Abstract: The described embodiments may provide a method of fabricating a chemical detection device. The method may comprise forming a microwell above a CMOS device. The microwell may comprise a bottom surface and sidewalls. The method may further comprise applying a first chemical to be selectively attached to the bottom surface of the microwell, forming a metal oxide layer on the sidewalls of the microwell, and applying a second chemical to be selectively attached to the sidewalls of the microwell. The second chemical may lack an affinity to the first chemical.

Abstract: Various cell analysis systems of the present teachings can measure the electrical and metabolic activity of single, living cells with subcellular addressability and simultaneous data acquisition for between about 10 cells to about 500,000 cells in a single analysis. Various sensor array devices of the present teachings can have sensor arrays with between 20 million to 660 million ChemFET sensors built into a massively paralleled array and can provide for simultaneous measurement of cells with data acquisition rates in the kilohertz (kHz) range. As various ChemFET sensor arrays of the present teachings can detect chemical analytes as well detect changes in cell membrane potential, various cell analysis systems of the present teachings also provide for the controlled chemical and electrical interrogation of cells.

Abstract: In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to methods, as well as compositions, systems, kits and apparatuses, for performing nucleotide incorporation, comprising: (a) providing a surface including one or more reaction sites containing a polymerase and a nucleic acid template that has, or is hybridized to, an extendible end; (b) performing a first nucleotide flow by contacting one or more of the reaction sites with a first solution including one or more types of terminator nucleotide; (c) incorporating at least one type of terminator nucleotide at the extendible end of the nucleic acid template contained within at least one of the reaction sites using the polymerase; and (d) detecting a non-optical signal indicating the nucleotide incorporation using a sensor that is attached or operatively linked to the at least one reaction site.

Abstract: A polymer substrate, such as a polymer particle, is formed from a carboxyl functional monomer. In an example, the carboxyl functional monomer has a protection group in place of the OH of the carboxyl group. Once the monomer is polymerized, such a protection group can be removed, providing a polymer network with carboxyl functional sites. Such sites can be used to attach other functionality to the polymer substrate.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus relating to very large scale FET arrays for analyte measurements. ChemFET (e.g., ISFET) arrays may be fabricated using conventional CMOS processing techniques based on improved FET pixel and array designs that increase measurement sensitivity and accuracy, and at the same time facilitate significantly small pixel sizes and dense arrays. Improved array control techniques provide for rapid data acquisition from large and dense arrays. Such arrays may be employed to detect a presence and/or concentration changes of various analyte types in a wide variety of chemical and/or biological processes. In one example, chemFET arrays facilitate DNA sequencing techniques based on monitoring changes in hydrogen ion concentration (pH), changes in other analyte concentration, and/or binding events associated with chemical processes relating to DNA synthesis.

Abstract: In some embodiments, the disclosure relates generally to methods, as well as related, systems, compositions, kits and apparatuses, for nucleic acid analysis that involve the use of modified nucleotides, including terminator nucleotides and/or tagged nucleotides, in a template-dependent nucleotide incorporation reaction. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid analysis can be conducted at a single reaction site, or at a plurality of reaction sites in an array of reaction sites. Optionally, the array contains a plurality of reaction sites having about 1-100 million, or about 100-250 million, or about 200-500 million, or about 500-900 million, or more reaction sites. Optionally, each reaction site is in contact with, operatively coupled, or capacitively coupled to one or more sensors that are ion-sensitive FETs (isFETs) or chemically-sensitive FETs (chemFETs) sensors. Optionally, the reaction sites are in fluid communication with each other.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses relating to large scale FET arrays for analyte detection and measurement are provided. ChemFET (e.g., ISFET) arrays may be fabricated using conventional CMOS processing techniques based on improved FET pixel and array designs that increase measurement sensitivity and accuracy, and at the same time facilitate significantly small pixel sizes and dense arrays. Improved array control techniques provide for rapid data acquisition from large and dense arrays. Such arrays may be employed to detect a presence and/or concentration changes of various analyte types in a wide variety of chemical and/or biological processes.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods and systems for spectrometric analysis of samples. In some cases, the spectrometric analysis is Raman spectrometry. The methods and systems may be used to identify one or more characteristics of a sample, such as the identity of and the quantity of a molecule within the sample. In some embodiments, the methods and devices provide for rapid sample analysis that is more accurate, precise and cost-effective than traditional methods.

