Abstract: An encoder determines, based on a width and a height of a block, whether or not to disable a prediction mode in which the block is split along a partitioning line defined by a distance and an angle and then prediction is performed; and encodes the block with the prediction mode disabled or not disabled according to a result of the determination on whether or not to disable the prediction mode. Here, the distance is the shortest distance between the center of the block and the partitioning line, and the angle is an angle representing a direction from the center of the block toward the partitioning line in the shortest distance. The encoder determines to disable the prediction mode when (i) a width-to-height ratio is at least 8 or (ii) a height-to-width ratio is at least 8.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory. The circuitry, in operation, generates a first coefficient value by applying a CCALF (cross component adaptive loop filtering) process to a first reconstructed image sample of a luma component. The circuitry generates a second coefficient value by applying an ALF (adaptive loop filtering) process to a second reconstructed image sample of a chroma component. The circuitry generates a third coefficient value by adding the first coefficient value to the second coefficient value, and encodes a third reconstructed image sample of the chroma component using the third coefficient value. In the CCALF process, in response to a coordinate of the second reconstructed image sample being (x, y), coordinates of the first reconstructed image samples are (2x, 2y?1), (2x?1, 2y), (2x, 2y), (2x+1, 2y), (2x?1, 2y+1), (2x, 2y+1), (2x+1, 2y+1), and (2x, 2y+2).

Abstract: An encoder includes: memory; and circuitry coupled to the memory and configured to generate an encoded bitstream. In the encoder, when a multi-layer structure is to be included in the encoded bitstream to be generated, the circuitry generates the encoded bitstream by including in the encoded bitstream (i) a sequence parameter set that refers to a video parameter set and (ii) a network abstraction layer (NAL) unit having a layer identification (ID) greater than zero in the multi-layer structure, and when the multi-layer structure is not to be included in the encoded bitstream to be generated, the circuitry generates the encoded bitstream by including in the encoded bitstream a sequence parameter set that does not refer to the video parameter set.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory coupled to the circuitry. The circuitry, in operation, for each coefficient of a plurality of coefficients included in a block, determines a base level relating to Context-Based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) for the coefficient, and encodes an absolute value of the coefficient. In determining the base level, when one or more flags are used in encoding the absolute value of the coefficient, the base level is determined to be a first value, and when one or more flags are not used in the encoding, the base level is determined to be a second value that is smaller than the first value. In encoding the absolute value of the coefficient, when one or more flags are not used, a rice parameter is determined based on the base level which is equal to the second value, and the coefficient is binarized using the rice parameter.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory coupled to the circuitry. The circuitry determines whether to split a current luma virtual pipeline decoding unit (VPDU) into smaller blocks. When it is determined not to split the current luma VPDU into smaller blocks, the circuitry predicts a block of chroma samples without using luma samples. When it is determined to split the luma VPDU into smaller blocks, the circuitry predicts the block of chroma samples using luma samples. The circuitry encodes the block using the predicted chroma samples.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory coupled to the circuitry. In operation, the circuitry encodes subpicture information in which a width and a height of a subpicture which is a rectangular region in a picture are represented in a unit of a coding tree unit (CTU).

Abstract: Oil console equipment includes: a lubrication oil tank in which a lubrication oil is stored; a lubrication oil supply line which is connected to the lubrication oil tank and through which a liquid lubrication oil stored in the lubrication oil tank is supplied to a bearing supporting a rotor; a first cooler which is provided in the lubrication oil supply line and cools the liquid lubrication oil supplied to the bearing; a lubrication oil recovery line which is connected to the lubrication oil tank and through which the lubrication oil recovered from the bearing is introduced into the lubrication oil tank; a first atmosphere discharge pipe which is connected to the lubrication oil tank and through which a lubrication oil mist which exists in a gas phase in the lubrication oil tank and is a misted lubrication oil and a first exhaust gas containing a gas are introduced out.

Abstract: An encoder determines, based on a width and a height of a block, whether or not to disable a prediction mode in which the block is split along a partitioning line defined by a distance and an angle and then prediction is performed; and encodes the block with the prediction mode disabled or not disabled according to a result of the determination on whether or not to disable the prediction mode. Here, the distance is the shortest distance between the center of the block and the partitioning line, and the angle is an angle representing a direction from the center of the block toward the partitioning line in the shortest distance. The encoder determines to disable the prediction mode when (i) a width-to-height ratio is at least 8 or (ii) a height-to-width ratio is at least 8.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory coupled to the circuitry. In operation, the circuitry: determines whether an image format of a video is a format including a chroma component; when it is determined that the image format is a format including a chroma component, signals a flag indicating whether application of JCCR is allowed or not in a header of a stream, and (i) encodes the video with application of the JCCR allowed, or (ii) encodes the video with application of the JCCR not allowed; and when it is determined that the image format is a format including no chroma component, signals no flag indicating whether application of the JCCR is allowed or not in the header of the stream, and encodes the video with application of the JCCR not allowed.

