Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes: a first substrate having a single-crystalline silicon layer on one surface thereof; a transparent second substrate disposed opposite the first substrate, the surface of the first substrate having the single-crystalline silicon layer thereon facing the second substrate with a ferroelectric liquid crystal layer sandwiched therebetween; and a plurality of circuit elements formed in the single-crystalline silicon layer in a corresponding relationship to each of a plurality of pixel areas formed on the surface of the first substrate which faces the ferroelectric liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus includes: a first substrate having a silicon layer on the surface thereof; a transparent second substrate placed so as to face the silicon layer; and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein the first substrate includes a plurality of switching elements formed in the silicon layer, a protection layer formed on the surface of the first substrate so as to cover the switching elements, a plurality of pixel electrodes with gaps therebetween formed in a matrix on the protection layer, and a filler for filling the gaps, wherein the surface of the filler is formed so as to be at the same level as that of the surfaces of the pixel electrodes.

Abstract: A non-volatile memory device according to the present invention includes: a substrate; a storage medium provided above the substrate; a writing unit having a heating unit provided above the substrate, for heating the storage medium by the heating unit to write data in the storage medium with a thermal change of a physical value of the storage medium; and a reading unit having an electrical reading unit provided above the substrate, for reading the change of the physical value of the storage medium as data written in the storage medium by the electrical reading unit.

Abstract: It is an object of the invention to present a liquid crystal display device capable of displaying high precisely and brightly. The incident light into the reflection type liquid crystal display element is selectively varied by using the light selecting means, that is, cyan filter, magenta filter, and yellow filter, and red light, green light, and blue light are entered in every unit time. By controlling the reflection/cutoff of color lights of these three primary color by the reflection type liquid crystal display element, multicolor display of eight colors or full-color display is realized.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a projection type liquid crystal display. In a preferred aspect, the projection type liquid crystal display of the invention includes an optical source for generating light, a light dividing unit which divides the light into a first light having a first polarization direction and a second polarization direction and allows the first and second lights to come out in different directions from each other, a pair of reflective liquid crystal display elements formed of a first reflective liquid crystal display element and a second reflective liquid crystal display element with synchronization, a light synthesizing unit for receiving the first light which comes out of the first reflective liquid crystal display element and the second light which comes out of the second reflective liquid crystal display element and synthesizing the first and second lights into image light, and a screen.

Abstract: A method for producing a semiconductor film, includes the steps of: (a) forming an amorphous semiconductor film on a substrate having a surface with an insulating property; (b) introducing a material for accelerating crystallization of the amorphous semiconductor film into at least a part of the amorphous semiconductor film; (c) crystallizing the amorphous semiconductor film by heating to obtain a crystalline semiconductor film from the amorphous semiconductor film; and (d) oxidizing a surface of the crystalline semiconductor film to form a semiconductor oxide film containing a part of the material for accelerating the crystallization on the surface of the crystalline semiconductor film.

Abstract: To present a liquid crystal device high in contrast, bright and possessing high speed response characteristics, and to present electronic appliances such as liquid crystal display device and image pickup apparatus of high contrast and brightness, copier, printing plate process machine, facsimile communication apparatus, optical communication apparatus and image operation apparatus. A liquid crystal device comprising a pair of substrates forming electrodes respectively on the confronting surfaces, a power supply for applying voltage to the electrodes, and first and second liquid crystal layers interspaced between the pair of substrates, in which the first and second liquid crystal layers are contained in a three-dimensional reticular high molecular weight compound, the directions of orientation of liquid crystal molecules are aligned almost in one direction, and the directions of their orientations are mutually different near the substrates.

Abstract: The light information device of the invention includes a semiconductor having a photoconductive effect or a photovoltaic effect. In the light information device, a photoconductivity and a dark conductivity of the semiconductor are varied by an aging process using an external stimulus, and the photoconductivity and the dark conductivity after the aging process have values which are equal to or lower than 20% of respective initial values thereof before the aging process.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes two substrates having electrodes, respectively, and a liquid crystal layer arranged between the two substrates. One of the two substrates includes a plurality of linear luminous sources ranged in parallel each other, a plurality of linear electrodes ranged in parallel each other and the linear electrodes being crossed with the plurality of linear luminous sources, and a plurality of photoconductive layers provided at crossed positions of the plurality of linear luminous sources and the plurality of linear electrodes, the photoconductive layers serving to perform switching operation in response to light applied from the plurality of linear luminous sources. The liquid crystal has pixels to be driven by a signal applied through the plurality of linear electrodes and the plurality of photoconductive layers.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display having a liquid crystal layer between substrates is provided with a liquid crystal orientation layer sandwiched between a substrate and the liquid crystal layer. The liquid crystal orientation layer is made of a mixture of liquid crystal molecules and a photo polymerizable compound. While projecting an ultraviolet ray so as to harden the photo polymerizable compound, a predetermined voltage set according to a desired pretilt angle is applied, thereby fixing the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules. The liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal layer are controlled so as to have an orientation direction set according to the pretilt angle of the liquid crystal orientation layer. The described liquid crystal orientation layer offers easy and accurate control of the pretilt angle. Therefore, for example, in the DAP mode liquid crystal display, a small pretilt angle can be set on an entire surface of the substrate, thereby achieving a high contrast display.

