Abstract: RNA molecules for RNA interference to target a mutant allele with a point mutation, wherein the molecule has a nucleotide sequence complementary to a nucleotide sequence of a coding region of the mutant allele; and when counted from the base at the 5?-end in the nucleotide sequence complementary to the sequence of the mutant allele: a base at position 5 or 6 is mismatched with a base in the mutant allele; a base at position 10 or 11 is at the position of the point mutation and is identical to the base at the position of the point mutation in the mutant allele; the group at the 2?-position of the pentose in the ribonucleotide at position 8 is modified with OCH3, halogen, or LNA; and the group at the 2?-position of the pentose in the ribonucleotide at position 7 is not modified with any of OCH3, halogen, and LNA.

Abstract: A data acquisition apparatus includes a light source, a first beam splitter, a predetermined beam splitter, a first light deflector, a second light deflector, a first measuring unit, a second measuring unit, a second beam splitter, and a photodetector. A second measurement optical path is positioned in a first direction and a reference optical path is positioned in a second direction. The predetermined beam splitter is disposed in the second measurement optical path or the reference optical path. A first measurement optical path is positioned between the predetermined beam splitter and the photodetector. The first light deflector and the first measuring unit are disposed in the first measurement optical path, and the second light deflector and the second measuring unit are disposed in the second measurement optical path. The first measurement optical path and the second measurement optical path intersect.

Abstract: A sample observation apparatus includes a light source unit, an illumination optical system, an observation optical system, a light detection element, a scanning unit, a holding member, and an image processing device. A light spot is formed by the illumination optical system. The scanning unit moves the light spot and the holding member relative to each other. A pupil of the observation optical system and the light detection element are positioned at a position conjugate to a pupil position of the illumination optical system. The image processing device generates an image of a sample based on a predetermined image and a filter, and the predetermined image is an image based on a signal output from the light detection element. The filter includes a first region and a second region, and a value in the first region is greater than a value in the second region.

Abstract: A measurement apparatus includes a laser apparatus, a branch that branches a frequency-modulated laser beam into a reference light and a measurement light, a beat signal generator that generates a beat signal by mixing the reference light and a reflected light that is the measurement light radiated onto an object to be measured, a first analyzer that analyses a first signal component corresponding to a difference in a propagation distance between the reference light and the measurement light on the basis of the beat signal, a second analyzer that analyses a second signal component corresponding to a cavity frequency of an optical cavity on the basis of the beat signal, and calculation circuitry that calculates the difference in the propagation distance between the reference light and the measurement light.

Abstract: A measurement apparatus including: a laser that outputs a frequency-modulated laser beam; a branch that splits the frequency-modulated laser beam into a reference light and a measurement light; a beat signal generator that generates a beat signal by mixing the reference light and a reflected light that is reflected by radiating the measurement light onto an object to be measured; a frequency analyzer that frequency-analyzes the beat signal; a storage that stores a reference frequency signal which is a frequency signal obtained by converting a reference signal output by the beat signal generator in a state without the object to be measured; and calculation circuitry that calculates a difference between propagation distances of the reference light and the measurement light.

Abstract: A measurement apparatus includes a laser apparatus, a branching part that branches a frequency-modulated laser beam output by the laser apparatus into a reference light and a measurement light; a beat signal generation part that generates a beat signal by mixing a reflected light and the reference light, a conversion part that converts the beat signal into a digital signal at a first sampling rate and frequency-analyses it, an extraction part that extracts a signal component corresponding to a cavity frequency from the frequency-modulated laser beam, a digital filter that digitally filters the extracted signal component at a second sampling rate; and a calculation part that calculates a difference in a propagation distance between the reference light and the measurement light.

Abstract: A refractive index distribution estimating system includes an illumination optical system configured to illuminate a sample, an imaging optical system configured to form an optical sample image, an image sensor configured to capture optical images of the sample, and a processor configured to reconstruct a refractive index distribution of the sample from images.