Abstract: A control device includes a memory, and a processor coupled to the memory, to a first communication bus, and to a second communication bus, the processor being configured to control whether or not to relay data communicated using the first communication bus to the second communication bus, and in a case in which a request has been received for data communicated using the first communication bus, execute switching so as to relay data received from the first communication bus to the second communication bus.

Abstract: An encoder determines, based on a width and a height of a block, whether or not to disable a prediction mode in which the block is split along a partitioning line defined by a distance and an angle and then prediction is performed; and encodes the block with the prediction mode disabled or not disabled according to a result of the determination on whether or not to disable the prediction mode. Here, the distance is the shortest distance between the center of the block and the partitioning line, and the angle is an angle representing a direction from the center of the block toward the partitioning line in the shortest distance. The encoder determines to disable the prediction mode when (i) a width-to-height ratio is at least 8 or (ii) a height-to-width ratio is at least 8.

Abstract: An encoder that encodes a current block to be encoded in an image is provided. The encoder includes: processor; and memory coupled to the processor, in which, in operation, the processor: generates a first prediction image based on a motion vector, the first prediction image being an image with full-pel precision; generates a second prediction image using an interpolation filter by interpolating a value at a fractional-pel position between full-pel positions included in the first prediction image; and encodes the current block based on the second prediction image, and in the using of the interpolation filter, the interpolation filter is switched between a first interpolation filter and a second interpolation filter differing in a total number of taps from the first interpolation filter.

Abstract: According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a decoder includes memory and a processor coupled to the memory. The processor is configured to split a current picture into tiles, generate a slice having a rectangular shape and located at a lower-right corner of the current picture, the slice including at least a part of a tile among the tiles, generate first information on a region of the slice with header information, the header information not including information identical to the first information, and decode the slice with the first information.

Abstract: The invention relates to a composition for forming a casting mold, the composition containing heat-resistant inorganic particles; a waterglass-based binder; a surfactant; a silicon-containing compound; activated carbon powder and grain; and water; and the silicon-containing compound contains at least one of metal silicon and ferrosilicon.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory coupled to the circuitry. In residual coding of a current block to which an orthogonal transform is not applied, when coefficient information flags relating to a coefficient in the current block are encoded, the circuitry: performs a level mapping process to transform the coefficient to a second coefficient by using a predicted value, in which the predicted value is determined based on neighboring coefficients of the coefficient within the current block; encodes second coefficient information flags by Context-based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC), each of the second coefficient information flags relating to the second coefficient; and encodes a remainder value of the coefficient with Golomb-Rice code, and when the coefficient information flags are not encoded, in operation, the circuitry: skips the level mapping process; and encodes a value of the coefficient with the Golomb-Rice code.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory coupled to the circuitry. In operation, the circuitry determines one or more tiles included in a picture and one or more subpictures included in the picture, according to a constraint condition that each tile of the one or more tiles includes at least one subpicture of the one or more subpictures entirely and the each tile does not include another subpicture of the one or more subpictures partially.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory. The circuitry, in operation, generates a first coefficient value by applying a CCALF (cross component adaptive loop filtering) process to a first reconstructed image sample of a luma component. The circuitry generates a second coefficient value by applying an ALF (adaptive loop filtering) process to a second reconstructed image sample of a chroma component. The circuitry generates a third coefficient value by adding the first coefficient value to the second coefficient value, and encodes a third reconstructed image sample of the chroma component using the third coefficient value. The circuitry determines a first parameter having the same value for Cb component and Cr component of the chroma component. The circuitry determines, using the first parameter, a model of entropy coding from a plurality of models. The circuitry performs, using the model, the entropy coding of a second parameter of the CCALF process.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory connected to the circuitry, and the circuitry, in operation: determines, based on a width and a height of a block, whether or not to disable a prediction mode in which the block is split along a partitioning line defined by a distance and an angle and then prediction is performed; and encodes the block with the prediction mode disabled or not disabled according to a result of the determination on whether or not to disable the prediction mode. Here, the distance is the shortest distance between the center of the block and the partitioning line, and the angle is an angle representing a direction from the center of the block toward the partitioning line in the shortest distance. The circuitry determines to disable the prediction mode when (i) a width-to-height ratio is at least 8 or (ii) a height-to-width ratio is at least 8.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory coupled to the circuitry. The circuitry, in operation: determines whether a size of a current block, which is a unit for which a vector candidate list including vector candidates is generated, is less than or equal to a threshold; when the size of the current block is less than or equal to the threshold, generates the vector candidate list by registering a history-based motion vector predictor (HMVP) vector candidate in the vector candidate list from an HMVP table without performing a first pruning process; when the size of the current block is greater than the threshold, generates the vector candidate list by performing the first pruning process and registering the HMVP vector candidate in the vector candidate list from the HMVP table; and encodes the current block using the vector candidate list.

Abstract: An encoder includes memory and circuitry coupled to the memory. The circuitry is configured to: generate an encoded bitstream that includes a multi-layer structure; and store, in the encoded bitstream, a syntax element having a value indicating that a layer in the multi-layer structure to be output by a decoder is arbitrarily specified, the syntax element defining that at least one layer is to be output from among layers arbitrarily specifiable by the decoder.