Abstract: A shape measuring apparatus for measuring the shape of a measurement target surface includes an interferometer and computer. The interferometer senses interference light formed by measurement light from the measurement target surface and reference light by a photoelectric converter, while changing the light path length of the measurement light or the reference light. The computer Fourier-transforms a first interference signal sensed by the photoelectric converter to obtain a phase distribution and an amplitude distribution, shapes the amplitude distribution, inversely Fourier-transforms the phase distribution and the shaped amplitude distribution to obtain a second interference signal, and determines the shape of the measurement target surface based on the second interference signal.

Abstract: A heat dissipating material includes a carbon substrate having an uneven structure on a surface thereof, and a size of the uneven structure is on the nanometer-order.

Abstract: There is provided a FAAH inhibitor and a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for cerebrovascular disorders or sleep disorders comprising it. The prophylactic or therapeutic agent comprises a compound of the formula (I0): wherein Z is oxygen or sulfur; R1 is aryl which may be substituted, or a heterocyclic group which may be substituted; R1a is a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon group which may be substituted, hydroxyl, etc.; R2 is piperidin-1,4-diyl which may be substituted, or piperazin-1,4-diyl which may be substituted; R3 is a group formed by eliminating two hydrogen atoms from a 5-membered aromatic heterocyclic group having 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, which may be further substituted, —CO—, etc.; and R4 is a hydrocarbon group which may be substituted, or a heterocyclic group which may be substituted; or a salt thereof.

Abstract: The present invention provides a compound having a superior serotonin 5-HT2C receptor activating action, which is represented by the formula wherein A is —OR1 or —S(O)pR2, R1 and R2 are the same or different and each is a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon group optionally having substituent(s), or a heterocyclic group to optionally having substituent(s), and p is 0, 1 or 2, or a salt thereof.

Abstract: Provided are a condensed pyridine derivative having a serotonin 5-HT2C receptor activation action, a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for a lower urinary tract symptom, obesity and/or organ prolapse and the like containing the condensed pyridine derivative, a screening method for a substance that increases leak point pressure upon a rise in the intravesical pressure or a prophylactic or therapeutic drug for stress urinary incontinence, a prophylactic or therapeutic drug for cystoceles or enteroceles, containing a substance that activates serotonin 5-HT2C receptor, and a method of screening for a therapeutic drug for cystoceles or enteroceles, including increasing an intravesical pressure after bilateral transection of the hypogastric nerve and pudendal nerve of an animal, and measuring a closure response in the urethra, the rectum or the vagina observed at that time.

Abstract: A compound represented by the formula (I) or a salt thereof; and an agent for protecting a brain/neuronal cell or a therapeutic agent for sleep disorder comprising the compound or salt: wherein Z represents an oxygen or sulfur; R1 represents an aryl or heterocyclic group which may be substituted, provided that R1 is not a 3-ethyl-6-methoxy-2-methyl-5-naphthalen-1-yl group; R1a represents a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon group which may be substituted, a hydroxyl group or the like; R2 represents a piperidin-1,4-diyl or piperazin-1,4-diyl which may be substituted; R3 represents a bivalent group which is formed by removing two hydrogen atoms from a benzene ring or 6-membered aromatic heterocyclic ring which may have a substituent, provided that R3 is not a pyridazin-3,6-diyl; and R4 represents a group which is formed by removing one hydrogen atom from a benzene ring or 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic ring which may be substituted, provided that the substituent on the heterocyclic ring is not a phenylethyl group whic

Abstract: Disclosed is a new type of immunostimulating agent including an immunostimulating oligonucleotide complexed with a carrier which is safe and has a high transfection effect. The carrier complexed with the immunostimulating oligonucleotide to form the immunostimulating agent is a polysaccharide having ?-1,3-bonds (preferably ?-1,3-glucan such as schizophyllan). A preferred example of the immunostimulating oligonucleotide is one containing an unmethylated CpG motif. The polysaccharide for use is preferably modified with nucleic acid-binding functional group and/or cell membrane-affinitive functional group.

Abstract: The present invention provides an exposure apparatus including a projection optical system configured to project a pattern of a reticle located on an object plane onto a substrate located on an image plane, a phase shift type mark mounted on a stage which holds the substrate, an image sensor which is set at one of a position of the object plane and a position optically conjugate to the object plane, and is configured to capture an image of the mark via the projection optical system, and a controller configured to control the stage based on an interval between edge images, formed by a pair of edge portions, in the image of the mark captured by the image sensor.

Abstract: Compounds represented by the general formula (I): wherein each symbol is as defined in the description [with the proviso that 9-chloro-7-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benz-oxazepine and N-[[(5S)-2-oxo-3-(2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benz-oxazepin-7-yl)-5-oxazolidinyl]methyl]acetamide are excluded], salts of the same, and prodrugs thereof have selective activation effect on serotonin 5-HT2C receptor and are useful as preventive and therapeutic agents for lower urinary tract diseases, obesity, and/or pelvic organ prolapse.