Abstract: A non-volatile memory device which includes a recording medium, a heating means for heating the recording medium, a reading means for reading the information stored in the recording medium, and the recording medium containing a liquid crystal compound.

Abstract: The goggle type display apparatus of this invention comprises a first image generating unit for providing an image for the left eye and a second image generating unit for providing an image for the right eye, each of the first image generating unit and the second image generating unit comprising: a polarization beam splitter for polarizing light emitted from a light source; and a reflection type display device including a substrate, a switching circuit formed on the substrate, a display medium for modulating the light polarized by the polarization beam splitter to provide the light with image information, and an electrode layer electrically connected to the switching circuit for applying a voltage to the display medium, the electrode layer reflecting the light incident thereto after passing through the display medium.

Abstract: A display device provides a liquid crystal 41 served as a display medium, a plurality of pixel electrodes for driving the liquid crystal 41, a plurality of lower electrodes x.sub.1 to x.sub.128 and upper electrodes Y.sub.1 to Y.sub.100 ranged in the row or column direction, a plurality of photoconductive elements S.sup.X.sub.1,1 to S.sup.X.sub.128,100 and S.sup.Y.sub.1,1 to S.sup.Y.sub.128,100 provided on each of these pixel electrodes for electrically connecting or disconnecting the signal lines with or from the pixel electrodes, and a plurality of linear luminous bodies X.sub.1 to X.sub.128 and Y.sub.1 to Y.sub.100 provided in the column and row directions in a manner to selectively apply light to the photoconductive elements and control connection or disconnection of the photoconductive elements.

Abstract: As a memory medium, a liquid crystal composite or a composite including a liquid crystal component in a molecule is used. The memory medium is heated by a heat generating layer which is heated by a pair of electrodes, thereby changing a phase of the memory medium. Thus, data is written into the memory medium. A change in a property or a phase transition of the memory medium is electrically or optically detected, thereby reading the data from the memory medium.

Abstract: A single crystal silicon substrate organic polymer liquid crystal display device uses a first light incident substrate, a second substrate opposed to the first substrate, the second substrate being formed of a single crystal silicon, and an organic polymer liquid crystal material between the first and second substrates.

Abstract: A reflective type liquid crystal display device excelling in uniformity and capable of making a bright display is presented. At the front side of the liquid crystal display element, that is, at the observer side, a light guide plate is disposed, and a pair of lamps are disposed at the outer side of the confronting side surfaces of the light guide plate. Collimators for limiting the incident angle .theta. to the upper surface of the light from the lamps are disposed between the light guide plate and lamps. That is, by the collimators, the incident angle .theta. to the upper surface is defined so that the incident light may be totally reflected, and that the reflected light may not be totally reflected by the lower surface 61b. As a result, the light from the lamps will not reach the observer directly, and a uniform illumination of the liquid crystal display element may be realized.

Abstract: A liquid crystal operation device including a pair of substrates opposed to each other; a liquid crystal layer interposed between the substrates; and a plurality of first electrodes and a plurality of second electrodes which are at least partially opposed to each other with an insulating film interposed therebetween. The first electrodes are provided on one of the substrates. The liquid crystal operation device further includes a third electrode provided on a surface of the other substrate to be opposed to the second electrodes; and a photosensitive section bridging the second electrodes and a signal line provided in the vicinity of the second electrodes. The photosensitive section is formed of a photoconductive material. A first capacitance is generated between the first electrodes and the second electrodes, a second capacitance is generated between the second electrodes and the third electrode.

Abstract: Described herein is a process for separating solid indole in refined form with an extremely high degree of purity from a mixture containing more than 50 wt % of indole, in which a pressure of 700-2500 atms is applied to the mixture in a high pressure vessel, and solid-liquid separation is effected continuedly under pressurized state with an initial temperature in the range of 50.degree.-65.degree. C.

Abstract: A plate-like stock material is rolled or edged to a desired width on an edging stand of an edger. The edging stand is equipped with a pair of vertical rolls. The central axis of at least one of the vertical rolls of the edging stand is tilted within a suitable angle range toward the same direction as the advancing direction of the stock material or toward the direction opposite to the advancing direction of the stock material in a vertical plane parallel to the advancing direction of the stock material. The resulting downward bending deformation is received by a table roller.

Abstract: In effecting resistance welding, fluid pressure is applied to a piston in a cylinder to drive the piston rod ahead so that work being welded is clamped between an electrode provided at the end of the rod and another electrode carried by an arm to apply a suitable welding pressure to the work. As the piston is further moved ahead, a collector ring is expanded radially outwardly to make electrical contact with the power feeding liner, so that welding current fed from a feeder cable is supplied to the electrode through the cylinder, feeding liner, collector ring, collector plate and the rod, thereby to effect the welding while applying a suitable pressure to the work.