Abstract: An apparatus for diagnosing a battery includes a profile obtaining unit configured to obtain a first differential profile based on a differential voltage of the battery and capacity of the battery corresponding to a charging process and a second differential profile based on the differential voltage of the battery and capacity of the battery corresponding to a discharging process; and a control unit configured to calculate a number of charging peaks included in a first capacity section from the first differential profile, calculate a number of discharging peaks included in a second capacity section from the second differential profile, and diagnose a state of the battery based on the number of charging peaks and the number of discharging peaks.

Abstract: A battery management apparatus includes a setting control unit configured to set a reference voltage that is a reference of determination of a risk caused by a rapid increase of gas, a measurement unit configured to measure a voltage of a battery cell, and a diagnosis unit configured to diagnose the battery cell as a dangerous cell in which a degree of risk caused by the rapid increase of gas is equal to or higher than a predetermined level when a state in which the voltage of the battery cell remains higher than the reference voltage for a first reference time or longer.

Abstract: A battery management apparatus includes a profile obtaining unit configured to obtain a differential profile representing a corresponding relationship between a differential capacity and a voltage of a battery; and a control unit configured to determine a plurality of peaks in the differential profile, calculate a capacity of each of a plurality of voltage sections distinguished based on the plurality of peaks, calculate a capacity change rate of each of the plurality of voltage sections based on the calculated plurality of capacities and a preset reference capacity, and diagnose a state of the battery according to the calculated plurality of capacity change rates.

Abstract: An electrode having a multilayer structure formed by stacking a plurality of unit electrode active material layers. The electrode is formed from granules comprising an electrode material densely packed in each unit electrode active material layer, and even though different types of electrode active materials are used in each unit electrode active material layer, the intermixing of the electrode active materials does not occur at or near the interface of the unit electrode active material layers, resulting in less interferences of electrochemical properties between the different types of electrode active materials. Additionally, the electrode active material layer has higher porosity of the unit electrode active material layer closer to the electrode surface than the unit electrode active material layer closer to the current collector. Accordingly, it is possible to improve electrolyte wetting and ionic conductivity of the electrode.

Abstract: An electrode for an electrochemical device has a lower layer zone and an upper layer zone, wherein different types of granules are contained in the lower layer zone and the upper layer zone. In addition, the electrode includes an intermediate layer zone disposed between the lower layer zone and the upper layer zone and having an interface formed by undulating concave and convex portions having a quadrangular shape. The electrode shows an increased ion diffusion rate and electrode capacity.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing botulinum toxin in various fragments to then be reassembled, for safely producing same. In the present invention, devised is a method in which: botulinum toxin is produced in fragments by cleaving light and heavy chains thereof into two or three pieces, respectively, and then combined as a full-length toxin, thereby allowing high complexity in production, due to toxicity, as well as low safety and economic feasibility, to be overcome; production of water-soluble botulinum toxin is enabled by using bacteria, thereby markedly shortening the production time as compared to existing production methods; and conjugation of the produced fragments with other proteins and nanoparticles is also enabled, thereby increasing the pharmaceutical extensibility of the toxin.

Abstract: An apparatus for diagnosing a battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a storage unit configured to store bank information about voltage and capacity of each of a plurality of battery banks included in a battery module; and a control unit configured to generate a differential profile for each of the plurality of battery banks based on the bank information, determine a target peak in each of the generated plurality of differential profiles, and diagnose the state of the corresponding battery bank based on the determined target peak.

Abstract: An integrated control method for a plurality of beamforming antennas, which controls a plurality of phase array antennas in an integrated manner, includes the steps of: rows and the number of columns of the plurality of phase array antennas; selecting manufacturer channel information of each of the plurality of phase array antennas; setting the number of bits of the selected manufacturer channel information of each phase array antenna; and setting a Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) lane range of the selected manufacturer channel information of each phase array antenna.

Abstract: A particle matter analysis device, an analysis method and a manufacturing method are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing botulinum toxin in various fragments to then be reassembled, for safely producing same. In the present invention, devised is a method in which: botulinum toxin is produced in fragments by cleaving light and heavy chains thereof into two or three pieces, respectively, and then combined as a full-length toxin, thereby allowing high complexity in production, due to toxicity, as well as low safety and economic feasibility, to be overcome; production of water-soluble botulinum toxin is enabled by using bacteria, thereby markedly shortening the production time as compared to existing production methods; and conjugation of the produced fragments with other proteins and nanoparticles is also enabled, thereby increasing the pharmaceutical extensibility of the toxin.

