Abstract: A session handling method and apparatus, where the method includes: initiating, by a terminal, an application (APP); determining a session type of a packet data unit (PDU) session based on the APP; and sending a first message to an access and mobility management function (AMF) entity, where the first message includes the session type, and the first message is used to request to establish the PDU session of the session type. In the method, a network side can establish the PDU session of the corresponding type based on the session type of the PDU session that is sent by the terminal, in order to establish the PDU session of the correct type for the terminal.

Abstract: A communication method in which access network devices belonging to a same network instance have different network addresses, where the method includes uniquely identifying an access network device based on a network address of the access network device and a first network instance identifier to which the access network device belongs, and determining a packet forwarding rule for sending a packet to the access network device. In this way, the packet can be accurately routed.

Abstract: An in vivo optical biopsy applicator of the vaginal wall for treatment planning, monitoring, and imaging guided therapy is described herein. The applicator may include an imaging probe operatively coupled to a laser ablation device. The applicator allows for non-invasive optical tissue monitoring in order to define pre- and post menopausal parameters, pre- and post-treatment microscopic changes, and offers an objective scientific tool in order to compare currently available medical, non-medicated, and energy-based treatment protocols.

Abstract: In a communication method, when a terminal device initiates establishment of a session of an Ethernet type, a virtual local area network management function entity in a communications system may determine a virtual local area network identifier of a user group to which the terminal device belongs. In this way, a user plane function entity in the session of the terminal device may allocate a plurality of virtual ports to a virtual local area network whose identifier is the virtual local area network identifier and may broadcast the Ethernet broadcast frame on the plurality of virtual ports.

Abstract: A synchronization method and an apparatus are provided to meet a time precision requirement of an industrial factory in a scenario in which a mobile network is connected to an Ethernet network. In an embodiment, a first device determines seventh timestamp information by using timestamp information of receiving and sending packets in a mobile network, so that a second device calculates a time offset between the first device and the second device based on the seventh timestamp information and time points of receiving and sending packets in an Ethernet network, to perform time synchronization. In the method, impact of a transmission delay between the first device and the second device can be avoided, so that a time precision requirement of an industrial factory can be met in a scenario in which the mobile network is connected to the Ethernet network.

Abstract: A communication method and a device, to implement service isolation of an Ethernet broadcast frame. In this method, when a terminal device initiates establishment of a session of an Ethernet type, a virtual local area network management function entity in a communications system may determine a virtual local area network identifier of a user group to which the terminal device belongs. In this way, a user plane function entity in the session of the terminal device may allocate a plurality of virtual ports to a virtual local area network whose identifier is the virtual local area network identifier, and broadcast the Ethernet broadcast frame on the plurality of virtual ports.

Abstract: A quality of service (QoS) parameter processing method and a system, where the method includes obtaining, by a control plane device, a core network (CN) packet delay budget (PDB) between a first access network device and a first user plane function device, sending, by the control plane device, the CN PDB to the first access network device, determining, by the first access network device, an access network (AN) PDB between a terminal device and the first access network device based on the CN PDB and an end-to-end PDB between the terminal device and the first user plane function device, and scheduling, by the first access network device, an air interface resource between the terminal device and the first access network device based on the AN PDB.

Abstract: Ciliary motion in the upper airway is the primary mechanism by which the body transports foreign particulate out of the respiratory system. The ciliary beating frequency (CBF) is often disrupted with the onset of disease. Current imaging of ciliary motion relies on microscopy and high speed cameras, which cannot be easily adapted to in-vivo imaging. M-mode optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging is capable of visualization of ciliary activity, but the field of view is limited. The present invention features the development of a spectrally encoded interferometric microscopy (SEIM) system using a phase-resolved Doppler (PRD) algorithm to measure and map the ciliary beating frequency within an on face region. This novel high speed, high resolution system allows for visualization of both temporal and spatial ciliary motion patterns.

Abstract: A method for establishing a tunnel between local gateways, and a gateway are disclosed. The method includes: determining, by an RGW, that UE is handed over from an S-LGW to a T-LGW, where before the UE is handed over, a packet of a local service of the UE is forwarded by the S-LGW between the UE and an application server of the local service, and the local service includes a same service that is deployed on the S-LGW and that is accessed by the UE before and after the UE is handed over; sending, by the RGW to the S-LGW and the T-LGW respectively, a first request message and a second request message to request to establish a tunnel, where the tunnel is used to transmit the packet of the local service between the S-LGW and the T-LGW; and establishing the tunnel between the S-LGW and the T-LGW.

Abstract: The embodiment of the present application relates a user plane resource management method, a user plane network element, and a control plane network. The method carried out by a user plane network element includes: receiving a data transmission channel establishment request message sent by a control plane network element, where the data transmission channel establishment request message is used to instruct the user plane network element to establish a data transmission channel; establishing the data transmission channel based on current user plane resource status information, and assigning a channel identifier marking the data transmission channel; and sending, the channel identifier to the control plane network element.

