Abstract: An apparatus, which maps an input value to an encrypted mapped output value, which has a multiplexer with a control input, data inputs, and a data output for the encrypted mapped output value for through-connecting an encrypted data signal at one of the data inputs to the data output, and a provider that provides the encrypted data signals for the data inputs of the multiplexer based on an encryption key. A control signal indicating the output value to be mapped is applied to the control input of the multiplexer, and for every possible input value, which the input value to be mapped assumes, an output value is output at the data output of the multiplexer which can be derived from that possible output value by an encryption with the encryption key, to which the input value to be mapped is associated by the mapping regulation.

Abstract: The invention describes a program-controlled unit having an instruction execution pipeline including a plurality of pipeline stages. The program-controlled unit can execute instructions that instruct it to stop individual pipeline stages, a plurality of pipeline stages or all of the pipeline stages. This allows the stopping of the pipeline stages to be tested simply, quickly and comprehensively under all circumstances.

Abstract: Apparatus for addressing a data memory (21), with the apparatus (1) having:

Abstract: A program-controlled unit stores return addresses not only in a system stack but also in a return stack. The instructions which have already been taken into the program-controlled unit, but are not currently required, are stored in a storage device for alternative instructions. At times when the program-controlled unit is not active elsewhere, instructions are taken into the program-controlled unit, whereby the instructions are to be carried out when an instruction is not carried out or is not carried out as expected.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for reading instruction codes and for forwarding the corresponding instructions to the instruction unit that are distinguished, in particular, by buffer-storing the instructions of program loops that do not exceed the storage capacity of the instruction FIFO, in full, in the instruction FIFO. During a “loop mode”, such program loops are then executed only from the instruction FIFO itself and the instructions do not need to be repeatedly reloaded from the memory. This loop mode is then maintained until the jump instruction at the end of the program loop finally refers to an instruction other than that at the start of the loop.