Abstract: An image encoding/decoding method and apparatus are provided. An image decoding method according to the present disclosure is performed by an image decoding apparatus. The image decoding method may comprise deriving a prediction sample of a current block based on motion information of the current block, determining whether bi-directional optical flow (BDOF) applies to the current block, based on that the BDOF applies to the current block, deriving a gradient for a current subblock in the current block, deriving motion refinement (vx, vy) for the current subblock based on the gradient, deriving a BDOF offset based on the gradient and the motion refinement, and deriving a refined prediction sample for the current block based on the prediction sample of the current block and the BDOF offset.

Abstract: An image encoding/decoding method and apparatus are provided. The image decoding method performed by the image decoding apparatus may comprise deriving a reference picture for inter prediction of a current picture, deriving a resolution ratio between the reference picture and the current picture, and modifying a resolution of the reference picture based on the resolution ratio.

Abstract: An image encoding/decoding method and apparatus are provided. The image decoding method performed by the image decoding apparatus, according to the present disclosure, may comprise the steps of: determining whether a color space transformation is applied to residual samples of a current block; determining quantization parameter of the current block on the basis of whether the color space transformation is applied; and determining a transformation coefficient of the current block on the basis of the quantization parameter. The step of determining the quantization parameter may be performed by limiting the range of an effective value of the quantization parameter such that a value of the quantization parameter has a value less than or equal to a predetermined upper value and greater than or equal to a predetermined lower value.

Abstract: An image encoding/decoding method and apparatus for signaling decoded picture buffer (DPB) related information and profile tier level (PTL) related information and a method of transmitting a bitstream are provided. The image decoding method according to the present disclosure may comprise obtaining first information indicating the number of one or more decoded picture buffer (DPB) parameter syntax structures in a video parameter set (VPS), obtaining the one or more DPB parameter syntax structures from the VPS based on the first information, obtaining second information between one or more multi-layer output layer sets (OLSs) and the one or more DPB parameter syntax structures from the VPS based on the first information, selecting a DPB parameter syntax structure that applies to a current OLS based on the second information, and processing the current OLS based on the selected DPB parameter syntax structure.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling autonomous driving of a vehicle is introduced. The apparatus may comprise at least one sensor to capture surrounding environment data, a processor, and a controller configured to control operations of the vehicle. During autonomous driving, the processor may generate vehicle state information and determine whether a minimal risk maneuver is to be performed, potentially mitigating collision risks. Upon determining to perform the minimal risk maneuver, the processor may determine a maneuver type and a target location. The processor may control, based on the determined maneuver type and the target location, autonomous driving of the vehicle by causing the controller to operate the vehicle to stop at the target location.

Abstract: An image encoding/decoding method and apparatus are provided. The image decoding method is performed by the image decoding apparatus and comprises generating a first prediction sample for a current block based on a first intra prediction mode, generating a second prediction sample for the current block based on a second intra prediction mode, and generating a prediction block for the current block based on the first prediction sample and the second prediction sample. The prediction block may be generated by respectively applying a first weight and a second weight to the first prediction sample and the second prediction sample.

Abstract: Various embodiments relate to a vehicle for performing minimum risk maneuvers and a method of operating the same. An autonomous driving vehicle includes at least one sensor configured to detect surrounding environment of the vehicle to generate surrounding environmental information, a controller configured to control an operation of the vehicle, and a processor. The processor is configured to monitor the status of the vehicle to generate vehicle state information; determine whether a minimal risk maneuver is required; execute, based on the minimal risk maneuver being required, the minimal risk maneuver by causing the controller to control autonomous driving of the vehicle; provide, to a user inside the vehicle, an indication of initiation of the minimal risk maneuver; and turn on and off an external indicator indicating the execution of the minimal risk maneuver.

Abstract: A water management system for a hydrogen engine is capable of reducing a capacity of a water tank for storing cooling water injected into the hydrogen engine and is capable of not requiring separate replenishment of water for the water tank. The water management system includes: a water tank module, which stores water for cooling the hydrogen engine; a water pump provided at the water tank module and configured to supply the water stored in the water tank module to the hydrogen engine; and an exhaust line provided between the hydrogen engine and the water tank module and configured to supply an exhaust gas, which contains water vapor discharged from the hydrogen engine, to the water tank module.

Abstract: An image encoding/decoding method and apparatus are provided. An image decoding method performed by an image decoding apparatus may comprise obtaining, from a picture parameter set, a first signaling flag specifying whether an identifier of a subpicture splitting a current picture is signaled using the picture parameter set, obtaining identifier information of the subpicture from the picture parameter set, based on the first signaling flag specifying that the identifier of the subpicture is signaled using the picture parameter set, and decoding the current picture by decoding a current subpicture identified based on the identifier information.

