Abstract: An optical recording medium record/playback apparatus manages defective areas in a rewritable optical recording medium. A linear replacement control (LRC) bit is added to a secondary defective list (SDL) entry to discriminate defective block information listed in the SDL entry, according to a linear replacement algorithm, from defective block information listed at the SDL entry, according to a skipping algorithm. This allows the apparatus to transmit correct information to a host. When a defective block requiring a new replacement block is found during recording or playing back data and the spare area is full, instead of carrying out the linear replacement, the LRC bit is set in the SDL entry, along with the location information of the defective block. This indicates that the SDL entry was made when the spare area was full. Thus, data is not written in, or read from, the defective block.

Abstract: A method of forming double gate dielectric layers composed of an underlying oxide layer and an overlying oxy-nitride layer is provided to prevent degradation of gate dielectric properties due to plasma-induced charges. In the method, the oxide layer is thermally grown on a silicon substrate under oxygen gas atmosphere to have a first thickness, and then the oxy-nitride layer is thermally grown on the oxide layer under nitrogen monoxide gas atmosphere to have a second thickness smaller than the first thickness. The substrate may have a high voltage area and a low voltage area, and the oxide layer may be partially etched in the low voltage area so as to have a reduced thickness. The oxy-nitride layer behaves like a barrier, blocking the inflow of the plasma-induced charges.

Abstract: Provided is a method of fabricating a semiconductor optical device for use in a subscriber or a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical communication system, in which a laser diode (LD) and a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) are integrated in a single active layer. The laser diode (LD) and the semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) are optically connected to each other, and electrically insulated from each other by ion injection, whereby light generated from the LD is amplified by the SOA to provide low oscillation start current and high intensity of output light when current is individually injected through each electrode.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a semiconductor device for a system on chip (SOC) for embodying a transistor for a logic device, an electrical erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) cell and a flash memory cell in one chip is provided. Floating gates of the EEPROM cell and the flash memory cell are formed by using a first polysilicon layer; and a gate electrode of the logic device and control gates of the EEPROM cell and the flash memory cell are formed by using a second polysilicon layer. Thus, it is possible to stably form the logic device, the EEPROM cell and the flash memory cell in one chip.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a recording medium and apparatus and method for managing defective areas in the recording medium. According to an embodiment, the method includes (a) reading a defect management information recorded on a defect management area, the defect management information including second information specifying a location of a replacement area to replace the defective area and status information specifying whether or not the defective area is replaced; (b) identifying the defect management information; and (c) controlling a writing operation according to the result of step (b).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a head for recording/reading optical data and method of manufacturing the same. The present invention completely buries an aperture with a material a third non-linear coefficient of which is great in order to induce self-focusing. Thus, the present invention can reduce the amount of beam by about one half wavelength and focus the beam in a parabolic shape having almost no optical loss. Therefore, the present invention can improve the transmissivity of the probe by several hundreds times compared to a conventional optical fiver probe, by effectively exciting a near-field scanning optical microscopy for the aperture at an end portion of the probe.

Abstract: The method and system provide provisions for generating a respective detection state value associated with each of a plurality of RF receive beams. A first state value is indicative of a detection. The method and system further provide provisions, for each of the detection state values equal to the first state value, for generating a respective detection range value. The method and system further provide provisions for selecting one of the detection state values equal to the first state value and verifying the selected detection state value to provide one of a positive verification and a negative verification associated with the selected detection state value. The method and system further provide provisions for setting the selected detection state value to be equal to the second state value in response to a negative verification.

Abstract: An internal address generator includes a plurality of column address generators, a mode column address generator, and a drive clock generator. Each column generator receives a corresponding address, an additive latency, and a CAS latency to generate an internal read address in response to a read drive clock and generate an internal write address in response to a write drive clock. The mode column address generator receives a corresponding address, the additive latency, and the CAS latency to generate a mode read address in response to a band width read drive clock and generate a mode write address in response to a band width write drive clock. The drive clock generator receives an additive latency signal, a band width signal, a write enable signal, and a clock to generate the read drive clock, the write drive clock, the band width read drive clock, and the band width write drive clock.

Abstract: A recording medium and apparatus and method for managing defective areas are discussed. According to an embodiment, the method includes: (a) determining whether or not a real time recording is required; and (b) controlling a recording operation based on the determination such that (i) a defective block found during real time recording is not replace with a replacement block of a spare area, while storing a status information identifying that the defective block is not replaced, and (ii) a found defective block is replaced with a replacement block of the spare area if the real time recording is not required as a result of the determination, while storing a status information identifying that the defective block is replaced with the replacement block and storing a location of the replacement block.

Abstract: Multi-mode integrated circuit devices on an integrated circuit substrate include a controller configured to operate in a first mode compliant with the International Standard Organization (ISO) specification ISO 7816 and a second mode different from ISO 7816 responsive to a mode selection signal. A first plurality of input/output pads are associated with operations in the first mode and a second plurality of input/output pads are associated with operations in the second mode. A mode detector circuit is coupled to at least one of the second plurality of input/output pads and configured to detect connection of the at least one of the second plurality of input/output pads to an external device and to activate the mode selection signal to select the second mode responsive to detection of connection of the at least one of the second plurality of input/output pads to the external device.

