Abstract: A method of sorting a multi-bit per cell non-volatile memory includes programming and reading to test an n-bit-per-cell (n-bpc) non-volatile memory, which has a plurality of m-bpc pages, where m is a positive integer from 1 through n. If the m-bpc page fails the test, counting a block associated with the failed m-bpc page to (m-1)-bpc blocks, wherein each said m-bpc page is subjected to at most one time of programming and reading. When m is equal to 1, the 0-bpc block corresponds to a bad block.

Abstract: A program method for a non-volatile memory is disclosed. At least two blocks in the non-volatile memory are configured as 1-bit per cell (1-bpc) blocks. The data of the configured blocks are read and written to a target block in such a way that the data of each said configured block are moved to pages of a same significant bit. In another embodiment, the data of the configured blocks excluding one block are read and written to the excluded block.

Abstract: A method for measuring frequency includes the steps of obtaining the cycle number of the clock rate of a signal under test based on a reference signal and a clock mask synchronous with the signal under test; obtaining a frequency of the signal under test based on the cycle number; correcting the frequency of the signal under test based on a plurality of phase shift signals generated based on the reference signal; and minimizing an error of the frequency of the signal under test by increasing the quantity of the phase shift signals. The method enhances the accuracy of the obtained frequency of the signal under test, speeds up frequency measurement, and reduces the required circuit areas. A system for measuring frequency is further introduced for use with the method.

Abstract: A method for measuring time includes setting a clock mask by a starting signal and an ending signal generated upon commencement of measurement and termination of measurement, respectively; obtaining a cycle number of a reference signal under the clock mask to calculate a preliminary time; correcting the preliminary time according to a plurality of phase shift signals generated based on the reference signal; and minimizing an error of the preliminary time by increasing the quantity of the phase shift signals. The method enhances the accuracy of the measured time, times up time measurement, and reduces the required circuit areas. A system for measuring time is further introduced for use with the method.

Abstract: A method for measuring distance involves calculating a distance based on light speed and a time taken by an optical signal to travel to an object and return therefrom. The method includes calculating a time based on a cycle number of a reference signal under a clock mask synchronized with emission and reception of the optical signal; correcting the time according to a plurality of phase shift signals generated based on the reference signal; and minimizing an error of the time by increasing the quantity of the phase shift signals. The method enhances the accuracy of the measured time taken by an optical signal to travel to an object and return therefrom, speeds up measurement, and reduces the required circuit areas. A system for measuring distance is further introduced for use with the method.

Abstract: A frequency counter obtains a cycle number of a clock of a target signal by a reference signal and a clock mask synchronous with the target signal, calculates a frequency of the target signal based on the cycle number, corrects the frequency according to a plurality of phase shift signals generated based on the reference signal, and minimizes an error of the calculated frequency by increasing the quantity of the phase shift signals, so as to enhance the accuracy of the calculated frequency of the target signal, speed up measurement, and reduce required circuit areas.

Abstract: A method for measuring speed involves calculating and measuring speed of an object based on a distance and a time obtained by a method for measuring distance and a method for measuring time, respectively. The time between distance measuring sessions is obtained using the cycle number of a reference signal based on a clock mask synchronous with the distance measuring sessions. The time is corrected according to a plurality of phase shift signals generated based on the reference signal. An error of the time is minimized by increasing the quantity of the phase shift signals. The method enhances the accuracy of the measured time between distance measuring sessions, speeds up speed measurement, and reduces the required circuit areas. A system for measuring speed is further introduced for use with the method.

Abstract: A method for calibrating frequency, applicable to calibrating a frequency signal generated by a frequency generating unit of an apparatus at a preset frequency, includes obtaining the cycle number of the clock rate of a frequency signal based on a reference signal and a clock mask synchronous with the frequency signal; obtaining a frequency of the frequency signal based on the cycle number; correcting the frequency according to a plurality of phase shift signals generated based on the reference signal; and minimizing an error of the frequency of the frequency signal by increasing the quantity of the phase shift signals, so as to calibrate the frequency signal generated by the frequency generating unit.

Abstract: A method and system for adaptively finding reference voltages for reading data from a multi-level cell (MLC) flash memory is disclosed. According to one embodiment, a first total number of cells of the flash memory above a first threshold voltage in a shifted threshold voltage distribution is provided. Search to find a second threshold voltage such that a second total number of the cells above the second threshold voltage is approximate to the first total number. An initial reference voltage or voltages of the initial threshold voltage distribution are shifted with an amount approximate to a voltage difference between the second threshold voltage and the first threshold voltage, thereby resulting in a new reference voltage or voltages for reading the data from the MLC flash memory.