Abstract: A microscope system includes an incoherent light source, a detection optical system, and an imager. The incoherent light source is a light source that emits light that is temporally not coherent. In a sample, a plurality of coherent illuminations are performed simultaneously by light emitted from the incoherent light source. The coherent illuminations are illumination by light that is spatially coherent. The direction in which the sample is irradiated with a light beam is different for each coherent illumination. In a pupil plane of the detection optical system, the respective light beams of the coherent illuminations pass through first regions different from each other. Each of the first regions satisfies the following Condition (1). At least one distance among distances between the two adjacent first regions satisfies the following Condition (2). LS<PS×10?3??(1) 0.

Abstract: A hollow-fiber membrane according to an aspect of the present disclosure contains a polytetrafluoroethylene or a modified polytetrafluoroethylene as a main component and has an average outer diameter of 1 mm or less and an average inner diameter of 0.5 mm or less. In a measurement of a heat of fusion of the polytetrafluoroethylene or the modified polytetrafluoroethylene with a differential scanning calorimeter, when the polytetrafluoroethylene or modified polytetrafluoroethylene is subjected to a first step of heating from room temperature to 365° C., a second step of cooling from 365° C. to 350° C., maintaining the temperature, subsequently cooling from 350° C. to 330° C., and further cooling from 330° C. to 305° C., and a third step of cooling from 305° C. to 245° C. at a rate of ?50° C./min and subsequently heating from 245° C. to 365° C. at a rate of 10° C./min, a heat of fusion from 296° C. to 343° C. in the third step is 30.0 J/g or more and 45.0 J/g or less.

Abstract: A porous membrane laminate of the present disclosure includes a porous support layer and a porous membrane laminated on one surface of the support layer and containing polytetrafluoroethylene as a main component. The porous membrane is formed of a uniaxially stretched material, the porous membrane has a mean pore size of 25 nm to 35 nm and a maximum pore size of 49 nm or less, and the porous membrane has an average thickness of 0.6 ?m to 3.5 ?m.

Abstract: A measurement apparatus, including: a laser apparatus that outputs a frequency-modulated laser beam with a plurality of modes; a branching part that branches the frequency-modulated laser beam into a reference light and a measurement light; a beat signal generation part that generates a plurality of beat signals by mixing the reference light and a reflected light that is reflected by radiating the measurement light onto an object to be measured; a conversion part that converts the plurality of beat signals into digital signals by sampling the beat signals at a frequency greater than or equal to four times a resonator frequency of the laser resonator; and a calculation part that calculates a distance from the measurement apparatus to the object to be measured on the basis of the digital signals is provided.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a hollow fiber membrane module, the hollow fiber membrane module including: a hollow fiber membrane bundle including a plurality of hollow fiber membranes; a housing configured to contain the hollow fiber membrane bundle; and a potting part in which a potting agent is added between an outer surface of the hollow fiber membranes and an inner surface of the housing at both end regions or at one end region of the hollow fiber membrane bundle, wherein the method including: providing a sheet-shaped spacer in a space between the hollow fiber membranes at the both end regions or at the one end region of the hollow fiber membrane bundle; and adding a potting agent between the outer surface of the hollow fiber membranes and the inner surface of the housing at the both end regions or at the one end region of the hollow fiber membrane bundle such that the provided spacer is embedded, wherein the potting agent includes resin, rubber, or elastomer, as a main ingredient, and wherein the spacer is

Abstract: [Problem] To provide a sizing-agent-coated carbon fiber bundle in which, even when the sizing-agent-coated carbon fiber bundle has superior handling properties, the sizing agent on the sizing-agent-coated carbon fiber bundle exhibits excellent solubility in water and the adhesion amount of remaining sizing agent is reduced. [Solution] A sizing-agent-coated carbon fiber bundle obtained by applying polyethylene glycol and/or a surfactant to a carbon fiber bundle as a sizing agent, wherein all of the following conditions (i)-(iii) are satisfied. (i) The adhesion amount of the sizing agent is 0.15-0.80 parts by mass (inclusive) per 100 mass parts of the sizing-agent-coated carbon fiber bundle 100. (ii) The dry F-F friction coefficient is 0.39 or less. (iii) The adhesion amount of the sizing agent after washing for 50 seconds under the conditions disclosed in the specification is 0.12 parts by mass or less per 100 parts by mass of the sizing-agent-coated carbon fiber bundle 100.