Abstract: A device for cancer screening and triage using an optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging system integrated with optical imaging probe is provided. Endoscopic OCT images are generated using the OCT system having a helical probe. The images are further analyzed to generate a depth resolved intensity OCT signal to classify the region of tissue into variable grades of dysplasia to guide the physician's biopsy or resection.

Abstract: A bearer processing method and system, and a related apparatus. A GW-U is configured to receive a data packet and match the data packet with a rule, and send bearer processing indication information to a GW-C if a rule matching result of the data packet meets a trigger condition for bearer processing, where the bearer processing indication information is used to trigger the GW-C to perform bearer processing according to quality of service QoS information of a data service corresponding to the data packet. The GW-C is configured to receive the bearer processing indication information from the GW-U, determine, according to the bearer processing indication information, the QoS information of the data service corresponding to the data packet, and perform bearer processing according to the QoS information of the data service corresponding to the data packet.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure disclose a signaling packet processing method and an entity. The method may include: obtaining, by a gateway user plane entity, processing information of a target signaling packet; and receiving, by the gateway user plane entity, the target signaling packet, and processing the target signaling packet according to the processing information. Network costs can be reduced in the embodiments of the present disclosure.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to the field of wireless communications technologies, and in particular, to a handover method, including: receiving, by a mobility management network element of a first network, a first handover request sent by an access network, and learning that a terminal device needs to be handed over to a second network; obtaining an identifier of the terminal device based on the first handover request; determining, by the mobility management network element of the first network, a target mobility management network element of the second network based on the identifier of the terminal device; and sending, by the mobility management network element of the first network, a second handover request to the target mobility management network element of the second network, and requesting to hand over the terminal device to the second network.

Abstract: A quality of service (QoS) parameter processing method and a system, where the method includes a session management function device obtaining a core network (CN) packet delay budget (PDB) between a first access network device and a first user plane function device, and sending the CN PDB to the first access network device via a context update response message, where the first access network device is a target access network device serving a terminal device after a handover. After receiving the CN PDB, the first access network device determines an access network (AN) PDB between the terminal device and the first access network device based on the CN PDB and an end-to-end PDB between the terminal device and the first user plane function device, and then schedules an air interface resource between the terminal device and the first access network device based on the AN PDB.

Abstract: A quality of service (QoS) parameter processing method and a system, where the method includes obtaining, by a control plane device, a core network (CN) packet delay budget (PDB) between a first access network device and a first user plane function device, sending, by the control plane device, the CN PDB to the first access network device, determining, by the first access network device, an access network (AN) PDB between a terminal device and the first access network device based on the CN PDB and an end-to-end PDB between the terminal device and the first user plane function device, and scheduling, by the first access network device, an air interface resource between the terminal device and the first access network device based on the AN PDB.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a user equipment context management method, apparatus, and device, and relates to the field of communications technologies. The method includes: receiving, by a first control plane entity, a service request message of user equipment UE, where the service request message includes service information requested by the UE; obtaining location information of the UE, determining, based on the service information requested by the UE, a mobility level of a service requested by the UE, determining, based on the location information of the UE and the mobility level of the service, an effective range of a context of a network resource bearing the service of the UE, and managing the context based on the effective range of the context.

Abstract: A bearer processing method and system, and a related apparatus. A GW-U is configured to receive a data packet and match the data packet with a rule, and send bearer processing indication information to a GW-C if a rule matching result of the data packet meets a trigger condition for bearer processing, where the bearer processing indication information is used to trigger the GW-C to perform bearer processing according to quality of service QoS information of a data service corresponding to the data packet. The GW-C is configured to receive the bearer processing indication information from the GW-U, determine, according to the bearer processing indication information, the QoS information of the data service corresponding to the data packet, and perform bearer processing according to the QoS information of the data service corresponding to the data packet.

Abstract: This application provides an example group management method, apparatus, and system. The example group management method includes receiving a first group request from an application function network element, where the first group request includes indication information, an external group identifier, and first group information, and where the indication information indicates a group service type, and the external group identifier is a group identifier that is not identified by a network element by a network element inside a core network, in response to that the group service type is creating a group, obtaining an internal group identifier corresponding to the external group identifier, and associating the internal group identifier, the external group identifier, and the first group information, where internal group identifier is a group identifier that is identified by the network element inside the core network.

Abstract: An OCT system with a swept light source centered around 1.7 ?m for identifying atherosclerotic plaque and visualization of large lipid pool is provided. Advantages for using the 1.7 ?m swept source laser include higher contrast between lipid and normal tissue and deeper penetration of the optical signals from the 1.7 ?m swept source laser into the tissue. With deeper penetration into the tissue, more structural information from deep within the tissue is obtained. The present invention also features multimodality imaging systems that integrate additional imaging systems into the OCT system at 1.7 ?m. As an example, an integrated 1.3 ?m and 1.7 ?m OCT system is provided which simultaneously generates OCT images using both the OCT systems which are used to characterize and differentiate the types of tissue.