Abstract: A charge method for charging a usage fee of an image forming apparatus is disclosed. The charge method includes the steps of a) storing contents source data and contents source fee data corresponding to the contents source data, b) obtaining a first data item selected by a user, c) obtaining one item of the contents source data selected by the user, d) generating image formation information based on the first data item and the one item of the contents source data selected by the user, and e) calculating a charge fee corresponding to the image formation information in accordance with the contents source fee data.

Abstract: A machine reamer has blades to which a work material is not easily adhered by heat even if a cutting speed is increased, and hence high processing efficiency can be obtained. Additionally, the cutting edge of the blade is only slightly worn down even if heavy cutting is performed, and hence excellent durability and an extremely long machine life can be obtained. A plurality of slender blades is erected on the outer peripheral part of a reamer head body. Different kinds of materials are used to make the blades.

Abstract: The invention provides a drill head for deep hole machining capable of raising circularity and straightness of a hole and improving precision of hole machining. In the drill head for deep hole machining constituted by fixing a cutting blade to a tip surface of a head body and fixing guide pads to a periphery of a tip of the head body, the length Lm of a margin, which is formed at a tip side of a periphery of the cutting blade in a drill rotating direction, in an axis direction is made substantially the same as the length Lp of the guide pads in the axis direction, and a top end and rear end of the margin are substantially aligned with a top end and rear end of the guide pads, respectively, in a circumference direction.

Abstract: A liquid crystal lens element capable of finely adjusting focal length according to the magnitude of applied voltage, and an optical head device employing such a liquid crystal lens element, are provided. On one surface of a transparent substrate 511, a transparent electrode 513 and a concave-convex portion 517 made of a transparent material having a cross section shape approximated by a saw-tooth shape, are formed so as to constitute a plurality of annular portions, and on one surface of a transparent substrate 512, a transparent electrode 514 is formed. The transparent electrodes 513 and 514 constitute annular divided electrode segments, and division positions of the annular electrode segments are made to be agree with division positions of annular portions of the saw-tooth-shaped concave-convex portion 517 of the transparent substrate 511.

Abstract: A liquid crystal lens element is provided, which can realize a small sized element having no moving part, and which has a lens function of switching the focal length among multiple focal lengths of at least 3 types according to an applied voltage.

Abstract: A liquid crystal lens element is provided, which does not produce change of transmission wavefront regardless of polarization state of incident light when it is off-state at a time of no voltage application, and which exhibits concave lens function for extraordinarily polarized incident light when it is on-state at a time of voltage application.

Abstract: A liquid crystal lens element having a lens function capable of stably correcting spherical aberration containing a power component corresponding to focus change of incident light according to the magnitude of applied voltage. The liquid crystal lens element comprises a pair of transparent substrates 11 and 12, one (12) of the transparent electrodes is provided with a transparent electrode 15 and a Fresnel lens surface 17, and the other one (11) of the pair of transparent electrodes is provided with a phase correction surface 18 and a transparent electrode 16. Thus, by disposing a Fresnel lens surface 17 and a liquid crystal layer 13 between a pair of transparent electrodes 15 and 16, it becomes possible to change substantial refractive index distribution of the liquid crystal layer 13 according to the magnitude of applied voltage, and to add a positive or negative power to a wavefront transmitted through the liquid crystal layer 13, the Fresnel lens surface 17 and the phase correction surface 18.

Abstract: A liquid crystal lens element having a lens function is provided, which is small sized without having moving part, and which can stably carry out correction of spherical aberration containing a power component corresponding to focal point change of incident light.

Abstract: A complex system where a plant group having a heat island phenomenon suppression effect and a solar cell having a carbon dioxide generation suppression effect are installed together. The purposes are to eliminate an adverse influence of both shadows of the plant group and the solar cell and to prevent the solar cell system from flying away by the wind pressure against the base side The average height of the solar cell module is greater than that of the plant group. The plant group and the solar cell module are installed with a gap larger than the distance corresponding to the height difference between them. At least between the paired plant group and solar cell which face each other, an area for a person to walk through is provided.

Abstract: An optical element is provided, which can realize high speed response equivalent or more than that of conventional elements without depending on incident polarization. A diffraction element 10 comprises transparent substrates 5 and 6, a grating 2A made of an isotropic refractive index solid material formed on the transparent substrate 5 and having a cross-sectional structure having a periodical concavo-convex shape, a blue phase liquid crystal 2B which fills the concave portions of grating 2A including a periodical concave-convex shape having a refractive index which changes isotropically, and transparent electrodes 3 and 4 for applying voltage to the blue phase liquid crystal 2B, wherein the grating 2A and the blue phase liquid crystal 2B constitutes a diffraction grating 1, and the diffraction element 10 has a construction that the refractive index of the blue phase liquid crystal 2B is changed by the voltage applied via the transparent electrodes 3 and 4.