Abstract: An apparatus estimating a state of charge (SOC)-open circuit voltage (OCV) profile, including: a storage unit storing: a beginning of life (BOL) positive electrode (PE) half-cell SOC-OCV profile and available range (AR), a BOL negative electrode (NE) half-cell SOC-OCV profile and AR, and a BOL full-cell SOC-OCV profile and total capacity (TC), and a control unit estimating a full-cell SOC-OCV profile at middle of life (MOL), including: an AR determination module for: calculating an MOL full-cell TC while a secondary battery is fully charged/discharged at MOL, and determining the MOL PE and NE ARs so a ratio of the MOL to the BOL full-cell TCs equals a ratio of the MOL to the BOL PE ARs and a ratio of the MOL to the BOL NE ARs, and a profile management module for: estimating, as an MOL full-cell SOC-OCV profile, a differential profile, and updating the BOL full-cell SOC-OCV profile.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a battery management apparatus and method, which sets a degraded SOC region based on a SOC-based voltage difference between a charging voltage and a discharging voltage according to a SOC of a battery and estimates a degree of degradation of the battery based on the voltage difference in the set degraded SOC region.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a battery management apparatus and method, which sets a degraded SOC region based on a SOC-based voltage difference between a charging voltage and a discharging voltage according to a SOC of a battery and estimates a degree of degradation of the battery based on the voltage difference in the set degraded SOC region.

Abstract: A particle matter analysis device, an analysis method and a manufacturing method are disclosed.

Abstract: An apparatus estimating a state of charge (SOC)-open circuit voltage (OCV) profile, including: a storage unit storing: a beginning of life (BOL) positive electrode (PE) half-cell SOC-OCV profile and available range (AR), a BOL negative electrode (NE) half-cell SOC-OCV profile and AR, and a BOL full-cell SOC-OCV profile and total capacity (TC), and a control unit estimating a full-cell SOC-OCV profile at middle of life (MOL), including: an AR determination module for: calculating an MOL full-cell TC while a secondary battery is fully charged/discharged at MOL, and determining the MOL PE and NE ARs so a ratio of the MOL to the BOL full-cell TCs equals a ratio of the MOL to the BOL PE ARs and a ratio of the MOL to the BOL NE ARs, and a profile management module for: estimating, as an MOL full-cell SOC-OCV profile, a differential profile, and updating the BOL full-cell SOC-OCV profile.

Abstract: Semiconductor devices are provided including a substrate defining a gate trench. A buried gate structure is provided in the gate trench and at least fills the gate trench. The buried gate structure includes a gate insulation layer pattern, a gate electrode and a capping layer pattern. First and second impurity regions are provided at portions of the substrate adjacent to the buried gate structure, respectively. At least a portion of each of the first and second impurity regions face a sidewall of the buried gate structure. First and second buried contact structures are provided on the first and second impurity regions, respectively. Each of the first and second buried contact structures includes a metal silicide pattern and a metal pattern, and at least a portion of each of the first and second buried contact structures face to a sidewall of the buried gate structure.

Abstract: Semiconductor devices are provided including a substrate defining a gate trench. A buried gate structure is provided in the gate trench and at least fills the gate trench. The buried gate structure includes a gate insulation layer pattern, a gate electrode and a capping layer pattern. First and second impurity regions are provided at portions of the substrate adjacent to the buried gate structure, respectively. At least a portion of each of the first and second impurity regions face a sidewall of the buried gate structure. First and second buried contact structures are provided on the first and second impurity regions, respectively. Each of the first and second buried contact structures includes a metal silicide pattern and a metal pattern, and at least a portion of each of the first and second buried contact structures face to a sidewall of the buried gate structure.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for controlling an AV device, comprising a web browser receiving a structured document to contain a script from the AV device, and providing the same to a user, and a first program module including a function called by the script and transmitting information on a device control command to the AV device through a protocol previously defined by use of the function, wherein the AV device comprises a web server module transmitting the structured document and a second program module receiving the device control command information from the first program module through the protocol and controlling the AV device in response to the command information.

Abstract: Provided is a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag including: a pattern layer which includes a first conductor having a pattern and an RFID chip electrically connected to the first conductor; an insulating layer which insulates the pattern layer from the radiation layer; a radiation layer which is attached to the insulating layer, and includes a second conductor having a radiation pattern inductively coupled to the first conductor; a lower protection layer disposed below a combination of the pattern layer, the insulating layer and the radiation layer; and an upper protection layer disposed above the combination of the pattern layer, the insulating layer and the radiation layer.

Abstract: Provided are an authentication method that includes connecting an optical disc drive (ODD) for driving a medium and a host device for reproducing contents stored in the medium using an interface. An authentication for reproducing the contents is performed by mutually exchanging data between the host device and the ODD via the authentication area of the ODD for storing the data. Accordingly, the ODD may convert a file from the optical disc, which is in an intrinsic format, into a format that is recognizable by a host device.