Abstract: A method of forming a particle includes, in a disperse phase within an aqueous suspension, polymerizing a plurality of mer units of a hydrophilic monomer having a hydrophobic protection group, thereby forming a polymeric particle including a plurality of the hydrophobic protection groups. The method further includes converting the polymeric particle to a hydrophilic particle.

Abstract: A chemical sensor for analyte solutions utilizes AC excitation of a sample distributed in one or more micro-wells of a measurement device. The sensors utilize narrowband filtering of the measured signal(s), resulting in a large reduction in noise. Synchronous detection is utilized to provide high discrimination of the desired signal from noise or interfering sources. Conductance and by extension impedance is measured by applying a constant alternating current (AC) voltage across the electrodes of each micro-well and measuring the resulting current.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to novel particle compositions and methods of making said compositions having applications in nucleic acid analysis, as well as apparatuses and systems for the same.

Abstract: In some embodiments, the present teachings provide methods for nucleic acid amplification, comprising forming a reaction mixture, and subjecting the reaction mixture to conditions suitable for nucleic acid amplification. In some embodiments, methods for nucleic acid amplification include subjecting the nucleic acid to be amplified to partially denaturing conditions. In some embodiments, methods for nucleic acid amplification include amplifying without fully denaturing the nucleic acid that is amplified. In some embodiments, the methods for nucleic acid amplification employ an enzyme that catalyzes homologous recombination and a polymerase. In some embodiments, methods for nucleic acid amplification can be conducted in a single reaction vessel. In some embodiments, methods for nucleic acid amplification can be conducted in a single continuous liquid phase of a reaction mixture, without need for compartmentalization of the reaction mixture or immobilization of reaction components.

Abstract: A method of forming a particle includes, in a disperse phase within an aqueous suspension, polymerizing a plurality of monomer units of a hydrophilic monomer having a hydrophobic protection group, thereby forming a polymeric particle including a plurality of the hydrophobic protection groups. The method further includes converting the polymeric particle to a hydrophilic particle.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus relating to FET arrays for monitoring chemical and/or biological reactions such as nucleic acid sequencing-by-synthesis reactions. Some methods provided herein relate to improving signal (and also signal to noise ratio) from released hydrogen ions during nucleic acid sequencing reactions.

Abstract: A sensor apparatus includes a substrate, a semiconductor device disposed over the substrate, the semiconductor device having a surface electrode structure, and a saccharide coating formed over the surface electrode structure. The saccharide coating can be removed prior to use. The semiconductor device can further include a well and optionally a bead disposed in the well.

Abstract: The invention provides particle compositions having applications in nucleic acid analysis. Nucleic acid polymer particles of the invention allow polynucleotides to be attached throughout their volumes for higher loading capacities than those achievable solely with surface attachment. In one aspect, nucleic acid polymer particles of the invention comprise polyacrylamide particles with uniform size distributions having low coefficients of variations, which result in reduced particle-to-particle variation in analytical assays. Such particle compositions are used in various amplification reactions to make amplicon libraries from nucleic acid fragment libraries.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to novel particle compositions and methods of making said compositions having applications in nucleic acid analysis, as well as apparatuses and systems for the same.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus relating to very large scale FET arrays for analyte measurements. ChemFET (e.g., ISFET) arrays may be fabricated using conventional CMOS processing techniques based on improved FET pixel and array designs that increase measurement sensitivity and accuracy, and at the same time facilitate significantly small pixel sizes and dense arrays. Improved array control techniques provide for rapid data acquisition from large and dense arrays. Such arrays may be employed to detect a presence and/or concentration changes of various analyte types in a wide variety of chemical and/or biological processes. In one example, chemFET arrays facilitate DNA sequencing techniques based on monitoring changes in hydrogen ion concentration (pH), changes in other analyte concentration, and/or binding events associated with chemical processes relating to DNA synthesis.

Abstract: A method of forming a particle includes, in a disperse phase within an aqueous suspension, polymerizing a plurality of mer units of a hydrophilic monomer having a hydrophobic protection group, thereby forming a polymeric particle including a plurality of the hydrophobic protection groups. The method further includes converting the polymeric particle to a hydrophilic particle.

Abstract: A polymer substrate, such as a polymer particle, is formed from a carboxyl functional monomer. In an example, the carboxyl functional monomer has a protection group in place of the OH of the carboxyl group. Once the monomer is polymerized, such a protection group can be removed, providing a polymer network with carboxyl functional sites. Such sites can be used to attach other functionality to the polymer substrate.