DNA encoding human alpha 1 adrenergic receptors and uses thereof

Abstract

This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid, vectors, transformed mammalian cells and non-human transgenic animals that encode and express normal or mutant alpha 1a, alpha 1b and alpha 1c adrenergic receptor genes. This invention also provides a protein, and an antibody directed to the protein and pharmaceutical compounds related to alpha 1a, alpha 1b and alpha 1c adrenergic receptors. This invention provides nucleic acid probes, and antisense oligonucleotides complementary to alpha 1a, alpha 1b and alpha 1c adrenergic receptor genes. This invention further provides methods for determining ligand binding, detecting expression, drug screening, and treatments for alleviating abnormalities associated with human alpha 1a, alpha 1b and alpha 1c adrenergic receptors.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] Throughout this application various publications are referred to by partial citations within parenthesis. Full citations for these publications may be found at the end of the specification immediately preceding the claims. The disclosures of these publications, in their entireties, are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains.

[0002] Although adrenergic receptors (ARs) bind the same endogenous catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine, NE) their physiological as well as pharmacological specificity is markedly diverse. This diversity is due primarily to the existence of at least nine different proteins encoding three distinct adrenergic receptors types (&agr;1, &agr;2, and &bgr;). These proteins belong to the super-family of G-protein coupled receptors, and are characterized by a single polypeptide chain which span the plasma membrane seven times, with an extracellular amino terminus, and a cytoplasmic carboxyl terminus. The molecular cloning of three genes encoding &agr;1-ARs supports the existence of pharmacologically and anatomically distinct &agr;1-receptor subtypes. The &agr;1b-receptor was originally cloned from a hamster smooth muscle cell line cDNA library, and encodes a 515 a.a. peptide that shows 42-47% homology with other ARs. The message for the &agr;1b-receptor is abundant in rat liver, heart, cerebral cortex and kidney, and its gene was localized to human chromosome 5 (4). A second cDNA clone from a bovine brain library was found which encoded a 466-residue polypeptide with 72% homology to the &agr;1b-AR gene. It was further distinguished from &agr;1bby the finding that its expression was restricted to human hippocampus, and by its localization to human chromosome 8 and it has been designated as the &agr;1c-AR (20). The cloning of an &agr;1a-AR has been reported recently. This gene, isolated from a rat brain cDNA library, encodes a 560-residue polypeptide that shows 73% homology with the hamster &agr;1b-receptor. The message for this subtype is abundant in rat vas deferens, aorta, cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and its gene has been localized to human chromosome 5 (12).

[0003] Pharmacological studies have demonstrated the existence of two &agr;1-adrenergic receptor subtypes. The studies of &agr;1-AR-mediated responses in vascular tissue suggested the possible existence of receptor subtypes, based on the potency and efficacy of adrenergic agonists, as well as differential sensitivity of &agr;1 receptor-mediated responses to extracellular calcium and calcium channel blockers (6, 24). Although radioligand binding studies of brain &agr;1-ARs with either [3H]WB4101 and [3H]prazosin showed good agreement with the potency of &agr;-adrenergic antagonists on vascular responses (23, 10), subsequent binding studies of rat brain &agr;1-ARs provided strong evidence for the existence of receptor heterogeneity, based on the relative affinities for prazosin and WB4101 (15). These observations were supported by the finding that chloroethylclonidine (CEC) inactivated 50% of the &agr;1 sites from rat cerebral cortex and 80% of the binding sites from liver or spleen (&agr;1b) but did not inactivate &agr;1-receptors from the hippocampus or vas deferens (&agr;1a) (14). Taken together, these results suggested a classification of the &agr;1a-subtype as high affinity for WB4101 and insensitive to alkylation by CEC, and &agr;1b-subtype as 10 to 20 fold lower affinity for WB4101, but sensitive to inactivation by CEC. Consistent with this evidence the transfection of the hamster &agr;1b gene into COS-7 cells induced the expression of an &agr;1-receptor with high affinity for WB4101, 95% of which could be inactivated by CEC. Conversely, upon expression of the rat &agr;1a receptor gene in COS-7 cells, it showed a 10-fold higher affinity for WB4101 than the &agr;1b-receptor, and the binding site was resistant to inactivation by CEC. The existence of the &agr;1c receptor was not predicted from pharmacological data and upon expression it showed 16 and 30 fold higher affinity for WB4101 and phentolamine respectively, than the &agr;1b-receptor and was partially inactivated (65%) by CEC.

