Abstract: There is provided a magnetoresistance element including a free layer that includes a first ferromagnetic layer and a second ferromagnetic layer whose magnetization directions are equal to each other and a nonmagnetic film intervening between the first and second ferromagnetic layers, a pinned layer including a third ferromagnetic layer that faces the free layer, and a nonmagnetic layer intervening between the free layer and the pinned layer, the nonmagnetic film containing a material selected from the group including titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, hafnium, tungsten, rhenium, alloys thereof, semiconductors and insulators.

Abstract: A magnetic recording-reproducing apparatus has a magnetic recording medium having a nonmagnetic substrate, and a functional layer and a recording layer formed on the nonmagnetic substrate, the recording layer exhibiting a magnetic anisotropy energy density KuRL, the functional layer developing ferromagnetism upon irradiation with light so as to exhibit a magnetic anisotropy energy density KuFL lower than the magnetic anisotropy energy density KuRL and the functional layer serving to lower the magnetic anisotropy energy density of the recording layer through exchange coupling interaction with the recording layer when the functional layer is irradiated with light, a light source which irradiates the functional layer with light, and a magnetic head having a writing head writing signal magnetization by applying a magnetic field to the recording layer and a reading head reading the signal magnetization recorded in the recording layer.

Abstract: An indole derivative compound represented by formula (I) (wherein the symbols in the formula are as mentioned in the specification) and a salt thereof Since the compounds represented by formula (I) binds to PGD2 receptors and shows antagonistic activity, they are believed to be useful for prevention and/or treatment of diseases such as allergic disease (such as allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma and food allergy), systemic mastocytosis, systemic mast cell activating disorder, anaphylaxis shock, airway contraction, urticaria, eczema, diseases accompanied by itch (such as atopic dermatitis, urticaria), diseases (such as cataract, retinal detachment, inflammation, infection and sleep disorder) which are generated secondarily as a result of behavior accompanied by itch (such as scratching and beating), inflammation, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, ischemic reperfusion injury, cerebrovascular accident, autoimmune disease, chronic articular rheumatism, pleur

Abstract: A magnetoresistive element includes a first ferromagnetic layer having a first magnetization, the first magnetization having a first pattern when the magnetoresistive element is half-selected during a first data write, a second pattern when the magnetoresistive element is selected during a second data write, and a third pattern of residual magnetization, the first pattern being different from the second and third pattern, a second ferromagnetic layer having a second magnetization, and a nonmagnetic layer arranged between the first ferromagnetic layer and the second ferromagnetic layer and having a tunnel conductance changing dependent on a relative angle between the first magnetization and the second magnetization.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium has a substrate, and a servo signal recording magnetic layer whose magnetization is oriented in a direction perpendicular to a surface thereof, a non-magnetic layer and a data recording magnetic layer, which are stacked on the substrate in the order mentioned. The servo signal recording magnetic layer has a coercivity higher than that of the data recording magnetic layer. The servo signal recording magnetic layer has servo tracks formed with a track pitch Tps, the servo tracks adjacent to each other in a track width direction being magnetized to opposite directions perpendicular to the film surface.

Abstract: A magnetic random access memory includes a magnetoresistive element which has a recording layer, a fixed layer, and a tunnel barrier layer arranged between the recording layer and the fixed layer, the fixed layer comprising an anti-ferromagnetic layer, a first ferromagnetic layer which is in contact with the anti-ferromagnetic layer, a second ferromagnetic layer which is magnetically coupled with the first ferromagnetic layer by first magnetic coupling, a third ferromagnetic layer which is magnetically coupled with the second ferromagnetic layer by second magnetic coupling, a first nonmagnetic layer which is formed between the first and second ferromagnetic layers, and a second nonmagnetic layer which is formed between the second and third ferromagnetic layers and has a thickness different from a thickness of the first nonmagnetic layer.

Abstract: A magnetic recording-reproducing apparatus has a magnetic recording medium having a nonmagnetic substrate, and a functional layer and a recording layer formed on the nonmagnetic substrate, the recording layer exhibiting a magnetic anisotropy energy density KuRL, the functional layer developing ferromagnetism upon irradiation with light so as to exhibit a magnetic anisotropy energy density KuFL lower than the magnetic anisotropy energy density KuRL and the functional layer serving to lower the magnetic anisotropy energy density of the recording layer through exchange coupling interaction with the recording layer when the functional layer is irradiated with light, a light source which irradiates the functional layer with light, and a magnetic head having a writing head writing signal magnetization by applying a magnetic field to the recording layer and a reading head reading the signal magnetization recorded in the recording layer.

Abstract: A tool attachable to a spindle of a machine tool in the same way as an ordinary tool, capable of being driven without connecting with an external power supply etc., giving a higher rotational speed than that of the spindle of the machine tool without supplying electric power from the outside, and able to be changed automatically, provided with a machining tool for machining a workpiece, a motor for driving the machining tool, a generator for generating electric power to drive the motor by the rotation of the spindle, and a breaker for breaking a supply line of electric current from the generator to the motor when electric current over a predetermined value flows in the supply line.

