment.

Abstract: The invention relates to constructs comprising a transmembrane protein pore subunit and a nucleic acid handling enzyme. The pore subunit is covalently attached to the enzyme such that both the subunit and enzyme retain their activity. The constructs can be used to generate transmembrane protein pores having a nucleic acid handling enzyme attached thereto. Such pores are particularly useful for sequencing nucleic acids. The enzyme handles the nucleic acid in such a way that the pore can detect its component nucleotides by stochastic sensing.

Abstract: The invention provides method of covalently coupling two or more moieties, the method comprising: (a) providing a first moiety having covalently attached thereto (i) at least one first linker comprising a first hybridizable region and (ii) at least one first group capable of forming a covalent bond; (b) providing a second moiety having covalently attached thereto (i) at least one second linker comprising a second hybridizable region capable of hybridizing to the first hybridizable region and (ii) at least a second group capable of forming a covalent bond with the first group; (c) contacting the first and second moieties under conditions that allow the first and second hybridizable regions to hybridize and link the moieties; and (d) exposing the linked moieties to conditions that allow the formation of a covalent bond between the first and second groups.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods using constructs comprising a helicase and an additional polynucleotide binding moiety. The helicase is attached to the polynucleotide binding moiety and the construct has the ability to control the movement of a polynucleotide. The constructs can be used to control the movement of polynucleotides and are particularly useful for sequencing polynucleotides.

Abstract: The invention relates to modified helicases with reduced unbinding from polynucleotides. The helicases can be used to control the movement of polynucleotides and are particularly useful for sequencing polynucleotides.

Abstract: The invention relates to mutant forms of lysenin. The invention also relates to analyte characterisation using lysenin.

Abstract: The invention relates to constructs comprising a transmembrane protein pore subunit and a nucleic acid handling enzyme. The pore subunit is covalently attached to the enzyme such that both the subunit and enzyme retain their activity. The constructs can be used to generate transmembrane protein pores having a nucleic acid handling enzyme attached thereto. Such pores are particularly useful for sequencing nucleic acids. The enzyme handles the nucleic acid in such a way that the pore can detect its component nucleotides by stochastic sensing.

Abstract: The invention relates to mutant forms of Msp. The invention also relates to nucleic acid characterisation using Msp.

Abstract: The invention relates to constructs comprising a transmembrane protein pore subunit and a nucleic acid handling enzyme. The pore subunit is covalently attached to the enzyme such that both the subunit and enzyme retain their activity. The constructs can be used to generate transmembrane protein pores having a nucleic acid handling enzyme attached thereto. Such pores are particularly useful for sequencing nucleic acids. The enzyme handles the nucleic acid in such a way that the pore can detect its component nucleotides by stochastic sensing.

Abstract: The invention relates to constructs comprising a nucleic acid binding protein and a surface. At least one native accessible cysteine residue is removed from the binding protein. The binding protein is attached to the surface via one or more accessible cysteine residues. The removal of other accessible cysteine residues from the protein allows control attachment to the surface. The constructs can be used to generate transmembrane pores having a nucleic acid binding protein attached thereto. Such pores are particularly useful for sequencing nucleic acids. The enzyme handles the nucleic acid in such a way that the pore can detect each of its component nucleotides by stochastic sensing.

Abstract: The invention provides method of covalently coupling two or more moieties, the method comprising: (a) providing a first moiety having covalently attached thereto (i) at least one first linker comprising a first hybridizable region and (ii) at least one first group capable of forming a covalent bond; (b) providing a second moiety having covalently attached thereto (i) at least one second linker comprising a second hybridizable region capable of hybridizing to the first hybridizable region and (ii) at least a second group capable of forming a covalent bond with the first group; (c) contacting the first and second moieties under conditions that allow the first and second hybridizable regions to hybridize and link the moieties; and (d) exposing the linked moieties to conditions that allow the formation of a covalent bond between the first and second groups.

Abstract: The invention relates to constructs comprising a transmembrane protein pore subunit and a nucleic acid handling enzyme. The pore subunit is covalently attached to the enzyme such that both the subunit and enzyme retain their activity. The constructs can be used to generate transmembrane protein pores having a nucleic acid handling enzyme attached thereto. Such pores are particularly useful for sequencing nucleic acids. The enzyme handles the nucleic acid in such a way that the pore can detect its component nucleotides by stochastic sensing.

Abstract: The invention relates to a mutant ?-hemolysin (?-HL) pore which is useful for detecting one or more nucleotides by stochastic sensing. The pore is particularly useful for sequencing DNA or RNA. A molecular adaptor that allows detection of the nucleotide(s) is covalently attached to the pore. The pore is specifically modified to facilitate positioning of the adaptor and may be modified to facilitate covalent attachment.