Abstract: A method includes inserting test points into a circuit for reducing the number of specified bits required for transition fault testing of the circuit by reducing the dependency of a second time-frame pattern of the circuit on a first time-frame pattern of the circuit. Preferably, inserting the test points includes controlling directly scan flip-flops of the circuit in the second time-frame requiring a number of scan flip-flops to be specified in the first time-frame for reducing the number of specified bits to detect transition faults.

Abstract: An improved heat exchanger for an automotive vehicle, comprising at least one end tank; and at least two heat exchangers including a plurality of spaced apart extruded metal tubes with fins between the spaced tubes. The heat exchangers are disposed so that their respective tubes and fins are generally co-planar with each other and are connected to the end tank. In preferred embodiments, the heat exchanger may include a bypass element.

Abstract: An improved heat exchanger for an automotive vehicle, comprising at least one end tank; and at least two heat exchangers including a plurality of spaced apart extruded metal tubes with fins between the spaced tubes. The heat exchangers are disposed so that their respective tubes and fins are generally co-planar with each other and are connected to the end tank. In preferred embodiments, the heat exchanger may include a bypass element.

Abstract: An improved heat exchanger for an automotive vehicle, comprising at least one end tank; and at least two heat exchangers including a plurality of spaced apart extruded metal tubes with fins between the spaced tubes. The heat exchangers are disposed so that their respective tubes and fins are generally co-planar with each other and are connected to the end tank. In preferred embodiments, the heat exchanger may include a bypass element.

Abstract: An improved heat exchanger for an automotive vehicle, comprising at least one end tank; and at least two heat exchangers including a plurality of spaced apart extruded metal tubes with fins between the spaced tubes. The heat exchangers are disposed so that their respective tubes and fins are generally co-planar with each other and are connected to the end tank. In preferred embodiments, the heat exchanger may include a bypass element.

Abstract: An improved heat exchanger for an automotive vehicle, comprising at least one end tank; and at least two heat exchangers including a plurality of spaced apart metal tubes with fins between the spaced tubes. The heat exchangers are preferentially disposed so that their respective tubes and fins are generally co-planar with each other and are connected to the end tank. In preferred embodiments, the heat exchanger may include a radiator element.

Abstract: A fin louver design using breaking and reversal louvers whose lengths are substantially longer than the half-length of the main louver but at slightly lower angles to the fin face, in order to increase the heat transfer while reducing or minimizing the airside air pressure drop. The reversal louvers will not dramatically change the airflow direction but rather permit air to follow the louver direction, thus preventing any dead area where the air speed is approximately zero in the central part between the two reversal louvers. Contact is provided between fresh moving air and the central part between the two reversal louvers.

Abstract: An improved heat exchanger for an automotive vehicle, comprising at least one end tank; and at least two heat exchangers including a plurality of spaced apart extruded metal tubes with fins between the spaced tubes. The heat exchangers are disposed so that their respective tubes and fins are generally co-planar with each other and are connected to the end tank. In preferred embodiments, the heat exchanger may include a bypass element.

Abstract: An improved heat exchanger for an automotive vehicle, comprising at least one end tank; and at least two heat exchangers including a plurality of spaced apart extruded metal tubes with fins between the spaced tubes. The heat exchangers are disposed so that their respective tubes and fins are generally co-planar with each other and are connected to the end tank. In preferred embodiments, the heat exchanger may include a bypass element.

Abstract: An improved heat exchanger for an automotive vehicle, comprising at least one end tank; and at least two heat exchangers including a plurality of spaced apart extruded metal tubes with fins between the spaced tubes. The heat exchangers are disposed so that their respective tubes and fins are generally co-planar with each other and are connected to the end tank. In preferred embodiments, the heat exchanger may include a bypass element.

Abstract: A fin louver design using breaking and reversal louvers whose lengths are substantially longer than the half-length of the main louver but at slightly lower angles to the fin face, in order to increase the heat transfer while reducing or minimizing the airside air pressure drop. The reversal louvers will not dramatically change the airflow direction but rather permit air to follow the louver direction, thus preventing any dead area where the air speed is approximately zero in the central part between the two reversal louvers. Contact is provided between fresh moving air and the central part between the two reversal louvers.