Abstract: A magnetic recording-reproducing apparatus has a magnetic recording medium having a nonmagnetic substrate, and a functional layer and a recording layer formed on the nonmagnetic substrate, the recording layer exhibiting a magnetic anisotropy energy density KuRL, the functional layer developing ferromagnetism upon irradiation with light so as to exhibit a magnetic anisotropy energy density KuFL lower than the magnetic anisotropy energy density KuRL and the functional layer serving to lower the magnetic anisotropy energy density of the recording layer through exchange coupling interaction with the recording layer when the functional layer is irradiated with light, a light source which irradiates the functional layer with light, and a magnetic head having a writing head writing signal magnetization by applying a magnetic field to the recording layer and a reading head reading the signal magnetization recorded in the recording layer.

Abstract: A pair of members opposed to each other via a gap are commonly used as an evanescent light probe and a writing magnetic head. When the spacing and width of the gap are smaller than the wavelength ? of injected light, highly intensive evanescent light is generated from the gap position of the opposite surface. Magnetic writing is carried out by applying a recording magnetic field from the pair of members to a medium heated by the evanescent light.

Abstract: An MTJ element has two magnetic layers and a nonmagnetic layer. The resistance of the MTJ element, which varies depending on whether the two magnetic layers are magnetized parallel or antiparallel. In an MRAM adapted to write data into the MTJ element by causing a write wiring to generate induced magnetic flux and consequently changing the direction of magnetization of the recording layer, the MTJ element is a perpendicular MTJ element in which each of the two magnetic layers is magnetized in a direction perpendicular to its plane. The write wiring is placed in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the thickness of the MTJ element and applies a generated magnetic field to the magnetic layers of the MTJ element in the direction in which they are magnetized. Magnetic yokes hold the MTJ element in the direction of its thickness.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium has a substrate, a base layer formed on the substrate and including a magnetic material, a switching layer formed on the base layer and including a nonmagnetic material, and a recording layer formed on the switching layer and having a structure comprising magnetic particles and a nonmagnetic wall buried between the magnetic particles. The medium meets the condition of TcB>Tsw, where TcB is a Curie temperature of the base layer, and Tsw is a temperature at which the recording layer and the base layer begin to exert exchange coupling interaction.

Abstract: An optical recording medium comprises a superresolution film which has a light transmittance varying in accordance with the intensity of incident light and which has a superresolution function for optically masking part of incident light to form an optical aperture having a smaller size than a spot size of incident light, the superresolution film including at least two kinds of superresolution films having different response times until the superresolution function occurs after being irradiated with light. Thus, it is possible to easily and surely reduce the light spot size to greatly enhance the recording density. In addition, it is possible to extend the operating wavelength range by providing at least two kinds of superresolution films having different operating wavelengths causing the superresolution function.

Abstract: A pair of members opposed to each other via a gap are commonly used as an evanescent light probe and a writing magnetic head. When the spacing and width of the gap are smaller than the wavelength &lgr; of injected light, highly intensive evanescent light is generated from the gap position of the opposite surface. Magnetic writing is carried out by applying a recording magnetic field from the pair of members to a medium heated by the evanescent light.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium has a substrate, an underlayer formed on the substrate, a magnetic layer formed on the underlayer and including crystal grains having an L10 structure mainly including Fe and Pt, mainly including Fe and Pd, or mainly including Co and Pt, and the crystal grains further including 0.1 to 50 atomic percent of at least one additive element dissolved therein.

Abstract: An optical disk comprising a recording layer and a super-resolution film disposed on the reproduction-beam incident side of the recording layer, wherein the super-resolution film is formed of a fine particle-dispersed film comprising a matrix and semiconductor fine particles dispersed in the matrix or formed of a semiconductor continuous film, and wherein content of a matrix material or a contamination mixed in the semiconductor fine particles or the semiconductor continuous film is not more than 20 at %.

Abstract: This invention provides an optical recording medium having a structure in which a plurality of recording layers are stacked, and a reproducing method and apparatus for the medium. As an interlayer interposed between first and second recording layers, this invention uses a layer which guides converged light irradiating the first recording layer to the second recording layer such that the beam diameter on the second recording layer is substantially equal to the beam diameter on the first recording layer.

Abstract: There is provided a magnetoresistance element including a free layer that includes a first ferromagnetic layer and a second ferromagnetic layer whose magnetization directions are equal to each other and a nonmagnetic film intervening between the first and second ferromagnetic layers, a pinned layer including a third ferromagnetic layer that faces the free layer, and a nonmagnetic layer intervening between the free layer and the pinned layer, the nonmagnetic film containing a material selected from the group including titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, hafnium, tungsten, rhenium, alloys thereof, semiconductors and insulators.

Abstract: A magnetic recording medium has a substrate, and a servo signal recording magnetic layer whose magnetization is oriented in a direction perpendicular to a surface thereof, a non-magnetic layer and a data recording magnetic layer, which are stacked on the substrate in the order mentioned. The servo signal recording magnetic layer has a coercivity higher than that of the data recording magnetic layer. The servo signal recording magnetic layer has servo tracks formed with a track pitch Tps, the servo tracks adjacent to each other in a track width direction being magnetized to opposite directions perpendicular to the film surface.

Abstract: This invention uses a perpendicular magnetic recording medium in which first and second magnetic recording layers are coupled by antimagnetic exchange coupling, or a longitudinal magnetic recording medium in which three or more predetermined interlayers are formed between first and second magnetic recording layers, and these layers are coupled by antimagnetic exchange coupling.