Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses for protocol data unit (PDU) session management over different access technologies (ATS) are disclosed. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may receive a first message from a network over a first access technology. The first message may include an indication for the WTRU to reestablish resources for one or more protocol data unit (PDU) sessions over a second access technology. The WTRU may determine that a PDU session of the one or more PDU sessions is locally deactivated by the WTRU. The WTRU may send a second message via the first access technology. The second message may include a PDU session status information element (IE) indicating the PDU session is locally deactivated such that the network releases the PDU session.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for reducing application instantiation delay and downtime are described herein. A method may comprise relocating an application function from a source Edge Data Network (EDN) component to a target EDN component. The method may comprise receiving an indication, and/or determining, based on at least one of a user mobility, resource optimization requirement, key performance indicator (KPI), or a failed relocation attempt, to relocate the application function. The method may further comprise performing a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session establishment procedure toward the target EDN component. The method may further comprise determining, based on one or more received parameters for edge usage and capabilities, to relocate the application function. The method may further comprise sending, to a European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) orchestrator, an indication that the application function will be relocated.

Abstract: Procedures, mechanisms, methods, and techniques are provided that trigger power saving mode (PSM) functionality in the at least one wireless transmit receive units, group of WTRUs or subset of the group of WTRUs. The trigger may be in response to an application layer request to set one or more predetermined PSM settings, wherein the trigger originates from one or more application servers (APs) directed to a core network by way of an interface such as an SCEF that may be included on a device (e.g., a gateway, computing device, and/or the like) and may be configured for enabling the application server to request enabling and disabling PSM functionality.

Abstract: Systems, methods and instrumentalities are disclosed for establishing a connection between a remote WTRU and a relay WTRU over a radio link interface. The relay WTRU may be authorized by a network to perform relay functions and may receive a parameter relating to the operation of the radio link interface. The relay WTRU may receive a request from the remote WTRU to establish a connection with relay WTRU over the radio link interface. The relay WTRU may determine whether to accept or reject the request based on information provided by the remote WTRU and the network. The relay WTRU may send a response to the remote WTRU based on the determination.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed for an access control and mobility management function (AMF) node, comprising a processor configured to receive a N2 session management (SM) information from a session management function (SMF) node, wherein the N2 SM information indicates an available area for N2 information, receive a service request from a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU), determine whether to update the N2 SM information based on a location of the WTRU and the available area for N2 information, wherein if the WTRU is outside of the available area for N2 information, the processor is configured to request a second N2 SM information from the SMF node and update the N2 SM information with the second N2 SM information, and send an N2 request with the N2 SM information to an access network associated with the WTRU.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, systems, etc., directed to performing a change of relay are disclosed herein. In an embodiment, a WTRU may transmit a link modification request message to a target WTRU via a first relay WTRU for requesting a change of relay. The WTRU may receive a link modification accept message from the target WTRU via the first relay WTRU, indicating a (e.g., proposed) second relay WTRU (e.g., identifier). The WTRU may transmit a direct communication request message including the second relay WTRU identifier for indicating to the target WTRU acceptance of the proposed second relay WTRU. The WTRU may a receiving a direct communication accept message from the target WTRU via the second relay WTRU, indicating the traffic may be relayed via the second relay WTRU.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products are described herein for discovery, selection and optimal access to edge computing networks. A WTRU may identify relevant application servers, for example, based on application level procedures. A WTRU may derive a mapping, for example, from selected applications and an application function (AF) transaction ID. A WTRU may request access to an edge application server (EAS), for example, via a packet data unit PDU) session establishment or a PDU session modification procedure, e.g., based on an AF transaction ID. A WTRU may obtain a new EAS address, for example, based on receipt of a PDU session establishment and/or a modification accept message.

Abstract: Procedures, systems, and devices for addressing quality of service (QoS) during an inter-system change of a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) are discussed herein. A WTRU may send a packet data unit (PDU) modification request to a network node, such as a session management function (SMF) device, indicating support for reflective quality of services (RQoS). In response to the modification request, the WTRU may then receive an acknowledgment, after which the WTRU may then be able to send data for a PDU of a specific RQoS. The RQoS may be specific to a single PDU or a plurality of PDUs. The modification request may include Session Management (SM) and/or Mobility Management (MM) information. The modification request may be included in an attach procedure or a tracking area update (TAU).

Abstract: A method addressing handover procedure failure or cancellation includes receiving, by a remote wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) connected to a source NodeB, a handover command to begin a handover procedure to establish a connection with a target NodeB on a network. A method may further include, on a condition that the handover procedure fails, transmitting, by a relay TRU, a handover failure/cancellation indication to the remote WTRU and cancelling, by the remote WTRU, the handover procedure. A method may also include initiating, by the remote WTRU, a radio resource control (RRC) re-establishment procedure to connect with the source NodeB or a new NodeB.

Abstract: Delivery mode switching between unicast and multicast/broadcast is described. A WTRU may move from a RAN node that supports multimedia broadcast/multicast service (MBMS) session to one that does not support MBMS session, or vice versa. In order to avoid duplicated packet transmission, the unicast delivery mode may be deactivated when the WTRU decides to use multi-cast/broadcast session. When the multicast/broadcast session is not available, the WTRU may re-activate the unicast delivery mode for MBMS. For example, the PDU session for unicast delivery mode deactivation may be released and the PDU session for unicast delivery mode reactivation may be re-established. Such activity may necessitate additional signaling between WTRU and the network for PDU session establishment/release and all other services running in the PDU session may be interrupted.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses directed to non-access stratum procedures in connection with layer 2 relaying are provided. A method implemented in a first WTRU, may comprise: receiving, from a second WTRU, a first sidelink transmission comprising a first information indicating an amount of time for the first WTRU to refrain from transmitting, to the second WTRU; determining to reselect to a third WTRU responsive to receiving the first information and based on a second sidelink transmission from the third WTRU; reselecting or autonomous reselecting to the third WTRU; establishing a connection with the third WTRU; and transmitting, to the third WTRU, a third sidelink transmission comprising a second information indicating congestion as a cause for the reselection.