Abstract: A method for producing L-threonine using a microorganism is provided. In the method, the threonine dehydratase (tdc) gene existing in the genomic DNA of the microorganism is partially deactivated using a recombination technique. For a microorganism strain with enhanced activity of threonine operon-containing enzymes and the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (ppc) gene, the tdc gene engaged in one of the four threonine metabolic pathways is specifically deactivated, thereby markedly increasing the yield of L-threonine.

Abstract: An OLED display comprising a plurality of pixels, first, second, and third reference voltage generators; and a data driver, all formed on the same substrate is disclosed. Each pixel includes a subpixel of a first color, a subpixel of a second color, and a subpixel of a third color. The first reference voltage generator generates first reference voltages corresponding to a subpixel of the first color, the second reference voltage generator generates second reference voltages corresponding to a subpixel of the second color, the third reference voltage generator generates third reference voltages corresponding to a subpixel of the third color, and the data driver converts digital video signals corresponding to the subpixels of the first, second, and third colors into data voltages, and transmits the data voltages to the subpixels of the first, second, and third colors, respectively.

Abstract: An event-based system and process for recording and playback of collaborative electronic presentations is presented. The present system and process includes a technique for recording collaborative electronic presentations by capturing and storing the interactions between each participant and presentation data where each interaction event is timestamped and linked to a data file comprising the presentation data. The present system and process also includes a technique for playing back the recorded collaborative electronic presentation, which involves displaying the presentation data in an order it was originally presented and reproducing the recorded interactions between each participant and the displayed presentation data at the same point in the presentation that they were originally performed, based on the aforementioned timestamps.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of cleaning a photomask, which prevents haze from being generated on a surface of the photomask during a photolithography process. The photomask is heat treated to remove residual ions on a surface thereof and to induce curing and oxidation of Cr and MoSiON layers, thereby preventing diffusion of the ions. Etching of Cr and MoSiON layers due to a cleaning process is suppressed in order to significantly reduce a change in phase and transmissivity of optical properties of Cr and MoSiON.

Abstract: A method of restoring RGB gray scale data for maintaining a sharpness of a screen and reducing a size of a memory is disclosed. The RGB gray scale data having M bits are truncated to generate a first RGB gray scale data having N bits, M being a positive integer and N being an integer less than M. RGB gray scale data information is generated based on a bit information of the first RGB gray scale data. A bit value of a MSB of the first RGB gray scale data is compared with a value of a dither table based on the RGB gray scale data information to generate a comparison value, when a bit value of at least one bit of the first RGB gray scale data is different from other bit values of the first RGB gray scale data. The first RGB gray scale data are compensated based on the RGB gray scale data information and the comparison value. Thus, the sharpness of a screen may be maintained and the size of the memory may be reduced.

Abstract: A vent hole module of an airbag includes a vent hole on the airbag and configured to exhaust gas from the airbag; an air bag attaching portion attached to the airbag near the vent hole; and a vent hole cover for covering the vent hole, removably attached to the air bag attaching portion. The vent hole cover opens the vent hole when a pressure in the air bag is greater than a target pressure. The vent hole cover may include a cover attaching portion removably attached to the air bag attaching portion. The air bag attaching portion and the cover attaching portion may include a hook-and-loop fastener. A connecting portion may further be provided, attached to the vent hole cover and to the airbag, preventing the vent hole cover from being completely removed from the air bag.

Abstract: Transistors having a high carrier mobility and devices incorporating the same are fabricated by forming a preliminary semiconductor layer in a semiconductor substrate at both sides of a gate pattern. A source/ drain semiconductor layer having a heterojunction with the semiconductor substrate is formed by irradiating a laser beam onto the preliminary semiconductor layer. The source/drain semiconductor layer is formed in a recrystallized single crystal structure.

Abstract: A touch screen includes a touch panel providing an image for a user's information input, including a first image sensor, which is arranged at a side or disposed in a side of the touch panel for detecting an input position of the user using an image. A first lens system forms a plurality of pixel regions on an image pickup surface of the first image sensor and having a plurality of lenses, each lens for forming an image of an input member of the user, which is located within a corresponding angle of view, in a corresponding pixel region. An optional second lens system, arranged at another side of the touch panel, typically substantially perpendicular to the first lens system also detects an image of the input member.

Abstract: Disclosed are a chassis, and a backlight unit and a liquid crystal display including the chassis. The chassis includes a first chassis member that includes a first base plate, a first wall extending from the first base plate in a first direction, and a first cover plate extending from the first wall and facing the first base plate. The chassis also includes a second chassis member.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus, including an image forming part which forms an image on a printing medium, a main feeding part which accommodates the printing medium and supplies the printing medium to the image forming part, and a reversing part which transfers the printing medium, on which an image is formed on a first surface thereof in the image forming part, to the main feeding part, wherein the main feeding part includes a feeding roller part which re-feeds the printing medium, having been transferred through the reversing part, to the image forming part.