Abstract: A method and a system for establishing a tunnel in a wireless local area network (WLAN) are described. The method includes the following steps. A WLAN terminal initiates a tunnel establishment request in an Internet Key Exchange Security Association (IKE SA) that has been established. It is judged whether the number of tunnels already established in the IKE SA reaches a corresponding first threshold or not, if the number of tunnels does not reach the corresponding first threshold, establishing the tunnel for the WLAN terminal; otherwise, rejecting the establishment of the tunnel for the WALN terminal. It is decided whether to establish the tunnel for the WLAN terminal or not by judging whether the number of the tunnels already established in each IKE SA reaches the corresponding threshold or not during the tunnel establishment of the WLAN terminal, thereby effectively controlling the rationality and validity about the tunnel establishment.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method of user access authorization in wireless local area networks. The method comprises: when a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) user terminal is accessing a WLAN operational network, the WLAN operational network, while authenticating this WLAN user terminal, judging whether to allow this WLAN user terminal to access according to authorization conditions having an impact on the access of this WLAN user terminal, if yes, the WLAN operational network will determine the access rules of this WLAN user terminal according to the said authorization conditions; otherwise, the WLAN operational network will notify the WLAN user terminal about the failure. Different users can be controlled to access the network according to different authorization conditions, and be restricted by different access rules after getting accessed. Thus, the access control capability of a wireless local area network is enhanced and the working efficiency of the network is improved.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for selecting a charging rule in connection with a subscriber. The method comprises: an AF providing a CRF with service information and user information used for selecting a charging rule; the CRF selecting a charging rule for the subscriber according to the user information and service information. The present invention also provides a system for selecting a charging rule in connection with subscriber. By this invention, the CRF, when selecting a charging rule, can select a charging rule in connection with different subscribers according to the user information and implement diversified charging based on different using situations of the same packet data service, which will attract subscribers to use packet data service, increase the using frequency of packet data service, and be conducive to the promotion and application of packet data service.

Abstract: An electrochemical device, such as a battery or power source, provides improved performance under stringent or extreme conditions. Such an electrochemical device for use in high temperature conditions may include at least a cathode, a lithium-based anode, a separator, and an ionic liquid electrolyte. This device also may include a current collector and housing that are electrochemically inert with respect to other components of the device. This electrochemical device may operate at temperatures ranging from 0 to 180, 200, 220, 240, and 260° C.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for processing a location information request in a location service, comprising: a location information request initiator sending a location information request containing a processing indication to a location information request receiver; after receiving the location information request, the location information request receiver determining whether to perform synchronous processing or asynchronous processing for the location information request according to type of the processing indication, and then implementing corresponding processing for the location information request. This method is capable of effectively saving system resource of a LCS system, avoiding resource waste at a location service interface and increasing processing performance of a location service.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an interactive method for a WLAN UE accessing a new operation network, which comprises: when the WLAN UE which has accessed a first Visited Mobile Communication Network needs to re-select a second Visited Mobile Communication Network to access, the WLAN UE sending authentication information to a Home Network of the WLAN UE through a WLAN Access Network and the second Visited Mobile Communication Network; after receiving the authentication information, the Home Network of the WLAN UE authenticate the WLAN UE according to the authentication information via the second Visited Mobile Communication Network, and sending an access instruction to the WLAN Access Network through the second Visited Mobile Communication Network; and on receiving the access instruction, the WLAN UE accesses the second Visited Mobile Communication Network via the WLAN Access Network.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for resolving and accessing a selected service in a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), wherein a service resolving unit is preconfigured for initial access, the method comprising: a WLAN user terminal sending a service establishing request to the service resolving unit; after receiving the service establishing request, the service resolving unit sending a service authentication and authorization request containing the user's subscription information to the service authentication authorization unit, which performs authentication and authorization to the requesting WLAN user terminal; then judging whether the authentication and authorization is successful, if yes, the service authentication authorization unit returning the address of the authorized destination device to the requesting WLAN user terminal so as to establish a service connection between the WLAN user terminal and the destination device; otherwise, the service authentication authorization unit returning the

