Abstract: Am image data encoding apparatus includes an entropy encoder to encode data items representing image data by an encoding system using a context adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) encoding system and a bypass encoding system. The data items include a first data item indicating whether a multi-direction linear model (MDLM) chroma mode applies to a current image region, and a second data item indicating a processing direction for operation of the MDLM chroma mode. The entropy encoder encodes instances of the first data item and instances of the second data item using different encoding systems.

Abstract: Image data encoding apparatus comprises an entropy encoder for selectively encoding data items representing image data to be encoded by a first, context adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC), encoding system or by a second, bypass, encoding system, so as to generate encoded binarized symbols; the image data representing one or more pictures of a picture sequence, each picture comprising two or more output data units representing respective sub-sections of the picture, each sub-section being decodable and reconstructable independently of other sub-sections in that picture and picture sequence; the entropy encoder being configured to generate an output data stream subject to a constraint defining an upper limit to the number of binarized symbols that may be expressed by any individual output data unit relative to the size in bytes of that output data unit, in which the entropy encoder is configured to apply the constraint to each output data unit, and to provide padding data, for each output data unit which

Abstract: The present invention relates to RNAi agents, e.g., double stranded RNA (dsRNA) agents, targeting the complement component C3 gene (C3). The invention also relates to methods of using such RNAi agents to inhibit expression of a C3 gene and to methods of preventing and treating a C3-associated disorder, e.g., cold agglutinin disease (CAD), warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), lupis nephritis (LN), bullous pemphigoid, pemphigus, e.g., pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and pemphigus foliaceus (PF), and C3 glomerulopathy.

Abstract: Image data encoding apparatus, comprises an entropy encoder configured to selectively encode data items representing image data so as to generate encoded binarized symbols of successive output data units; the entropy encoder being configured to generate an output data stream subject to a constraint defining an upper limit to the number of binarized symbols that may be expressed by any individual output data unit relative to the size in bytes of that output data unit, in which the entropy encoder is configured to provide padding data, for each output data unit which does not meet the constraint, so as to increase the size in bytes of that output data unit in order to meet the constraint; the apparatus comprising: an attribute detector configured to detect an encoding attribute applicable to a given output data unit; and a selector configured to select, in response to the detected encoding attribute, a constraint, for use with the given output data unit, from two or more candidate constraints.

Abstract: Image data encoding apparatus comprises an entropy encoder for selectively encoding data items representing image data to be encoded by a first, context adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC), encoding system or by a second, bypass, encoding system, so as to generate encoded binarized symbols; the image data representing one or more pictures of a picture sequence, each picture comprising two or more output data units representing respective sub-sections of the picture, each sub-section being decodable and reconstructable independently of other sub-sections in that picture and picture sequence; in which each sub-section is subject to a respective minimum compression ratio.

Abstract: A method of encoding successive data items comprises storing history data for encoded data items, the history data indicating one or more aspects of encoding the encoded data items; encoding a given data item by a first encoding technique comprising encoding a series of zero or more data sets, each data set representing a respective range of values of the data items and selecting the series of data sets from a plurality of candidate data sets in dependence upon (i) a number of previously encoded data sets; and (ii) the history data applicable to a given property of the given data item; and encoding any remaining value of the given data item, the remaining value being an amount by which the given data item exceeds a maximum value which can be encoded by the first encoding technique, by a second encoding technique different to the first encoding technique.

Abstract: Image data encoding apparatus comprises an entropy encoder for selectively encoding data items representing image data to be encoded by a first, context adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC), encoding system or by a second, bypass, encoding system, so as to generate encoded binarized symbols; the image data representing one or more pictures of a picture sequence, each picture comprising two or more output data units representing respective sub-sections of the picture, each sub-section being decodable and reconstructable independently of other sub-sections in that picture and picture sequence; the entropy encoder being configured to generate an output data stream subject to a constraint defining an upper limit to the number of binarized symbols that may be expressed by any individual output data unit relative to the size in bytes of that output data unit, in which the entropy encoder is configured to apply the constraint to each output data unit, and to provide padding data, for each output data unit which

Abstract: An apparatus including a video data decoder configured to decode an input video data stream, the video data decoder being responsive to a parameter value associated with the input video data stream, the parameter value indicating an encoding level selected from a plurality of encoding levels, each encoding level defining at least a maximum luminance picture size and a maximum luminance sample rate, the encoding level defining a first numerical component and a second numerical component, the second numerical component being a numerical value greater than or equal to zero, in which for encoding levels having a second numerical component of zero, the first numerical component increases monotonically with increasing maximum luminance picture size, and the second component varies with the maximum luminance sample rate; the parameter value being a numeric encoding of the encoding level.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are embodiments of a continuous multi-analyte monitor that can be used to measure one or more analytes, for example pH and lactate, in a patient. In some embodiments, the sensor can be implanted in the tissue of a patient, and a recording unit can be located on the skin of the patient, generally adjacent to the sensor. Detectors located on the sensor and on the recording unit can detect luminescent signals that originate from the implantable sensor and can be used to determine analyte concentrations, or otherwise relevant values.

