Abstract: Systems and methods for a hack-proof security keyboard are described. In some embodiments, a keyboard module may include a first circuit configured to detect activation of a plurality of keys and a second circuit configured to detect activation of a subset of the plurality of keys, where the second circuit overlies the first circuit. In other embodiments, a method may include detecting an electrical signal received from a secondary membrane of a keyboard, where the keyboard includes a primary membrane configured to detect individual activation of any of a plurality of keys, and where the secondary membrane is configured to output the electrical signal in response to concurrent activation of a subset of the plurality of keys. The method may also include performing a selected action in response to the detection.

Abstract: A concept of having at least one representative access node for inter-operator interactions for spectrum sharing between a first operator's network and one or more further operators' networks is introduced, the representative access node being discoverable by a discovery procedure performed by access nodes. According to an example implementation, a method or technique may include performing a discovery procedure for discovering one or more representative access nodes for inter-operator interactions for spectrum sharing between a first operator's network and one or more further operators' networks, and causing a transmission of results of the discovery procedure to a controlling entity.

Abstract: Disclosed are an inter-network shared frequency spectrum optimization system and method. In the optimization method, a frequency spectrum resource allocated to a first network in a shared frequency spectrum pool comprises a frequency spectrum resource occupied by an OPEN mode base station in a first cell cluster, and a frequency spectrum resource allocated to a second network in the shared frequency spectrum pool comprises a frequency spectrum resource occupied by an OPEN mode base station in a second cell cluster, wherein the frequency spectrum resource occupied by each OPEN mode base station in the first cell cluster and the frequency spectrum resource occupied by each OPEN mode base station in the second cell cluster have the same size. The present invention improves the frequency spectrum efficiency and the base station service quality are improved.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and computer program for operating a shared spectrum pool in a cellular communication system is disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a network interference coordination method in a co-primary spectrum sharing scenario. The method comprises the following steps: a first network and a second network negotiate an inter-network shared band, the shared band being in a shared spectrum pool; the first network evaluates inter-network interference; the first network determines whether to perform internal coordination, if internal coordination is performed, the first network performs internal coordination; if internal coordination is not performed, request the second network to perform inter-network interference coordination; the second network determines whether to perform internal coordination, if internal coordination is performed, the second network performs internal coordination; and if internal coordination is not performed, go back to the step of negotiating, by a first network and a second network, an inter-network shared band.

Abstract: A method including: receiving, at a first cell, radio resource information from a second cell, said first and second cells in at least one network controlled by two or more operators; receiving operator identity information and cell-type information at said first cell from said second cell; appending said operator identity information and said cell-type information to said radio resource information; and allocating radio resources in dependence on said information.

Abstract: An example implementation may include controlling receiving, in a first network, negotiation information for the asymmetric power usage of a shared spectrum; determining, in the first network, a minimum spectrum demand in dependence on the negotiation information; controlling receiving, in the first network, a minimum spectrum demand from at least one second network; and determining, in the first network, asymmetric power usage of the shared spectrum in dependence on the minimum spectrum demand from the at least one second network and the minimum spectrum demand of the first network.

Abstract: A method receiving a control message at an apparatus of a base station of a first smaller cell, said control message being provided by a control apparatus of a second larger cell, said first cell at least partially overlying said second cell, said control message being provided dependent on a speed of at least one user equipment; and causing, in response to said control message, said base station of said first cell to be in a first power and/or interference mode.

Abstract: The invention provides an uplink and downlink slot time resource configuration method based on interference perception in a TDD system, which is applied to a communication network comprising a source base station, a target base station, as well as a user terminal in the source base station and a user terminal in the target base station, and the method comprises: judging whether the base station-to-base station interference is larger than a preset threshold value or not, if yes, canceling the uplink and downlink slot time resource configuration, and if no, continuously executing the next step; judging whether the interference measurement of the target base station on the user terminal in the source base station is larger than a preset threshold value or not, if no, executing the uplink and downlink slot time resource configuration, and if yes, executing the next step; judging whether the interference measurement of the source base station on the user terminal in the target base station is larger than a preset

Abstract: There is provided a method including determining, at a first neighbour node of a spectrum sharing group of nodes, initial cost information for sharing spectrum with an acting node in said group in dependence on node parameters associated with the first neighbour node, causing the initial cost information to be sent the acting node, determining final cost information in dependence on received cost information associated with at least one second node neighbour of the group, the received cost information determined in dependence on parameters associated with the least one second neighbour node and causing the final cost information to be sent to the acting node.