Abstract: A shape measuring method for measuring a surface shape of a measurement target includes dividing light from a light source into measurement light and reference light, the measurement light being obliquely incident upon a surface of the measurement target, the reference light being incident upon a reference mirror, introducing the measurement light reflected by the measurement target and the reference light reflected by the reference mirror to a photoelectric conversion element, detecting interference light formed by the measurement light and the reference light by the photoelectric conversion element while moving the measurement target, and measuring the surface shape of the measurement target based on an interference signal obtained from the measurement light that has been reflected at the same position on the surface of the measurement target.

Abstract: A field emission electron source for emitting electrons under applied electric field includes a cold cathode having molecules of an aromatic compound vapor-deposited thereon at a pointed end of said cold cathode.

Abstract: In an optical pulse generating apparatus including a metal layer having an incident/reflective surface adapted to receive incident light and output its reflective light as an optical pulse signal, a dielectric layer formed on an opposite surface of the metal layer opposing the incident/reflective surface, and a dielectric layer exciting unit for exciting the dielectric layer on a time basis, the incident light exciting surface plasmon resonance light in the metal layer while the dielectric layer is excited on a time basis, so that an extinction coefficient of the dielectric layer is made negative.

Abstract: There are disclosed insulated ultrafine powder comprising electroconductive ultrafine powder which is in the form of sphere, spheroid or acicular each having a minor axis in the range of 1 to 100 nm and an insulating film applied thereto; a process for producing the same which is capable of covering the surfaces of the insulated ultrafine powder with the insulating film having a thickness in the range of 0.3 to 100 nm without causing any clearance or vacancy; and a resin composite material which uses the same. A high dielectric constant of the material is assured by adding a small amount of insulated ultrafine powder wherein an insulating film is applied to the electroconductive ultrafine powder, while maintaining the processability and moldability that are the characteristics inherent in a resin material.

Abstract: The present invention provides a bicyclic heterocyclic compound having a serotonin 5-HT2C receptor activation action and the like. A compound represented by the formula (I): wherein each symbol is as defined in the specification, or a salt thereof.

Abstract: A position detection method of detecting a position of a mark. The method includes steps of detecting light from the mark under a first detecting condition to obtain a position of the mark as a first position, detecting light from the mark under a second detecting condition different from the first detecting condition to obtain a position of the mark as a second position, obtaining previously prepared data for relating a difference between the first and second positions to offset data for offsetting one of the first and second positions, and detecting the position of the mark based on the first and second positions and the previously prepared data.

Abstract: The present invention provides a tricyclic heterocyclic compound having a serotonin 5-HT2C receptor activation action and the like. A 5-HT2C receptor activator containing a compound represented by the formula (I): wherein each symbol is as defined in the specification, or a salt thereof or a prodrug thereof.

Abstract: An image display device comprises a light-emitting unit (1), an optical fiber (2) which transmits light emitted from the light-emitting unit, and a plurality of spheres (3) disposed so as to be coupled to the optical fiber (2) by evanescent coupling and having optical transparency. Each of the spheres (3) produces an optical mode in which light entering each sphere from the optical fiber (2) by the evanescent coupling is confined inside, and are so formed that predetermined resonant frequencies of the spheres for producing the optical mode are different from one another, so that an image is displayed by the light emitted from the spheres (3). This provides a simply structured image display device having a high response speed and capable of achieving power saving, a high luminance, a wide view angle, and a high contrast.

Abstract: In an optical amplifier including a metal layer having an incident/reflective surface adapted to receive incident light and output its reflective light, and a dielectric layer formed on an opposite surface of the metal layer opposing the incident/reflective surface, the incident light excites surface plasmon resonance light in the metal layer while the dielectric layer is excited, so that an extinct ion coefficient of the dielectric layer is made negative.

Abstract: A photocathode apparatus is constructed by a transparent body adapted to receive incident light, and a metal cover layer formed on a surface of the transparent body. The incident light reaches an incident/reflective surface of the metal cover layer through the surface of the transparent body to excite surface plasmon resonance light in the incident/reflective surface of the metal cover layer, thus emitting photoelectrons from a photoelectric surface of the metal cover layer opposite to the incident/reflective surface thereof by the photoelectric effect of one of the surface plasmon resonance photons and its second harmonic generation wave.

Abstract: A surface shape measurement apparatus is configured to measure a surface shape of an object to be measured, and includes a beam splitter configured to split white light from a light source into two light beams, a pair of prisms each configured to increase an incident angle of each light beam that has been split by the beam splitter and directed to the object or a reference surface, each prism having an antireflection part that is formed at a period of a wavelength of the white light or smaller and has a moth-eye shape, a superimposition unit configured to superimpose object light from the object with reference light from the reference surface and has passed the second prism, and to generate white interference light, and a Lyot filter configured to discretely separate the white interference light for each of a plurality of wavelengths.