Abstract: A testing system for testing a network apparatus has a plurality of network ports. The system includes a signal generating device for providing a test packet to the network apparatus; a network apparatus connecting device for connecting to the network apparatus; a switching device for switching between a plurality of router lines; and a controlling device for controlling a test procedure, by controlling selection and cycling of the router lines to perform a test on the network ports one by one and allowing the network ports to return the test packet by the test packet return instruction. Accordingly, the network connection status of the network ports of the network apparatus is determined according to the test packet. The test system allows a test to be conducted on the network ports of the network apparatus quickly and at low costs.

Abstract: A method of programming a multi-bit per cell non-volatile memory is disclosed. In one embodiment, the non-volatile memory is read to obtain a first data of a most-significant-bit (MSB) page on a current word line that succeeds in data reading, wherein the current word line follows a preceding word line on which data reading fails. At least one reference voltage is set. The MSB page on the current word line is secondly programmed with a second data according to the reference voltage, the second data being different from the first data.

Abstract: A network interface test device for testing a plurality of network interfaces of a network apparatus includes a control unit, a first port, a switch unit, and a plurality of second ports. The control unit generates a control signal required for programming a router line in the switch unit. The programmed router line provides a path for switching a signal between the first port and the second ports. A parallel or cross network test can be performed on a test packet signal of an external network test interface at gigabit Ethernet transmission speed for example, using the switching path. Hence, the network interface test device enables a network test to be performed on a plurality of network interfaces by a network test interface.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a memory device with protection capability and a method of accessing data therein. A spreader encrypts input user data according to an entered password, and the encrypted data is then stored in a storage area. A despreader performs reverse process of the spreader on the stored data according to the entered password.

Abstract: A pressure testing device includes: a vacuum pump having positive and negative pressure terminals; a first solenoid valve having a first intake terminal and a first exhaust terminal connected to the negative pressure terminal; a second solenoid valve having a second exhaust terminal and a second intake terminal connected to the positive pressure terminal; a pressure sensor having one end connected to the first intake terminal and the second exhaust terminal and the other end connected to a pressure testing terminal of an object; an operation module for displaying an operation interface to input pressure testing parameters; and a control unit for performing an air-extracting process through the vacuum pump and first solenoid valve or an air-exhausting process through the vacuum pump and second solenoid valve to the object according to the inputted parameters and displaying the state of the object sensed by the pressure sensor through the operation module.

Abstract: A pressure testing device includes: a vacuum pump having positive and negative pressure terminals; a first solenoid valve having a first intake terminal and a first exhaust terminal connected to the negative pressure terminal; a second solenoid valve having a second exhaust terminal and a second intake terminal connected to the positive pressure terminal; a pressure sensor having one end connected to the first intake terminal and the second exhaust terminal and the other end connected to a pressure testing terminal of an object; an operation module for displaying an operation interface to input pressure testing parameters; and a control unit for performing an air-extracting process through the vacuum pump and first solenoid valve or an air-exhausting process through the vacuum pump and second solenoid valve to the object according to the inputted parameters and displaying the state of the object sensed by the pressure sensor through the operation module.

Abstract: An air pressure producing apparatus includes: a vacuum pump having a negative pressure terminal and a positive pressure terminal; a first solenoid valve having a first intake terminal and a first exhaust terminal connected to the negative pressure terminal of the vacuum pump; a second solenoid valve having a second exhaust terminal and a second intake terminal connected to the positive pressure terminal of the vacuum pump; and a control unit connected to the vacuum pump, the first solenoid valve and the second solenoid valve for controlling the vacuum pump to extract air at the negative pressure terminal thereof so as to produce a negative pressure at the first intake terminal of the first solenoid valve and controlling the vacuum pump to exhaust air at the positive pressure terminal thereof so as to produce a positive pressure at the second exhaust terminal of the second solenoid valve.

Abstract: A method of reducing coupling effect in a flash memory is disclosed. A neighboring page is read, and a flag is set active if the neighboring page is an interfering page. Data are read from the neighboring page at least two more times using at least two distinct read voltages respectively. The threshold-voltage distributions associated with an original page and the neighboring page are transferred according to the read data and the flag.

Abstract: A uniform coding system for a flash memory is disclosed. A statistic decision unit determines a coding word according to a plurality of inputs. An inverse unit controllably inverts input data to be encoded. The input data are then encoded into encoded data according to a statistic determined by the statistic decision unit.

Abstract: A method and system of finding a read voltage for a flash memory is disclosed. Data are read from array cells of the flash memory with a default read voltage, and a recorded state bit number that is recorded during programming is also read. Determine an optimal read voltage if the readout data do not pass the error correction control (ECC). Data are then re-read from the array cells of the flash memory with the determined optimal read voltage.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a memory device with protection capability and a method of accessing data therein. A spreader encrypts input user data according to an entered password, and the encrypted data is then stored in a storage area. A despreader performs reverse process of the spreader on the stored data according to the entered password.