Abstract: The present invention provides a compound of chemical formula 1, a compound of chemical formula 3, compound [212], compound [224], or compound [228], a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a stereoisomer thereof, a hydrate thereof, or a solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutical composition comprising same. The pharmaceutical composition has excellent antiviral efficacy, thereby having a preventive or treatment effect on viral infectious disease such as SARS-COV-2, and exhibits an inhibitory effect on IL-5 expression and thus has a preventive or treatment effect on respiratory disease or allergic disease.

Abstract: An image encoding/decoding method, a bitstream transmission method, and a computer-readable recording medium for storing a bitstream are provided. An image encoding method according to the present disclosure is an image encoding method performed by an image encoding device, and may be an image encoding method comprising the steps of: obtaining information on the similarity between a current image and a reference image and information on the complexity of the current image; predicting bitrate information and distortion information of one or more candidate resolutions on the basis of the information on the similarity and the information on the complexity; and selecting a resolution to be applied to the current image among the candidate resolutions on the basis of the bitrate information and the distortion information.

Abstract: An image encoding/decoding method and apparatus are provided. An image decoding method performed by an image decoding apparatus comprises obtaining inter prediction information of a current block and wraparound information from a bitstream, and generating a prediction block of the current block based on the inter prediction information and the wraparound information. The wraparound information may comprise a first flag specifying whether wraparound motion compensation is enabled for a current picture including the current block.

Abstract: An image encoding/decoding method and device are provided. An image decoding method performed by an image decoding device according to the present disclosure may comprise the steps of: determining a prediction mode of the current block on the basis of prediction information obtained from a bitstream; on the basis of the prediction mode of the current block, obtaining a flag indicating whether a color space transform is applied to a residual sample of the current block; determining a quantization parameter of the current block on the basis of the flag; and determining a transform coefficient of the current block on the basis of the quantization parameter.

Abstract: A memory device includes: a substrate; a bit line which is vertically oriented from the substrate; a plate line which is vertically oriented from the substrate; and a memory cell provided with a transistor and a capacitor that are positioned in a lateral arrangement between the bit line and the plate line, wherein the transistor includes: an active layer which is laterally oriented to be parallel to the substrate between the bit line and the capacitor; and a line-shaped lower word line and a line-shaped upper word line vertically stacked with the active layer therebetween and oriented to intersect with the active layer.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are an image encoding and decoding method and apparatus for signaling information on the number of DPB parameters, and a recording medium storing a bitstream. An image decoding method may comprise obtaining first information indicating the number of decoded picture buffer (DPB) parameter syntax structures in a video parameter set (VPS), computing the number of DPB parameter syntax structures in the VPS based on the first information, obtaining the DPB parameter syntax structures in the VPS based on the number of DPB parameter syntax structures, and managing a DPB based on the DPB parameter syntax structures.

Abstract: An image encoding/decoding method and apparatus are provided. An image decoding method comprises generating a residual block of a current block by performing inverse transform on the current block based on a predetermined non-separable primary transform matrix and reconstructing the current block based on the residual block. The non-separable primary transform matrix may be applied to all transform coefficients of the current block regardless of a size of the current block.

Abstract: An image encoding/decoding method and apparatus are provided. An image decoding method performed by an image decoding apparatus includes determining a splitting type of a current block, splitting the current block into a plurality of lower-layer blocks based on the splitting type, and decoding the lower-layer blocks. In this case, the current block may be a chroma block, and the determining the splitting type of the current block may be performed by disallowing a predetermined splitting type having a width or height of the lower-layer blocks being a predetermined value, among a plurality of splitting types.

Abstract: An image encoding/decoding method and apparatus are provided. An image decoding method performed by an image decoding apparatus comprises obtaining quantization mode information for a current block from a bitstream, determining whether a quantization matrix for the current block is constructed from a reference quantization matrix, based on the quantization mode information, and constructing the quantization matrix for the current block, based on a result of determination. When the quantization matrix for the current block is constructed from the reference quantization matrix, the quantization matrix for the current block may be constructed based on identification information of the reference quantization matrix. When the quantization matrix for the current block is not constructed from the reference quantization matrix, the quantization matrix for the current block may be constructed based on a value of the quantization matrix obtained from the bitstream.

Abstract: An image encoding/decoding method and apparatus are provided. An image decoding method performed by an image decoding apparatus includes determining a splitting structure of a current block composed of chroma components, determining a splitting type of the current block based on the splitting structure, obtaining a plurality of lower-layer blocks by splitting the current block based on the splitting type, and decoding the lower-layer blocks based on a prediction mode of the lower-layer blocks.

Abstract: A transmission device of point cloud data and method performed by the transmission device, and a reception device and a method performed by the reception device are provided. A method performed by a reception device of point cloud data comprises acquiring geometry-based point cloud compression (G-PCC) file including the point cloud data, wherein the G-PCC file includes information on a sample group in which samples in the G-PCC file are grouped based on one or more temporal levels and wherein the G-PCC file further includes information on the temporal levels, and extracting one or more samples belonging to a target temporal level from the samples in the G-PCC file based on the information on the sample group and the information on the temporal levels.