[0004] Molecular cloning and pharmacological studies have demonstrated the existence of at least three &agr;1-adrenergic receptor subtypes. However, it is not clear whether the pharmacological properties of these three cognates might be due also to species differences. This caveat is particularly relevant in the case of the bovine &agr;1c receptor, due to its restricted species and tissue expression. The cloning and expression of the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptors will allow the further characterization of the pharmacology of the individual human &agr;1 receptor subtypes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] This invention provides and isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor. This invention further provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a human &agr;1a receptor. In one embodiment of this invention, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a plasmid pcEXV-&agr;1a. This invention also provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a human &agr;1b receptor. In one embodiment of this invention, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a plasmid pcEXV-&agr;1b. This invention further provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a human &agr;1c receptor. In one embodiment of this invention, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a plasmid pcEXV-&agr;1c.

[0006] This invention also provides vectors such as plasmids comprising a DNA molecule encoding a human &agr;1a receptor, adapted for expression in a bacterial, a yeast cell, or a mammalian cell which additionally comprise regulatory elements necessary for expression of the DNA in the bacteria, yeast or mammalian cells so located relative to the DNA encoding the human &agr;1a receptor as to permit expression thereof. This invention also provides vectors such as plasmids comprising a DNA molecule encoding a human &agr;1b receptor, adapted for expression in a bacterial, a yeast cell, or a mammalian cell which additionally comprise regulatory elements necessary for expression of the DNA in the bacteria, yeast or mammalian cells so located relative to the DNA encoding the human &agr;1b receptor as to permit expression thereof. This invention also provides vectors such as plasmids comprising a DNA molecule encoding a human &agr;1c receptor, adapted for expression in a bacterial, a yeast cell, or a mammalian cell which additionally comprise regulatory elements necessary for expression of the DNA in the bacteria, yeast or mammalian cells so located relative to the DNA encoding the human &agr;1c receptor as to permit expression thereof.

[0007] This invention provides a mammalian cell comprising a DNA molecule encoding a human &agr;1a receptor. This invention also provides a mammalian cell comprising a DNA molecule encoding a human &agr;1b receptor. This invention also provides a mammalian cell comprising a DNA molecule encoding a human &agr;1c receptor.

[0008] This invention provides a nucleic acid probe comprising a nucleic acid molecule of at least 15 nucleotides capable of specifically hybridizing with a sequence included within the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a human &agr;1a receptor. This invention provides a nucleic acid probe comprising a nucleic acid molecule of at least 15 nucleotides capable of specifically hybridizing with a sequence included within the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a human &agr;1b receptor. This invention provides a nucleic acid probe comprising a nucleic acid molecule of at least 15 nucleotides capable of specifically hybridizing with a sequence included within the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a human &agr;1c receptor.

[0009] This invention provides an antisense oligonucleotide having a sequence capable of specifically binding to any sequences of an mRNA molecule encoding a human &agr;1a receptor so as to prevent translation of the mRNA molecule. This invention provides an antisense oligonucleotide having a sequence capable of specifically binding to any sequences of an mRNA molecule encoding a human &agr;1b receptor so as to prevent translation of the mRNA molecule. This invention provides an antisense oligonucleotide having a sequence capable of specifically binding to any sequences of an mRNA molecule encoding a human &agr;1c receptor so as to prevent translation of the mRNA molecule.

[0010] This invention provides method for detecting expression of a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, which comprises obtaining RNA from cells or tissue, contacting the RNA so obtained with a nucleic acid probe comprising a nucleic acid molecule of at least 15 nucleotides capable of specifically hybridizing with a sequence included within the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a human &agr;1 receptor under hybridizing conditions, detecting the presence of any mRNA hybridized to the probe, the presence of mRNA hybridized to the probe indicating expression of the specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, and thereby detecting the expression of the specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

[0011] This invention provides a method for detecting the expression of a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor in a cell or tissue by in situ hybridization which comprises, contacting the cell or tissue with a nucleic acid probe comprising a nucleic acid molecule of at least 15 nucleotides capable of specifically hybridizing with a sequence included within the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a human &agr;1 receptor under hybridizing conditions, detecting the presence of any mRNA hybridized to the probe, the presence of mRNA hybridized to the probe indicating expression of the specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, and thereby detecting the expression of the specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

[0012] This invention provides a method for isolating a nucleic acid molecule encoding a receptor by nucleic acid sequence homology using a nucleic acid probe, the sequence of which is derived from the nucleic acid sequence encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

[0013] This invention provides a method for isolating a nucleic acid molecule encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor which comprises the use of the polymerase chain reaction and oligonucleotide primers, the sequence of which are derived from the nucleic acid sequence encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

[0014] This invention provides a method for isolating a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor protein which comprises inducing cells to express the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor protein, recovering the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor from the resulting cells, and purifying the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor so recovered.