Abstract: A refractive index distribution estimating system includes an illumination optical system configured to illuminate a sample, an imaging optical system configured to form an optical sample image, an image sensor configured to capture optical images of the sample, and a processor configured to reconstruct a refractive index distribution of the sample from images.

Abstract: A data acquisition apparatus includes an illumination device, a first beam splitter, a measurement unit, and a photodetector. A measurement optical path and a reference optical path are positioned between the illumination device and the photodetector. In the first beam splitter, light traveling in a first direction and light traveling in a second direction are generated from incident light. The measurement optical path is positioned in the first direction, the reference optical path is positioned in the second direction, and the measurement unit is disposed on the measurement optical path. In the optical surface of the first beam splitter, an incident position of light emitted from the illumination device changes with time, and the angle formed by light propagating through the measurement optical path and the optical axis of the measurement optical path changes with change in the incident position.

Abstract: A measurement apparatus including: a laser that outputs a frequency-modulated laser beam; a branch that splits the frequency-modulated laser beam into a reference light and a measurement light; a beat signal generator that generates a beat signal by mixing the reference light and a reflected light that is reflected by radiating the measurement light onto an object to be measured; a frequency analyzer that frequency-analyzes the beat signal; a storage that stores a reference frequency signal which is a frequency signal obtained by converting a reference signal output by the beat signal generator in a state without the object to be measured; and calculation circuitry that calculates a difference between propagation distances of the reference light and the measurement light.

Abstract: A hollow-fiber membrane module according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a rectangular tubular outer casing with at least one sidewall being open, the outer casing having a plurality of open ports, and an inner casing configured such that a plurality of hollow-fiber membranes aligned in a longitudinal direction of the outer casing are placeable in the inner casing and configured to be insertable into the one sidewall.

Abstract: A hollow-fiber membrane according to an aspect of the present disclosure contains a polytetrafluoroethylene or a modified polytetrafluoroethylene as a main component and has an average outer diameter of 1 mm or less and an average inner diameter of 0.5 mm or less. In a measurement of a heat of fusion of the polytetrafluoroethylene or the modified polytetrafluoroethylene with a differential scanning calorimeter, when the polytetrafluoroethylene or modified polytetrafluoroethylene is subjected to a first step of heating from room temperature to 365° C., a second step of cooling from 365° C. to 350° C., maintaining the temperature, subsequently cooling from 350° C. to 330° C., and further cooling from 330° C. to 305° C., and a third step of cooling from 305° C. to 245° C. at a rate of ?50° C./min and subsequently heating from 245° C. to 365° C. at a rate of 10° C./min, a heat of fusion from 296° C. to 343° C. in the third step is 30.0 J/g or more and 45.0 J/g or less.

Abstract: A sample shape measuring method includes a step of preparing illumination light that is to be passed through a predetermined illumination region, a step of irradiating the illumination light to a sample, and a predetermined processing step. The predetermined illumination region is set such that an area of a region of the illumination light passing through a pupil of an observation optical system is smaller than an area of the pupil of the observation optical system. The predetermined processing step includes a step of receiving light emerged from the observation optical system, a step of computing a position of an image of the predetermined illumination region from light received, a step of computing a difference between the position of the image of the predetermined illumination region and a reference position, and a step of calculating an amount of inclination at a surface of the sample, from the difference calculated.

Abstract: A data acquisition apparatus includes an illumination device, a first beam splitter, a measurement unit, and a photodetector. A measurement optical path and a reference optical path are positioned between the illumination device and the photodetector. In the first beam splitter, light traveling in a first direction and light traveling in a second direction are generated from incident light. The measurement optical path is positioned in the first direction, the reference optical path is positioned in the second direction, and the measurement unit is disposed on the measurement optical path. In the optical surface of the first beam splitter, an incident position of light emitted from the illumination device changes with time, and the angle formed by light propagating through the measurement optical path and the optical axis of the measurement optical path changes with change in the incident position.