Abstract: A system and apparatus are disclosed herein for vehicle to everything (V2X) wireless communication. A V2X wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may receive a vehicle to everything (V2X) message including configuration information and a road side unit (RSU) address. The WTRU may then transmit a message to the RSU according to the configuration information including multimedia broadcast multicast services (MBMS) data. The configuration information may include a MBMS service descriptor. One or more of the V2X messages may include priority information, WTRU type information, or both.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described herein for enabling service continuity between standalone non-public network (SNPN) and a public land mobile network (PLMN). A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may enable service continuity, for example, by triggering a temporary leave of the WTRU from a serving SNPN to prepare a pre-established backup user plane (UP) connection in a PLMN. A network may enable service continuity, for example, by triggering a temporary leave of a WTRU from a serving SNPN to prepare a pre-established backup UP connection in a PLMN. A WTRU may switch back to SNPN from PLMN, for example, using an SNPN priority search mode and/or other WTRU behavior(s).

Abstract: A method for setting up a multiple radio access technology (multi-RAT) device-to-device (D2D) communication is disclosed. An application function (AF) in a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may identify a group of multiple radio access technology (multi-RAT) capable WTRUs to a policy control function (PCF), wherein one or more multi-RAT capable WTRUs of the group of multi- RAT capable WTRUs register as having enhanced device-to-device (ED2D) functionality. The AF may select a multi-RAT capable WTRU from the group of multi-RAT capable WTRUs having ED2D functionality, as a relay for extended D2D operation. The device with ED2D function will act as Relay for ED2D (RED2D). The PCF may then reconfigure the RED2D with group related information. The RED2D may then configure D2D communication among the group of multi-RAT capable WTRUs.

Abstract: Systems, methods and instrumentalities are disclosed for establishing a connection between a remote WTRU and a relay WTRU over a radio link interface. The relay WTRU may be authorized by a network to perform relay functions and may receive a parameter relating to the operation of the radio link interface. The relay WTRU may receive a request from the remote WTRU to establish a connection with relay WTRU over the radio link interface. The relay WTRU may determine whether to accept or reject the request based on information provided by the remote WTRU and the network. The relay WTRU may send a response to the remote WTRU based on the determination.

Abstract: A method implemented on a UE includes determining an application class of an application, and permitting or barring access by the application to a communication network according to a comparison of the determined application with a rule to provide application class based access control. The application is classified into the determined application class. The application is classified into the determined application class by a home network. The application is classified into the determined application class by a 3GPP layer. The application is classified into the determined application class by a visited network. The visited network classifies the application into a further application class. The rule includes a list of applications for permitting or barring access by the applications according to the comparison of the determined application class with the rule.

Abstract: A method for changing layer 2 (L2) identifiers (ID)s during an ongoing vehicle-to-everything session between a source wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) and a peer WTRU includes communicating between the source and a peer WTRUs based on existing L2 IDs and an existing session ID. On a condition that a trigger event occurs, the source WTRU and the peer WTRU each generate new L2 IDs as well as respective portions of a new session ID. The new L2 IDs are subsequently used along with the new session ID to increase privacy of communication between the source WTRU and the peer WTRU.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses for sidelink communication are disclosed. A WTRU may receive a first SCI element from a second WTRU within a group. The WTRU may receive a first RCI element within a first set of resources scheduled by the first SCI. The first RCI may include information about which WTRU in the group is scheduled to use a second set of resources. The WTRU may determine, based on the first RCI, that one or more subresources within the second set of resources are available. The WTRU may transmit data in the one or more subresources. The first SCI and the first RCI may be received in a first reservation period and the one or more subresources may be in a second reservation period.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed for priority handling for ProSe Communications. A relay wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may act as a relay between the network and the remote WTRU. The relay WTRU may receive a temporary mobile group identity (TMGI) request message from a remote WTRU. The TMGI request message may include a TMGI, a ProSe per packet priority level associated with the TMGI, etc. The relay WTRU may receive an evolved multimedia broadcast multicast service (eMBMS) data packet from a network. The eMBMS may be associated with the TMGI. The relay WTRU may apply the received ProSe per packet priority level associated with the TMGI to the received eMBMS data packet. The relay WTRU may relay the eMBMS data packet to the remote WTRU based on the ProSe per packet priority level. The relay WTRU may forward the eMBMS data packet to the remote WTRU via a PC5 interface.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, systems, etc. for handling mobility in connection with protocol data unit (PDU) sessions are provided. Among these is a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) that may receive, from a source access network (S-AN), a handover command in connection with a handover involving a multi-access protocol PDU (MA-PDU) session having one of first and second access legs associated with the S-AN. The WTRU may determine that the second access leg should be associated to the S-AN for the handover. The WTRU may send a session modification message to request modification of the MA-PDU session to cause the second access leg to become associated with S-AN The WTRU may establish a radio resource control connection with a target AN (T-AN), and the first and second access legs (e.g., as a combined access leg) may be associated with the T-AN.