[0015] This invention provides an antibody to the human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor. This invention also provides an antibody to the human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor. This invention also provides an antibody to the human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor.

[0016] A pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of a substance effective to alleviate the abnormalities resulting from overexpression of a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is provided by this invention. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of a substance effective to alleviate the abnormalities resulting from overexpression of a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is provided by this invention. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of a substance effective to alleviate the abnormalities resulting from overexpression of a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is provided by this invention.

[0017] A pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of a substance effective to alleviate abnormalities resulting from underexpression of a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is provided by this invention. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of a substance effective to alleviate abnormalities resulting from underexpression of a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is provided by this invention. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of a substance effective to alleviate abnormalities resulting from underexpression of a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is provided by this invention.

[0018] This invention provides a transgenic non-human mammal whose genome comprises a nucleic acid molecule encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, the DNA molecule so placed as to be transcribed into antisense mRNA complementary to mRNA encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor and which hybridizes to mRNA encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor thereby reducing its translation.

[0019] This invention provides a method for determining the physiological effects of varying the levels of expression of a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor which comprises producing a transgenic non-human mammal whose levels of expression of a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor can be varied by use of an inducible promoter.

[0020] This invention provides method for determining the physiological effects of expressing varying levels of a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor which comprises producing a panel of transgenic non-human mammals each expressing a different amount of the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

[0021] This invention provides a method for determining whether a ligand not known to be capable of specifically binding to a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor can bind to a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, which comprises contacting a mammalian cell comprising a plasmid adapted for expression in a mammalian cell which further comprises a DNA molecule which expresses a human a adrenergic receptor on the cell surface with the ligand under conditions permitting binding of ligands known to bind to a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, detecting the presence of any ligand bound to the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, the presence of bound ligand thereby determining that the ligand binds to the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

[0022] This invention provides a method for screening drugs to identify drugs which interact with, and specifically bind to, a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor on the surface of a cell, which comprises contacting a mammalian cell which comprises a plasmid adapted for expression in a mammalian cell which further comprises a DNA molecule which expresses a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor on the cell surface with a plurality of drugs, determining those drugs which bind to the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor expressed on the cell surface of the mammalian cell, and thereby identifying drugs which interact with, and bind to, the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

[0023] This invention provides a method for identifying a ligand which binds to and activates or blocks the activation of, a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor expressed on the surface of a cell, which comprises contacting a mammalian cell which comprises a plasmid adapted for expression in a mammalian cell which further comprises a DNA molecule which expresses a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor on the cell surface with the ligand, determining whether the ligand binds to and activates or blocks the activation of the receptor using a bioassay such as a second messenger assays.

[0024] This invention also provides a method for identifying a ligand which is capable of binding to and activating or inhibiting a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, which comprises contacting a mammalian cell, wherein the membrane lipids have been labelled by prior incubation with a labelled lipid precursor molecule, the mammalian cell comprising a plasmid adapted for expression in a mammalian cell which further comprises a DNA molecule which expresses a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor with the ligand and identifying an inositol phosphate metabolite released from the membrane lipid as a result of ligand binding to and activating an &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

[0025] This invention also provides a method for identifying a ligand that is capable of binding to and activating or inhibiting a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, wherein the binding of ligand to the adrenergic receptor results in a physiological response, which comprises contacting a mammalian cell which comprises a plasmid adapted for expression in a mammalian cell which further comprises a DNA molecule which expresses a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor with a calcium sensitive fluorescent indicator, removing the indicator that has not been taken up by the cell, contacting the cells with the ligand and identifying an increase or decrease in intracellular Ca+2 as a result of ligand binding to and activating or inhibiting &agr;1 adrenergic receptor activity.

[0026] This invention provides a method for detecting the presence of a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor on the surface of a cell, which comprises contacting the cell with an antibody to human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor under conditions which permit binding of the antibody to the receptor, detecting the presence of any of the antibody bound to the human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor and thereby the presence of a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor on the surface of the cell.

[0027] This invention provides a method for detecting the presence of a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor on the surface of a cell, which comprises contacting the cell with an antibody to human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor under conditions which permit binding of the antibody to the receptor, detecting the presence of any of the antibody bound to the human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor and thereby the presence of a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor on the surface of the cell.

[0028] This invention provides a method for detecting the presence of a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor on the surface of a cell, which comprises contacting the cell with an antibody to human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor under conditions which permit binding of the antibody to the receptor, detecting the presence of any of the antibody bound to the human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor and thereby the presence of a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor on the surface of the cell.

