Abstract: A communication method and apparatus. A user plane network element perform refined differentiated processing on different data packets to adapt to and meet different user requirements and network conditions. A first user plane network element receives a first data packet, where the first data packet carries first indication information. The first user plane network element processes the first data packet based on the first indication information. The first indication information includes one or more of the following: synchronous transmission indication information, packet discard indication information, data type indication information, charging indication information, statistics indication information, or priority indication information.

Abstract: This application provides an example group management method, apparatus, and system. The example group management method includes receiving a first group request from an application function network element, where the first group request includes indication information, an external group identifier, and first group information, and where the indication information indicates a group service type, and the external group identifier is a group identifier that is not identified by a network element by a network element inside a core network, in response to that the group service type is creating a group, obtaining an internal group identifier corresponding to the external group identifier, and associating the internal group identifier, the external group identifier, and the first group information, where internal group identifier is a group identifier that is identified by the network element inside the core network.

Abstract: This application provides a communication method and apparatus. The method includes: After receiving a first packet from a first device, a first user plane network element determines a user plane LAN identifier corresponding to the first packet, where the user plane LAN identifier is an identifier that is in a user plane and that is of a LAN group to which the terminal belongs, and one user plane LAN identifier corresponds to one LAN group. That is, a function of the user plane LAN identifier is to isolate user plane packets of different LAN groups. Then, the first user plane network element sends the first packet to a second device based on the user plane LAN identifier and a destination address included in the first packet, so that the first packet sent by one terminal in the LAN group is sent to another terminal in the LAN group.

Abstract: A bearer processing method and system, and a related apparatus. A GW-U is configured to receive a data packet and match the data packet with a rule, and send bearer processing indication information to a GW-C if a rule matching result of the data packet meets a trigger condition for bearer processing, where the bearer processing indication information is used to trigger the GW-C to perform bearer processing according to quality of service QoS information of a data service corresponding to the data packet. The GW-C is configured to receive the bearer processing indication information from the GW-U, determine, according to the bearer processing indication information, the QoS information of the data service corresponding to the data packet, and perform bearer processing according to the QoS information of the data service corresponding to the data packet.

Abstract: A network access method includes receiving, by a terminal device, a broadcast message from an access network device. The broadcast message includes identification information of one or more closed access groups (CAGs) supported by a first cell and a first default network access indication, and the first default network access indication indicates that the first cell can be accessed in a default access manner. The method also includes, in response to determining a first closed access group (CAG) list does not include the identification information of the one or more CAGs supported by the first cell, accessing, by the terminal device, the first cell based on the first default network access indication. The first CAG list is stored in the terminal device, and the first CAG list includes identification information of a CAG that is allowed to be accessed.

Abstract: A user group session management method includes receiving, by a session management network element from a mobility management network element, a first message for requesting to establish a user group session for a first terminal, where the first message comprises an identifier of the first terminal and an identifier of a user group, generating, by the session management network element based on the identifier of the user group, a routing forwarding policy for the first terminal, and sending, by the session management network element, a second message to a user plane network element, where the second message indicates the user plane network element to establish a first session for the first terminal, and the second message carries the routing forwarding policy.

Abstract: A quality of service (QoS) parameter processing method and a system, where the method includes obtaining, by a control plane device, a core network (CN) packet delay budget (PDB) between a first access network device and a first user plane function device, sending, by the control plane device, the CN PDB to the first access network device, determining, by the first access network device, an access network (AN) PDB between a terminal device and the first access network device based on the CN PDB and an end-to-end PDB between the terminal device and the first user plane function device, and scheduling, by the first access network device, an air interface resource between the terminal device and the first access network device based on the AN PDB.

Abstract: A positioning method includes receiving, by a terminal device, a first message from a location management network element by a session. The first message is useable to request location information of the terminal device. The positioning method further includes sending, by the terminal device, the first message to an access network device. The positioning method further includes receiving, by the terminal device, the location information of the terminal device from the access network device. The positioning method further includes sending, by the terminal device, the location information of the terminal device to the location management network element by the session.

Abstract: This application provides a packet transmission method that includes: receiving from a first session management network element, a first message including an address of a first terminal device and an identifier of a first user plane network element servicing the first terminal device; receiving from a second session management network element, a second message including an address of a second terminal device and an identifier of a second user plane network element servicing the second terminal device; determining, that the first terminal device and the second terminal device belong to a same local area network group; sending to the first session management network element the identifier of the second user plane network element and the address of the second terminal device; and sending to the second session management network element the identifier of the first user plane network element and the address of the first terminal device.

Abstract: An internet protocol (IP) address allocation method includes receiving, by a forwarder, an address request sent by an external network element, where the address request includes a dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) request of user equipment (UE) and user characteristic information of the UE, acquiring, from a DHCP service network element according to the DHCP request, an IP address allocated to the UE, and acquiring first instruction information that is delivered by a control device according to the user characteristic information of the UE and the IP address allocated to the UE, and sending the IP address to the UE according to the user characteristic information.

