Abstract: A large-sized liquid crystal panel uniformly filled with a liquid crystal material may be produced through a process including the steps of: fixing a pair of substrates with a sealing member disposed therebetween to form a blank panel having an injection port, reducing a pressure within the panel, applying a liquid crystal material onto the injection port, heating the liquid crystal material to its isotropic temperature, injecting the liquid crystal material into the panel under a pressure, and filling the panel with the liquid crystal material under heating and pressurization from the injection port toward the panel inside. The pressure within the panel before the injection is reduced at a rate not exceeding 25 torr/min. The pressure for injection is increased at varying rates, e.g., with an intermediate constant pressure period.

Abstract: A smectic liquid crystal is injected into a liquid crystal panel according to the vacuum injection scheme. The liquid crystal is applied over an injection port of a blank panel while maintaining the panel at a temperature below a temperature at which the liquid crystal shows a fluidity and controlling the liquid crystal at a viscosity of 0.0005 -0.005 kg/ms. As a result, an appropriate amount of the liquid crystal can be applied, thereby providing a liquid crystal panel free from inversion of bubbles and good and uniform alignment free from alignment failure.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is formed by disposing a liquid crystal between a pair of oppositely disposed electrodes, at least one of which has a laminated structure including a first layer of ITO (indium tin oxide), a second layer of Mo (molybdenum) or its alloy, and a third layer of Al (aluminum) or its alloy, disposed in the order named. Because of the Mo-based second layer, the ITO layer is protected during development of a photoresist layer formed on the Al-based third layer even if some pinholes are present in the Al-based third layer. The Mo-based second layer can be etched by an etchant for the Al-based third layer so that the entire process is not complicated because of the provision of the Mo-based second layer.

Abstract: A large-sized liquid crystal panel uniformly filled with a liquid crystal material may be produced through a process including the steps of: fixing a pair of substrates with a sealing member disposed therebetween to form a blank panel having an injection port, reducing a pressure within the panel, applying a liquid crystal material onto the injection port, heating the liquid crystal material to its isotropic temperature, injecting the liquid crystal material into the panel under a pressure, and filling the panel with the liquid crystal material under heating and pressurization from the injection port toward the panel inside. The pressure within the panel before the injection is reduced at a rate not exceeding 25 torr/min. The pressure for injection is increased at varying rates, e.g., with an intermediate constant pressure period.

Abstract: An aqueous mixture etchant containing hydroiodic acid and ferric chloride is suitable for etching ITO to form a minute electrode pattern as used in a liquid crystal display device. When the etchant has caused a decrease in etching performance due to a compositional change, it can be effectively regenerated by replenishing appropriate amounts of hydrochloric acid and pure water, or an appropriate amount of a dilute hydrochloric acid at a constant concentration, while minimizing the use of hydroiodic acid and ferric chloride which are rather expensive compared with hydrochloric acid and pure water.

Abstract: A smectic liquid crystal is injected into a liquid crystal panel according to the vacuum injection scheme. The liquid crystal is applied over an injection port of a blank panel while maintaining the panel at a temperature below a temperature at which the liquid crystal shows a fluidity and controlling the liquid crystal at a viscosity of 0.0005-0.005 kg/ms. As a result, an appropriate amount of the liquid crystal can be applied, thereby providing a liquid crystal panel free from inversion of bubbles and good and uniform alignment free from alignment failure.

Abstract: A liquid crystal apparatus includes a liquid crystal cell comprising a pair of substrates each having thereon a transparent electrode with a thickness of 840 .ANG. or less, 1320-1680 .ANG., 1960-2470 .ANG. or 3180-3850 .ANG., and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the pair of substrates in a thickness of 10 microns or less; and a fluorescent light source comprising at least two types of fluophors having different emission peak wavelengths. The liquid crystal may preferably be a ferroelectric liquid crystal having a thickness of 5 microns or less. A dielectric film of, e.g., Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5 or TiO.sub.2 having a larger refractive index than the transparent electrode may be disposed.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is formed by disposing a liquid crystal between a plurality of elongated first display electrodes on a first substrate and a plurality of elongated second display electrodes on a second substrate so as to form a pixel at each intersection of the first and second display electrodes. The spacings between the pixels are masked by a metal oxide light-shielding mask disposed in lamination with the first display electrodes with an intermediate insulating film. The metal oxide light-shielding mask is separated into a plurality of discrete metal oxide masking films each allotted to a pixel at parts in alignment with at least one of first and second metal lead electrodes disposed along and in electrical contact with the first and second display electrodes. The structure is effective for preventing leakage light through a spacing between pixels without causing a short circuit between pixels, liquid crystal alignment disorder or peeling-off of the insulating film.

Abstract: A counter electromotive force due to electromagnetic induction is generated on interruption of a current if an actuator 10 is in a normal state. An output signal generated by the counter electromotive force and a pulse signal which is generated from the fall of an input signal applied to the electronic switch are applied to an AND logical circuit 90 to determine whether or not the actuator is defective.