Abstract: An image encoding apparatus comprises a selector configured to select, from a set of candidate prediction operations each defining at least a prediction direction, a prediction operation for prediction of samples of a current region of a current image, the current region comprising an array of two or more rows and two or more columns of samples; an intra-image predictor configured to derive predicted samples of the current region with respect to one or more of a group of reference samples of the same image in dependence upon a prediction direction, defined by the selected prediction operation, between a current sample to be predicted and a reference position amongst the reference samples; in which, for at least some of the candidate prediction operations, the group of reference samples comprises two or more parallel linear arrays of reference samples disposed at different respective separations from the current region; a detector configured to detect whether samples corresponding to any of the two or more par

Abstract: A data encoding method comprises generating one or more encoding parameters; communicating the one or more encoding parameters for use by a decoding process; and encoding data items representing image data samples of an image by generating residual data indicative of a difference between an image data sample and a predicted version of that image data sample, the encoding step performing the encoding in dependence upon the one or more encoding parameters generated by the generating step; in which the generating step comprises deriving an estimate of the residual data in respect of at least a subset of the image data samples and generating the one or more encoding parameters in dependence upon the derived estimate.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to double stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNAi) agents and compositions targeting an ATXN2 gene, as well as methods of inhibiting expression of an ATXN2 gene and methods of treating subjects having an ATXN2-associated neurodegenerative disease or disorder, e.g., SCAs and ALS, using such dsRNAi agents and compositions.

Abstract: A method of encoding successive data items comprises storing history data for encoded data items, the history data indicating one or more aspects of encoding the encoded data items; encoding a given data item by a first encoding technique comprising encoding a series of zero or more data sets, each data set representing a respective range of values of the data items and selecting the series of data sets from a plurality of candidate data sets in dependence upon (i) a number of previously encoded data sets; and (ii) the history data applicable to a given property of the given data item; and encoding any remaining value of the given data item, the remaining value being an amount by which the given data item exceeds a maximum value which can be encoded by the first encoding technique, by a second encoding technique different to the first encoding technique.

Abstract: A video data encoding method for encoding an array of video data values comprises the steps of: frequency-transforming the video data values according to a frequency transform, to generate an array of frequency-transformed values by a matrix-multiplication process using a transform matrix having a data precision of fourteen bits, the frequency transform being a discrete cosine transform; defining a 64×64 transform matrix M64 for a 64×64 DCT transform, the matrix M64 being defined by the accompanying FIGS. 10a-10e and 11; for an N×N transform where N is 2, 4, 8 or 16, subsampling the 64×64 transform matrix M64 to select a subset of N×N values, the subset MN[x][y] of values being defined by: MN[x][y]=M64[x][(2(6-log2(N)))y] for x,y=0 . . . (N?1).

Abstract: An image encoding apparatus comprises a selector configured to select, from a set of candidate prediction operations each defining at least a prediction direction, a prediction operation for prediction of samples of a current region of a current image, the current region comprising an array of two or more rows and two or more columns of samples; and an intra-image predictor configured to interpolate predicted samples of the current region with respect to one or more of a group of reference samples being samples decoded from previously encoded samples of the current image, the group of reference samples being selected in dependence upon a prediction direction, defined by the selected prediction operation, between a current sample to be predicted and a reference position amongst the reference samples, in which the intra-image predictor is configured to apply an interpolation process to the group of reference samples in order to generate each predicted sample; in which the intra-image predictor is configured to

Abstract: The present invention relates to RNAi agents, e.g., dsRNA agents, targeting the Coagulation Factor V (F5) gene. The invention also relates to methods of using such RNAi agents to inhibit expression of an F5 gene and to methods of treating or preventing an F5-associated disease, e.g., a disorder associated with thrombosis, in a subject.

Abstract: The present invention relates to RNAi agents, e.g., double stranded RNA (dsRNA) agents, targeting the complement component C3 gene (C3). The invention also relates to methods of using such RNAi agents to inhibit expression of a C3 gene and to methods of preventing and treating a C3-associated disorder, e.g., cold agglutinin disease (CAD), warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), lupis nephritis (LN), bullous pemphigoid, pemphigus, e.g., pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and pemphigus foliaceus (PF), and C3 glomerulopathy.

Abstract: The present invention relates to RNAi agents, e.g., dsRNA agents, targeting the Coagulation Factor V (F5) gene. The invention also relates to methods of using such RNAi agents to inhibit expression of an F5 gene and to methods of treating or preventing an F5-associated disease, e.g., a disorder associated with thrombosis, in a subject.

Abstract: The present invention provides iRNA agents, e.g., double stranded iRNA agents, that target the transthyretin (TTR) gene and methods of using such iRNA agents for treating or preventing TTR-associated ocular diseases.

Abstract: The present invention relates to RNAi agents, e.g., dsRNA agents, targeting the Coagulation Factor X (F10) gene. The invention also relates to methods of using such RNAi agents to inhibit expression of an F10 gene and to methods of treating or preventing an F10-associated disease, e.g., a disorder associated with thrombosis, in a subject.