Abstract: In a communication method, when a terminal device initiates establishment of a session of an Ethernet type, a virtual local area network management function entity in a communications system may determine a virtual local area network identifier of a user group to which the terminal device belongs. In this way, a user plane function entity in the session of the terminal device may allocate a plurality of virtual ports to a virtual local area network whose identifier is the virtual local area network identifier and may broadcast the Ethernet broadcast frame on the plurality of virtual ports.

Abstract: A session establishment method includes receiving, by a control device, first request information, where the first request information is used to indicate that a first terminal device requests to access a group communication service, determining a first terminal device group to which the first terminal device belongs, determining a target forwarding device that serves the first terminal device group, where the target forwarding device is a forwarding device capable of supporting a group communication service, and controlling the first terminal device to establish a session with the target forwarding device, to enable terminal devices in a same group to establish sessions with a same forwarding device such that group service access between the terminal devices in the group can be completed by using the same forwarding device.

Abstract: This application provides a communication method and apparatus and a computer-readable storage medium. The method includes: sending first request information to an access management network element, where the first request information carries an application capability of a terminal device; receiving first response information sent by the access management network element; and sending a session establishment request to a session management network element based on the first response information, where the session establishment request requests to establish a connection to a first application network element. According to the technical solutions provided in this application, interaction signaling between a terminal device and a server can be reduced, and communication latency can be reduced.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application disclose an authentication method and an apparatus therefor, which may be applied to a relay access scenario. The method includes: A first device receives a first request from a second device, where when the second device is a terminal device, the first request is used by the target remote device to request to access a network; or when the second device is a network element, the first request is for requesting to determine whether the target remote device has permission to access the network; and the first device sends first information to the second device, where the first information indicates whether the target remote device has permission to access the network. According to embodiments of this application, it can be determined whether the target remote device has permission to access the network, and this helps improve network security.

Abstract: This application relates to the field of communication technologies, and provides a communication method and apparatus, to improve transmission performance of a communication network. In the method, a first QoS flow corresponding to a plurality of QoS parameter sets is provided. In a transmission process, a terminal device, an access network device, and a UPF may adjust, based on a change of a service requirement of a target service, a QoS parameter set corresponding to the first QoS, and transmit a service of target data based on the QoS parameter set.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application disclose a method and a device therefor, applied to a scenario of Ethernet packet transmission. In an example method, a first device receives a first packet. Load data in the first packet includes padding redundant data. The first device deletes the padding redundant data. The first device generates a second packet. Load data in the second packet is payload data obtained after the padding redundant data is deleted from the first packet. The first device sends the second packet to a second device.

Abstract: A group communications method and system, and a device are provided. The method includes: when a first terminal initiates access to a local area network group, obtaining, by a group management function network element, an identifier of a first user plane network element to be accessed by the first terminal, context information of the local area network group, and a first session port identifier; creating, for the local area network group, a rule group applied to a first session port, and creating or updating, for the local area network group based on the context information, a local area network group forwarding action rule (FAR) applied to the first user plane network element; and sending a first message to a session management network element, for configuring the rule group on the first session port, and configuring the local area network group FAR on the first user plane network element.

Abstract: The present invention features a method for automated image-based prediction of physiologic and pathologic conditions of a vaginal wall of a patient using optical coherence tomography. In some embodiments, the method may comprise capturing, by a functional optical coherence tomography imaging probe, one or more images of the vaginal wall. The method may further comprise constructing a computing device a visualization of the vaginal wall, discretizing the visualization of the vaginal wall in to a discrete model, measuring a plurality of objective attributes from the discrete model, generating, based on the plurality of objective attributes, a Vaginal Health Index (VHI), generating an associated risk value based on the VHI and a plurality of patient attributes, reconstructing the visualization of the vaginal wall based on the associated risk value, and mapping the associated risk value to the visualization of the vaginal wall such that one or more at-risk areas are highlighted.

Abstract: A communication method and apparatus. A user plane network element perform refined differentiated processing on different data packets to adapt to and meet different user requirements and network conditions. A first user plane network element receives a first data packet, where the first data packet carries first indication information. The first user plane network element processes the first data packet based on the first indication information. The first indication information includes one or more of the following: synchronous transmission indication information, packet discard indication information, data type indication information, charging indication information, statistics indication information, or priority indication information.

Abstract: Retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are the leading cause of blindness in the elderly population. Since no known cures are currently present, it is crucial to diagnose the condition in its early stages so that disease progression is monitored. Systems and methods for detecting and mapping the mechanical elasticity of retinal layers in the posterior eye are disclosed herein. A system including confocal shear wave acoustic radiation force optical coherence elastography (SW-ARF-OCE) is provided, wherein an ultrasound transducer and an optical scan head are co-aligned to facilitate in-vivo study of the retina. In addition, an automatic segmentation algorithm is used to isolate tissue layers and analyze the shear wave propagation within the retinal tissue to estimate mechanical stress on the retina and detect early stages of retinal diseases based on the estimated mechanical stress.