[0029] This invention provides a method of treating an abnormal condition related to an excess of activity of a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor subtype, which comprises administering an amount of a pharmaceutical composition effective to reduce &agr;1 adrenergic activity as a result of naturally occurring substrate binding to and activating a specific &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

[0030] This invention provides a method for treating abnormalities which are alleviated by an increase in the activity of a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, which comprises administering a patient an amount of a pharmaceutical composition effective to increase the activity of the specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor thereby alleviating abnormalities resulting from abnormally low receptor activity.

[0031] This invention provides a method for diagnosing a disorder or a predisposition to a disorder associated with the expression of a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor allele which comprises: a.) obtaining DNA from subjects suffering from a disorder; b.) performing a restriction digest of the DNA with a panel of restriction enzymes; c.) electrophoretically separating the resulting DNA fragments on a sizing gel; d.) contacting the gel with a nucleic acid probe labelled with a detectable marker and which hybridizes to the nucleic acid encoding a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor; e.) detecting the labelled bands which have hybridized to the DNA encoding the specific &agr;1 adrenergic receptor labelled with the detectable marker to create a unique band pattern specific to the DNA of subjects suffering with the disorder; f.) preparing DNA for diagnosis by steps a-e; g.)comparing the unique band pattern specific to the DNA of patients suffering from the disorder from step e and DNA obtained for diagnosis from step f to determine whether the patterns are the same or different and to diagnose thereby predisposition to the disorder if the patterns are the same.

[0032] This invention provides a method for identifying a substance capable of alleviating the abnormalities resulting from overexpression of a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor which comprises administering a substance to the transgenic non-human mammal comprising the DNA encoding a specific &agr;1 adrenergic receptor and determining whether the substance alleviates the physical and behavioral abnormalities displayed by the transgenic nonhuman mammal as a result of overexpression of the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor subtype.

[0033] This invention provides a method for identifying a substance capable of alleviating the abnormalities resulting from underexpression of a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor subtype, which comprises administering a substance to a non-human transgenic mammal which is expressing a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor incapable of receptor activity or is underexpressing the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor subtype, and determining whether the substance alleviates the physical and behavioral abnormalities displayed by the transgenic nonhuman mammal as a result of underexpression of a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor subtype.

[0034] This invention provides a method of treating abnormalities in a subject, wherein the abnormality is alleviated by the reduced expression of a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor subtype which comprises administering to a subject an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition effective to reduce expression of a specific &agr;1 adrenergic receptor subtype.

[0035] This invention provides a method of treating abnormalities resulting from underexpression of a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor which comprises administering to a subject an amount of a pharmaceutical composition effective to alleviate abnormalities resulting from underexpression of the specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0036] FIGS. 1A-I. Nucleotide Sequence and Deduced Amino Acid Sequence of Novel Human Alpha-1a Adrenergic Receptor.

[0037] Nucleotides are presented in the 5′ to 3′orientation and the coding region is numbered starting from the initiating methionine and ending in the termination codon. Deduced amino acid sequence by translation of a long open reading frame is shown, along with the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions. Numbers in the left and right margins represent nucleotide (top line) and amino acid (bottom line) numberings, starting with the first position as the adenosine (A) and the initiating methionine (M), respectively.

[0038] FIGS. 2A-H. Nucleotide Sequence and Deduced Amino Acid Sequence of Novel Human Alpha-1b Adrenergic Receptor. Nucleotides are presented in the 5′ to 3′ orientation and the coding region is numbered starting from the initiating methionine and ending in the termination codon. Deduced amino acid sequence by translation of a long open reading frame is shown, along with the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions. Numbers in the left and right margins represent nucleotide (top line) and amino acid (bottom line) numberings, starting with the first position as the adenosine (A) and the initiating methionine (M), respectively.

[0039] FIGS. 3A-G. Nucleotide Sequence and Deduced Amino Acid Sequence of Novel Human Alpha-1c Adrenergic Receptor.

[0040] Nucleotides are presented in the 5′ to 3′ orientation and the coding region is numbered starting from the initiating methionine and ending in the termination codon. Deduced amino acid sequence by translation of a long open reading frame is shown, along with the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions. Numbers in the left and right margins represent nucleotide (top line) and amino acid (bottom line) numberings, starting with the first position as the adenosine (A) and the initiating methionine (M), respectively.