Abstract: An electrode plate suitable for use in an electro-optical device, such as a liquid crystal device, is formed by successively disposing on a substrate a first layer of a transparent conductor film, a second layer of molybdenum or a molybdenum alloy, a third layer of aluminum or an aluminum alloy, and a fourth layer of molybdenum or a molybdenum alloy. The laminate electrode structure is patterned by a photolithographic process, followed by removal of the photoresist with a peeling liquid, during which the fourth molybdenum layer functions as a protective film for the third al layer against the peeling liquid to prevent the formation of electrode defects.

Abstract: An ITO (indium tin oxide) film on a substrate is effectively etched by an etchant which is an aqueous solution containing hydrogen iodide and ferric chloride to form an electrode plate structure for liquid crystal display device. The etchant does not corrode an Mo or Mo alloy film and accordingly can selectively etch the ITO film already carrying thereon a pattern of Mo or Mo alloy forming an auxiliary electrode for compensating for the resistivity of the ITO film. The etchant is also effective for etching of the ITO film formed on an organic layer.

Abstract: An ITO (indium tin oxide) film on a substrate is effectively etched by an etchant which is an aqueous solution containing hydrogen iodide and ferric chloride to form an electrode plate structure for liquid crystal display device. The etchant does not corrode an Mo or Mo alloy film and accordingly can selectively etch the ITO film already carrying thereon a pattern of Mo or Mo alloy forming an auxiliary electrode for compensating for the resistivity of the ITO film. The etchant is also effective for etching of the ITO film formed on an organic layer.

Abstract: A water- and oil-repellent composition which comprises a water- and oil-repellent having a fluoroalkyl group, and a glycerol compound selected from the group consisting of glycerol, an ester derivative of glycerol, an ether derivative of glycerol and polyglycerol having a melting point of lower than 70.degree. C., imparts good water- and oil-repellency and good feeling to a fabric.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device if formed by disposing a liquid crystal between a pair of oppositely disposed electrodes, at least one of which has a laminated structure including a first layer of ITO (indium tin oxide), a second layer of Mo (molybdenum) or its alloy, and a third layer of Al (aluminum) or its alloy, disposed in the order named. Because of the Mo-based second layer, the ITO layer is protected during development of a photoresist layer formed on the Al-based third layer even if some pinholes are present in the Al-based third layer. The Mo-based second layer can be etched by an etchant for the Al-based third layer so that the entire process is not complicated because of the provision of the Mo-based second layer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device comprises two electrode plates and a liquid crystal such as a ferro-electric smectic liquid crystal disposed between the electrode plates. At least one electrode plate is provided with a uniaxial orientation treatment. At least one electrode plate comprises a substrate and transparent stripe electrodes and metal electrodes each disposed along the length of and electrically connected with a transparent stripe electrode formed on a substrate. Each metal electrode is disposed along and forms a protrusion sticking out of at least one longitudinal edge of a transparent stripe electrode.

Abstract: A process for preparing a liquid crystal cell by irradiating on a transparent electrode a laser beam having a broader area than an outer shape of a conductive matter about the conductive matter, wherein the conductive matter is located between said two substrates having an alignment control film subjected to monoaxial alignment treatment.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device includes a pair of substrates with a orientation controlling film being provided on at least one of the substrates through a base layer, and a ferroelectric smectic liquid crystal which is disposed between the substrates. The orientation controlling film has a uniaxial orientation processing axis. The ferroelectric smectic liquid crystal generates two different stable orientation states at high and low temperatures regions within the temperature range achieving the ferroelectric smectic phase. The ferroelectric smectic liquid crystal is in one of the two stable orientation states which is generated at the low temperature region when the liquid crystal in the other stable orientation state generated at the high temperature region cools. Where d is the thickness of the orientation controlling film and S is the average surface roughness of the base layer, d and S have the relation expressed by0.ltoreq.S/d<0.70.

Abstract: A fluorine-containing copolymer comprising(a) 40 to 90% by weight of repeating units derived from a polymerizable compound having a C.sub.4 -C.sub.20 perfluoroalkyl group,(b) 5 to 50% by weight of repeating units derived from at least one unsaturated ester selected from the group consisting of stearyl acrylate and stearyl methacrylate,(c) 5 to 50% by weight of repeating units derived from at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of alkyl acrylate or methacrylate having 2 to 8 carbon atoms in the alkyl group, cyclohexylacrylate and cyclohexylmethacrylate, which is useful as an active component of a water- and oil-repellent.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device comprises two electrode plates and a liquid crystal such as a ferroelectric smectic liquid crystal disposed between the electrode plates. At least one electrode plate is provided with a uniaxial orientation treatment. At least one electrode plate comprises a substrate and transparent stripe electrodes and metal electrodes each disposed along the length of and electrically connected with a transparent stripe electrode formed on a substrate. Each metal electrode is disposed along and forms a protrusion sticking out of at least one longitudinal edge of a transparent stripe electrode.

Abstract: A method of disconnecting a short-circuited part between upper and lower electrodes is provided which comprises the steps of;(a) forming a cell by placing one upon another a first substrate provided with a common electrode and a second substrate provided with opposed electrodes in the manner that said common electrode and said opposed electrode may form a plurality of mutually opposed portions;(b) detecting, among the plurality of mutually opposed portions, a mutually opposed portion at which a short circuit has occurred; and(c) disconnecting by insulation a short-circuited site present at the mutually opposed portion from the common electrode or opposed electrode.