Abstract: An optical head device including a phase correcting element having an anisotropic optical medium sandwiched between a pair of substrates. The paired substrates have surfaces provided with electrodes for voltage application to the anisotropic optical medium. One electrode on at least one of the substrates has two or more power supply electrodes provided thereon at different positions, thereby providing different voltages to the respective power supply electrodes. The phase correcting element is provided between a collimating lens and a quarter wave plate in the optical head device.

Abstract: A deep hole cutter for a gun drill system includes a tool shank and a cutting head with two or more cutting edges. The tool shank and the cutting head are separate members connected strongly by threads. The shavings produced by the cutting edges can be discharged together with the coolant supplied through the hole cutter. The shaving dischargeability is improved for higher cutting efficiency. The tool shank 1 has one outer axial discharge groove 3. The cutting head 2 has one outer axial discharge groove 6 in linear alignment with the discharge groove 3. The cutting head 2 also has a discharge port 7a formed in its front end. The cutting head 2 further has a bypass passage 7 formed in it and extending between the discharge port 7a and the discharge groove 6. The cutting edges 9a and 9c face the discharge groove 6. The cutting edge 9b faces the discharge port 7a.

Abstract: A method of charging for use of a facsimile apparatus, using an information processing unit provided therein, is disclosed that includes the steps of (a) the information processing unit obtaining the amount of facsimile transmission; (b) the information processing unit obtaining a transmission condition specified by a user; and (c) the information processing unit calculating a charge for the facsimile transmission using the amount of facsimile transmission and a charge corresponding to the transmission condition. The information processing unit stores data on the charge corresponding to the transmission condition for the facsimile transmission.

Abstract: A phase plate having a reduced size and a reduced weight and having accurately parted regions while it has the same function as a conventional two-parted optical rotation plate and an optical data recording/reproducing device capable of stably recording and reproducing are presented. A phase plate P1 comprising a polymer liquid crystal film 2 held between transparent substrates 1, 4, wherein the polymer liquid crystal film 2 is parted spatially in the region into which an incident light enters, so that the light transmitting the phase plate assumes a different state of polarization depending on an aligning direction of the molecules of the polymer liquid crystal film 2. The phase plate is located as a two-parted optical rotation plate in an optical data recording/reproducing device.

Abstract: A charge method for charging a usage fee of an image forming apparatus is disclosed. The charge method includes the steps of a) storing contents source data and contents source fee data corresponding to the contents source data, b) obtaining a first data item selected by a user, c) obtaining one item of the contents source data selected by the user, d) generating image formation information based on the first data item and the one item of the contents source data selected by the user, and e) calculating a charge fee corresponding to the image formation information in accordance with the contents source fee data.

Abstract: A service providing apparatus includes an operating part that receives a usage request from outside. A sending part sends the usage request to a control processor via a network. A receiving part receives usage permission corresponding to the usage request from the control apparatus via the network. A service process part is enabled based on the usage permission and disabled upon reception of a predetermined end instruction.

Abstract: In a method of laying tiles and a solar cell module on a roof, at least one waterproof member is laid between the solar cell module and one tile laid adjacent in the direction of gradient of the roof.

Abstract: A deep hole cutter for a gun drill system includes a tool shank and a cutting head with two or more cutting edges. The tool shank and the cutting head are separate members connected strongly by threads. The shavings produced by the cutting edges can be discharged together with the coolant supplied through the hole cutter. The shaving dischargeability is improved for higher cutting efficiency.

Abstract: A solar battery module capable of assuring the fluid-tight structure of the roof panels adjacent to each other in lateral direction, realizing a weathering between the modules, eliminating a process for providing a seal member between the ends of the modules adjacent to each other, and facilitating an assembly operation, wherein a recessed part extending from the ridge side to the eaves side of the solar battery module is formed at lateral one end thereof, a projected part in the shape of coming into the recessed part is formed at the other end, and a waterproof means for suppressing the rain water invaded onto the upper surface of the projected part from circulating to the lower surface thereof is installed on the projected part in the state of being inserted into the corresponding recessed part of the solar battery module disposed adjacently to the side.

Abstract: A solar battery module effectively preventing public nuisance caused by reflection of light on the light entering side and method of manufacturing the solar battery module in a simple manner at a low cost are provided. The solar battery module includes a transparent insulating substrate having first and second surfaces, a transparent electrode layer formed on the first surface of the transparent insulating substrate, a photo semiconductor layer formed on the transparent electrode layer, a back electrode layer formed on the photo semiconductor layer, and an anti-glare film having a roughened surface texture formed on the second surface on the transparent insulating substrate to which the light enters. The light receiving surface of the solar battery module having the roughened surface texture has 60° gloss of at most 60.