Abstract: It is provided an apparatus, including base station means to provide a base station functionality using component carriers; neighbor detecting means to detect a neighboring base station; informing means to inform a coordinating device about the neighboring base station; willingness setting means to set a willingness to perform self-tuning based on a respective long-term priority for each component carrier, wherein the long-term priorities are received from the coordinating device, and the willingness is only set if the long-term priorities are not in contradiction to an actual requirement, willingness providing means to provide an indication of the willingness to the coordinating device; and self-tuning means to perform self-tuning if an agreement statement is received from the coordinating device, wherein, as a result of the self-tuning, a usage of each component carrier by the base station means is based on the received long-term information and the actual requirement.

Abstract: A method comprises determining in a base station of a first cell of a first network that there is an inactive second cell of a second, different network which is a candidate cell for a user equipment and causing an activation message to be sent to cause the activation of said inactive second cell.

Abstract: An example implementation relates to an apparatus including: at least one processor and at least one memory including a computer program code, the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: compare the need for frequency resources with currently allocated frequency resources, and if the need for frequency resources is less than the currently allocated frequency resources, inform at least one other node about at least one releasable frequency resource, the at least one releasable frequency resource comprising at least one frequency resource exceeding the need for frequency resources, and at least one rule associated with the at least one releasable frequency resource the at least one rule defining reallocation principles.

Abstract: An example implementation may include controlling receiving, in a first network, negotiation information for the asymmetric power usage of a shared spectrum; determining, in the first network, a minimum spectrum demand in dependence on the negotiation information; controlling receiving, in the first network, a minimum spectrum demand from at least one second network; and determining, in the first network, asymmetric power usage of the shared spectrum in dependence on the minimum spectrum demand from the at least one second network and the minimum spectrum demand of the first network.

Abstract: A concept of having at least one representative access node for inter-operator interactions for spectrum sharing between a first operator's network and one or more further operators' networks is introduced, the representative access node being discoverable by a discovery procedure performed by access nodes. According to an example implementation, a method or technique may include performing a discovery procedure for discovering one or more representative access nodes for inter-operator interactions for spectrum sharing between a first operator's network and one or more further operators' networks, and causing a transmission of results of the discovery procedure to a controlling entity.

Abstract: Disclosed is a network interference coordination method in a co-primary spectrum sharing scenario. The method comprises the following steps: a first network and a second network negotiate an inter-network shared band, the shared band being in a shared spectrum pool; the first network evaluates inter-network interference; the first network determines whether to perform internal coordination, if internal coordination is performed, the first network performs internal coordination; if internal coordination is not performed, request the second network to perform inter-network interference coordination; the second network determines whether to perform internal coordination, if internal coordination is performed, the second network performs internal coordination; and if internal coordination is not performed, go back to the step of negotiating, by a first network and a second network, an inter-network shared band.

Abstract: There is provided a method, comprising: detecting, by a local area access node, a broadcast transmission of uplink data from a user device, wherein the user device and the local area access node have not established a mutual radio communications connection with each other; detecting an indication of a target network element from the broadcast transmission; and controlling forwarding at least part of the broadcast transmission to the target network element as a dedicated transmission, thereby providing a broadcast based network access for the user device.

Abstract: Disclosed are an inter-network shared frequency spectrum optimization system and method. In the optimization method, a frequency spectrum resource allocated to a first network in a shared frequency spectrum pool comprises a frequency spectrum resource occupied by an OPEN mode base station in a first cell cluster, and a frequency spectrum resource allocated to a second network in the shared frequency spectrum pool comprises a frequency spectrum resource occupied by an OPEN mode base station in a second cell cluster, wherein the frequency spectrum resource occupied by each OPEN mode base station in the first cell cluster and the frequency spectrum resource occupied by each OPEN mode base station in the second cell cluster have the same size. The present invention improves the frequency spectrum efficiency and the base station service quality are improved.

Abstract: Disclosed is a network frequency spectrum sharing method, a user terminal of the present network sending a network signal strength measurement report of the different network to a home base station; an operation management node of the present network, based on the network signal strength measurement report, calculating a network overlapping level indicator of the different network, and obtaining network overlapping topology-based information of the different network; and the two networks exchanging the network overlapping topology-based information, and calculating a policy for allocating shared frequency spectrum resources therebetween. The present invention can enable different networks to fairly and reasonably share frequency spectrum resources within a specified range, thus increasing a frequency spectrum utilization rate.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus including at least one processor and at least one memory including a computer program code, the at least one memory and the computer program code con-figured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: search for feasible component carriers by measurements, and if at least one feasible component carrier is found, take it into use; select at least one home node for negotiations for obtaining resources, the selection being based on the measurements, and negotiate for obtaining resources, if no feasible component carriers are found; take into use at least one feasible component carrier obtained based on the negotiations, if at least one feasible component carrier is obtained; and take into use at least one component carrier which is closest feasible, if no feasible component carriers are obtained.