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for a network to choose an authentication mode, wherein the key lies in that, according to the received authentication information in the authentication vector request message from S-CSCF as well as according to type of the requesting subscriber, HSS returns authentication information of the Early-IMS-based authentication vector to S-CSCF, or returns authentication information of the Full-IMS-based authentication mode to S-CSCF, or directly returns failure information to S-CSCF. If it is under the former two situations, the subscriber will be authenticated by adopting the corresponding authentication mode, and then S-CSCF will return access-allowed or access-rejected information to the subscriber according to authentication result. If it is in the latter situation, S-CSCF will directly send access-rejected information to the subscriber.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for a user terminal in a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) quickly accessing its home network. Pre-store in each user terminal, respectively, the identifications of all the WLANs with direct connections to the home network of the corresponding user terminal. For a user terminal that is in an area covered by more than one WLAN, compare the identification of each of the detected WLANs with the WLAN identifications stored in the current user terminal. A successful matching between the identification of a detected WLAN and a pre-stored WLAN identification then means that the home network of the current user terminal is connected with the corresponding WLAN access network and can be accessed via this WLAN. If a plurality of detected WLAN identifications match the stored identifications, select in accordance with a pre-defined selecting rule one of the corresponding WLANs and get accessed via the selected WLAN.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an optimized interaction method of a WLAN user terminal selecting an access mobile communication network. In this method, after a wireless connection between the WLAN user terminal and a WLAN access network is established, the WLAN access network or the WLAN user terminal initiates an access authentication procedure, and the WLAN access network sends a user identity request message to the WLAN user terminal. After receiving the user identity request message, the WLAN user terminal determines network selection information to be currently carried according to a detecting result of whether the WLAN access network is changed or according to user selection information, and returning a message containing the determined network selection information to the WLAN access network.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for implementing roaming charging, including: a proxy CRF is configured in the PLMN; a terminal uses bearer resources or packet data services in the currently visited PLMN to provide information for selecting charging rules for the home CRF through the proxy CRF in the PLMN, the home CRF selects the charging rules according to the information and provides the charging rules for the TPF serving the current terminal. The present invention also provides a system for implementing roaming charging, which includes a TPF, a home CRF in the terminal's home PLMN and a proxy CRF in the PLMN other than the terminal's home PLMN. When the terminal is roaming and utilizing the bearer resources or packet data services in the currently visited PLMN, the problem of addressing among the functions when implementing the data flow based charging procedure based on FBC mechanism is solved.

Abstract: A zero-emissions power plant receives natural gas from wells at elevated pressure and temperature. Gas is expanded through one or more turbo-expanders, preferably reformed, and sent to a fuel cell where electricity, heat, carbon-dioxide, and water are generated. The carbon-dioxide is compressed by at least one compressor and piped downhole for sequestration. The turbo-expanders have shafts which preferably share the shafts of the compressors. Thus, energy given up by the natural gas in the turbo-expanders is used to run compressors which compress carbon dioxide for downhole sequestration. In one embodiment, the natural gas is applied to heat exchangers in order to generate a stream of liquid natural gas. The remainder of the gas is expanded through the turbo-expanders and processed in the reformer prior to being sent to the fuel cell. A shifter may be used between the reformer and fuel cell. A solid oxide fuel cell is preferred.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for releasing a service tunnel in WLAN. This method comprises: an originating end point that desires to release a service tunnel in a WLAN sending a release tunnel request to a corresponding end point of the service tunnel; the corresponding end point returning a release acknowledgement to the originating end point, and releasing resources of the service tunnel, a Packet Data Gateway (PDG) sends a tunnel disconnection report to a service authentication and authorization unit, and upon receiving the tunnel disconnection report, the service authentication and authorization unit updates self-stored information related to the released service tunnel. The method in accordance with the present invention makes it possible to implement the release of a designated service tunnel and release or update the related resources and information in time.

