Abstract: A charge pumping circuit is provided to regulate the amount of charge to be pumped according to a driving voltage to reduce the loss of power and increase charge pumping efficiency. The charge pumping circuit includes: a driving voltage sensing unit sensing a driving voltage to generate one or more sensing signals for determining the amount of charge to be pumped; a multi-level clock generation unit generating a pair of clock signals each having an amplitude corresponding to a signal value of each of the one or more sensing signals; and a charge pumping unit charging the pair of clock signals to generate a charged voltage, adding the charged voltage to the driving voltage, and outputting the same.

Abstract: A method of determining an optimal transmission mode and a data frame structure for determining an optimal transmission mode in a data transmission system using a relay, are provided. Any one of a base station, a relay, and a mobile station determines an optimal transmission mode from among a plurality of transmission modes, and the base station transmits the determined optimal transmission mode by enabling the determined optimal transmission mode to be included in the system information duration of the data frame, so that the overall relay system can transmit data according to the optimal transmission mode.

Abstract: A kettle including an upper portion including a hollow center and a first opening and a second opening, a spout portion removably attached to the upper portion and removably attached to a base portion, wherein the spout portion includes a top spout side and a bottom spout side, and wherein the spout includes variable diameter, a base portion including a tea strainer, the base portion including at least a base section, the base section comprising a material configured to exhibit increased magnetic properties in response to the application of heat, and a trivet portion, the trivet portion at least partially comprised of a magnetic material, and wherein the trivet portion is sized to mate with the base section.

Abstract: A method of controlling data transmission mode in an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) wireless relay system and an apparatus using the method are provided. The method of controlling data transmission mode includes: dividing all frequency bands of an OFDM signal into a frequency band group including at least one subcarrier band; estimating a plurality of channels of wireless links which respectively link a base station (BS), at least one relay station (RS), and a mobile station (MS) with respect to the at least one subcarrier band; selecting any one of a plurality of data transmission modes based on a feature of the estimated plurality of channels of wireless links with respect to the frequency band group; and applying the selected data transmission mode to all of the at least one subcarrier bands in the frequency band group to transmit data.

Abstract: A wireless data transmission method and apparatus are provided for compensating a distortion due to a clipped amplitude when an amplitude of a signal is clipped to reduce a peak to average power ratio (PAPR) in a wireless communication system using an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme and a transmit diversity method using an orthogonal coding. The wireless data transmission apparatus includes a coding unit which Space-Time block codes a first data stream into a plurality of second data streams, the plurality of second data streams being orthogonal to each other; an inverse Fourier transform unit which performs an inverse Fourier transform of each of the Space-Time block coded second data stream and generates a plurality of time domain signals; and a plurality of amplitude clipping units which clips an amplitude of each of the plurality of generated time domain signals.

Abstract: An achievable sum data rate with respect to each of available candidate transmission/reception modes may be calculated to select a transmission/reception mode of transmission/reception pairs repeatedly using radio resources. A transmission/reception mode to be applied may be selected from the candidate transmission/reception modes based on the calculated sum data rate. Information associated with the selected transmission/reception mode may be shared by the transmission/reception pairs.

Abstract: A communication device and a mobile station to perform interference alignment, and an interference alignment method are provided. Interference alignment may be performed to enable an interference signal, received in a mobile station, to be removed using channel information fed back from the mobile station.

Abstract: Size-controlled immobilization of metal nano-clusters onto particles or nanoparticles is achieved using a polyol process. Polyol processing makes it possible to use thiol groups as a chemical protocol to functionalize the surface of particles, such as silica and polystyrene nanoparticles. Metal nano-clusters, such as silver, gold, platinum and palladium, nucleate and grow on the surface of the particles. The metal nano-clusters may be synthesized in a one-pot process from metal salts, nitrates, nitrites, sulfates, sulfites and the like. Any source of metal ions compatible with the polyol suspension and selected particles may be used. The size of immobilized metal nano-clusters may be controlled by additions of a poly(vinylpyrrolidone) or other polymer capable of regulating the metal ion reduction and nucleation process and by controlling concentration of metal ions, the nucleation and/or growth temperatures, and processing time.

Abstract: A wrench tool used in fastening or unfastening a bolt or nut. The wrench tool includes a head having a socket formed in an axial direction thereof such that an outer circumference of the bolt or the nut can be inserted into the socket and a rod connected to one end of the head. The rod includes a bent section extending from the one end of the head in the axial direction of the head and a connector rod connected to one end of the bent section and extending a predetermined length. The bent section is curved to define an opening in one side thereof. The wrench tool is extensible in length, and the moment generated by a force applied by a user to be consistent with the rotational direction of the bolt or nut so that the bolt or the nut can be fastened or unfastened using less force.