Abstract: A zero-emissions power plant receives natural gas from wells at elevated pressure and temperature. Gas is expanded through one or more turbo-expanders, preferably reformed, and sent to a fuel cell where electricity, heat, carbon-dioxide, and water are generated. The carbon-dioxide is compressed by at least one compressor and piped downhole for sequestration. The turbo-expanders have shafts which preferably share the shafts of the compressors. Thus, energy given up by the natural gas in the turbo-expanders is used to run compressors which compress carbon dioxide for downhole sequestration. In one embodiment, the natural gas is applied to heat exchangers in order to generate a stream of liquid natural gas. The remainder of the gas is expanded through the turbo-expanders and processed in the reformer prior to being sent to the fuel cell. A shifter may be used between the reformer and fuel cell. A solid oxide fuel cell is preferred.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method of user access authorization in wireless local area networks. The method comprises: when a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) user terminal is accessing a WLAN operational network, the WLAN operational network, while authenticating this WLAN user terminal, judging whether to allow this WLAN user terminal to access according to authorization conditions having an impact on the access of this WLAN user terminal, if yes, the WLAN operational network will determine the access rules of this WLAN user terminal according to the said authorization conditions; otherwise, the WLAN operational network will notify the WLAN user terminal about the failure. Different users can be controlled to access the network according to different authorization conditions, and be restricted by different access rules after getting accessed. Thus, the access control capability of a wireless local area network is enhanced and the working efficiency of the network is improved.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method of user access authorization in wireless local area networks. The method comprises: when a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) user terminal is accessing a WLAN operational network, the WLAN operational network, while authenticating this WLAN user terminal, judging whether to allow this WLAN user terminal to access according to authorization conditions having an impact on the access of this WLAN user terminal, if yes, the WLAN operational network will determine the access rules of this WLAN user terminal according to the said authorization conditions; otherwise, the WLAN operational network will notify the WLAN user terminal about the failure. By adopting the method of the present invention, different users can be controlled to access the network according to different authorization conditions, and be restricted by different access rules after getting accessed.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method useful for target user equipment (UE) sending a location report. When the target UE is located in a first central network (CN) of a location service (LCS) system, the target UE reports the location report to the LCS system. If the target UE does not receive a location report response from the LCS system, when being located in a second CN of LCS system, target UE will continue to report the location report to LCS system. In accordance with one aspect of the disclosed method, the waste of location service system resource is avoided as well as the execution efficiency of location service is increased. In addition, during procedure of change of area event location request, the consequent processing of request thereof is guaranteed to be normal, so that execution efficiency of location service is increased. Moreover, message interaction between the function entities is saved for the exception cases.

Abstract: The embodiments of the present invention disclose a method for accessing a visited network. The method includes: a user selects a visited network and initiates an access request to a user information application apparatus; when the user information application apparatus detects that the visited network has changed, it obtains a list of authorized visited networks from a user information storage apparatus and checks whether the user is authorized to access the visited network; or the user information storage apparatus checks whether the user is authorized to access the visited network; if the user is authorized to access the visited network, the user information application apparatus returns an access accept response to the user, allowing the user to access the visited network. The embodiments of the present invention also disclose systems and apparatuses for accessing a visited network.

Abstract: A method and a system for establishing a tunnel in a wireless local area network (WLAN) are described. The method includes the following steps. A WLAN terminal initiates a tunnel establishment request in an Internet Key Exchange Security Association (IKE SA) that has been established. It is judged whether the number of tunnels already established in the IKE SA reaches a corresponding first threshold or not, if the number of tunnels does not reach the corresponding first threshold, establishing the tunnel for the WLAN terminal; otherwise, rejecting the establishment of the tunnel for the WALN terminal. It is decided whether to establish the tunnel for the WLAN terminal or not by judging whether the number of the tunnels already established in each IKE SA reaches the corresponding threshold or not during the tunnel establishment of the WLAN terminal, thereby effectively controlling the rationality and validity about the tunnel establishment.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for preventing Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) from frequent network selection interaction. Every time it is needed to issue the information of operating networks of mobile communications, decide according to the number of times for which the information has been issued in a defined period of time whether the information of operating networks of mobile communications is allowed to be issued. If allowed, go ahead with issuing the information of operating networks of mobile communications and record the number of times for which the information has been issued; otherwise, stop issuing the information. When the decision period changes, update the issuing record. When a request for issuing information is received after the issuing has been stopped, discard the request or issue the information after a delay. This invention can prevent WLAN from suffering congestion induced by the network selection mechanism or attacks launched by malicious UEs.