Abstract: A method of assigning a carrier for mitigating inter-cell interference in a fixed relay based communication system is provided. In a normal mode, the method includes defining at least one sector group by grouping cells at least two tiers away from each other; selecting a single sector group; and assigning, by a base station of the selected sector group, a first carrier to a relay station or a mobile station which is located in a coverage area of the base station. In a relay mode, the method includes determining whether a current mode is a normal mode or a relay mode; determining whether a base station is included in a selected sector group; and assigning carriers to a relay station or a mobile station belonging to the base station, when the current mode is the normal mode and the base station is included in the selected sector group.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling a power of a relay are provided. The apparatus includes: a signal receiver which receives signals which are transmitted to a plurality of receiving antennas directly from a source or via at least one relay; a channel information acquirement unit which acquires channel information between the source and the at least one relay, and acquires channel information between the at least one relay and the plurality of receiving antennas; a power control signal generation unit which generates a power control signal, based on the acquired channel information and a maximum SNR; and a relay power control unit which transmits the generated power control signal to the relay and thereby controls a transmit signal power with respect to the at least one relay.

Abstract: A relay-based communication system and method processing a signal without a cyclic prefix is provided. An apparatus for generating a relay signal includes a signal receiving unit which receives a source signal transmitted from a source node to a relay node and detects a received signal, a signal conversion unit which extracts samples corresponding to a first time duration from the received signal, sums the received signal and the extracted samples in a second time duration, and generates a converted received signal, a relay signal generation unit which generates a relay signal cooperating with the source signal based on the converted received signal according to a space frequency block code (SFBC) scheme, and a signal transmission unit which transmits the generated relay signal to a destination node.

Abstract: A mobile station and a network control apparatus are provided. The network control apparatus may generate beamforming information, associated with an interference alignment of a plurality of mobile stations, and transmit the beamforming information to a plurality of base stations. The mobile station may receive a signal from the plurality of base stations based on the beamforming information.

Abstract: Disclosed are a scheduling method and apparatus for a relay-based network. The scheduling apparatus may assign a plurality of sub channels to links, with respect to each of a first sub frame and a second sub frame included in s downlink sub frame. The scheduling apparatus may perform scheduling in cases where nodes operated as transmitters and as receivers in the first sub frame and the second sub frame may diversely exist.

Abstract: A communication system may include a serving base station and neighboring base stations. Each of the serving base station and the neighboring base stations may have a corresponding user group. Terminals belonging to a particular user group may feed back information associated with interference channels, and reasonably generate a precoding matrix. Through this, it is possible to perform an accurate interference alignment and to enhance a throughput. In this instance, terminals belonging to the other user groups may feed back information associated with a throughput, and a corresponding base station may perform the interference alignment using a user selection resulting in decreased overhead.

Abstract: Provided is a signal transmission system including a terminal to receive a signal using an interference alignment scheme, and a transmitting base station to transmit, to the terminal, a signal where interference is aligned. The transmitting base station may select, from a plurality of terminals, a target terminal to receive the signal using the interference alignment scheme. The selected target terminal may receive the signal from the transmitting base station and receive interference signals from a plurality of interference base stations.

Abstract: Provided are a signal transmission method and a network apparatus to control interference in a radio communication network. A terminal may transmit to the network apparatus, signal quality information associated with a radio channel formed between the terminal and a corresponding base station. The corresponding base station may output a signal received by the plurality of terminals, based on the signal quality information.

Abstract: A communication network applying an interference alignment scheme with a low or reduced complexity is provided. The communication network may include a plurality of transmit nodes and a plurality of receive nodes. A plurality of combinations of transmit-receive pairs may exist between the plurality of transmit nodes and the plurality of receive nodes. A communication apparatus for the communication network may select, from candidate combinations of transmit-receive pairs, a target combination to be applied with the interference alignment scheme. In particular, the communication apparatus may sequentially decrease a number of candidate combinations to select the target combination with a low complexity.

Abstract: Provided is a communication system using various types of random beamforming technologies. Each of terminals that belong to a user group may generate a decoding matrix, based on interference caused by a neighboring base station of a serving base station. Each of the terminals may transmit, to the serving base station or the neighboring base station, information associated with a signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) or throughput based on the decoding matrix. The serving base station may select, from the terminals, at least one target terminal to communicate with the serving base station.