[0041] FIGS. 4A-D. Alignment of the Human Alpha-1a, H318/3 Alpha-1a, and Rat Alpha-1a Adrenergic Receptors. The deduced amino acid sequence of the human &agr;1a receptor (first line), from the starting methionine (M) to the stop codon (*), is aligned with the previously published human “&agr;1a” adrenergic receptor clone, H318/3 (2) (second line) and with the rat alphala (12) (third line). Also shown is a consensus amino acid sequence (fourth line), containing a hyphen at a particular position, when all receptors have the same amino acid or an amino acid at this position, when there is disparity in the three receptors. Dots indicate spaces corresponding to no amino acid at this position. Note that the human and rat &agr;1a receptors have greater homology in the amino (positions 1-90) and carboxyl (positions 440-598) termini than do the previously published “&agr;1a” (H318/3) and rat &agr;1a receptors (see text). Dots indicate spaces corresponding to no amino acid at this position. Numbers above amino acid sequences correspond to amino acid positions, starting with the initiating methionine (M) and ending with the termination codon (*).

[0042] FIGS. 5A-D. Alignment of the Human Alpha-1b, Hamster Alpha-1b, and Rat Alpha-1b Adrenergic Receptors. The deduced amino acid sequence of the human &agr;1b receptor (third line), from the starting methionine (M) to the stop codon (*), is aligned with the previously published rat &agr;1b adrenergic receptor clone (25)(first line) and with the hamster alpha-1b (4)(second line). Also shown is a consensus amino acid sequence (fourth line), containing a hyphen at a particular position, when all receptors have the same amino acid or an amino acid at this position, when there is disparity in the three receptors. Dots indicate spaces corresponding to no amino acid at this position. Numbers above amino acid sequences correspond to amino acid position, starting with the initiating methionine (M) and ending with the termination codon (*).

[0043] FIGS. 6A-C. Alignment of the Human Alpha-1c and Bovine Alpha-1c Adrenergic Receptors.

[0044] The deduced amino acid sequence of the human &agr;1c receptor (first line), from the starting methionine (M) to the stop codon (*), is aligned with the previously published bovine &agr;1b adrenergic receptor clone (13) (first line). Also shown is a consensus amino acid sequence (third line), containing a hyphen at a particular position, when all receptors have the same amino acid or an amino acid at this position, when there is disparity in the three receptors. Dots indicate spaces corresponding to no amino acid at this position. Numbers above amino acid sequences correspond to amino acid position, starting with the initiating methionine (M) and ending with the termination codon (*).

[0045] FIG. 7. Illustrates the correlation of inhibition constants (pKi) for a series of &agr;1 antagonists at the cloned human &agr;1A, &agr;1B and &agr;1C receptors with efficiency of blocking contraction of human prostate tissue (pA2).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0046] This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor. This invention also provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor. This invention also provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor. This invention also provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor. As used herein, the term “isolated nucleic acid molecule” means a non-naturally occurring nucleic acid molecule that is, a molecule in a form which does not occur in nature. Examples of such an isolated nucleic acid molecule are an RNA, cDNA, or an isolated genomic DNA molecule encoding a human &agr;1a, human &agr;1b or human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor. As used herein, the term “&agr;1a receptor”, “&agr;1b receptor”, or “&agr;1c receptor” means a molecule which is a distinct member of a class of &agr;1 adrenergic receptor molecules which under physiologic conditions, is substantially specific for the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine, is saturable, and having high affinity for the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine. The term “&agr;1 adrenergic receptor subtype” refers to a distinct member of the class of human &agr;1 adrenergic receptors, which may be any one of the human &agr;1a, &agr;1b or &agr;1c adrenergic receptors. The term “specific &agr;1 adrenergic receptor” refers to a distinct member of the group or class of human &agr;1 adrenergic receptors, which may be any one of the human &agr;1a, &agr;1b or &agr;1c adrenergic receptors. One embodiment of this invention is an isolated human nucleic acid molecule encoding a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor. Such a molecule may have coding sequences substantially the same as the coding sequence in FIGS. 1A-1I. The DNA molecule of FIGS. 1A-1I encodes the sequence of the human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor. Another, preferred embodiment is an isolated human nucleic acid molecule encoding a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor. Such a molecule may have coding sequences substantially the same as the coding sequence in FIGS. 2A-2H. The DNA molecule of FIGS. 2A-2H encodes the sequence of the human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor. Another, preferred embodiment is an isolated human nucleic acid molecule encoding a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor. Such a molecule may have coding sequences substantially the same as the coding sequence in FIGS. 3A-3G. The DNA molecule of FIGS. 3A-3G encodes the sequence of the human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor. One means of isolating a nucleic acid molecule encoding a &agr;1 adrenergic receptor is to screen a genomic DNA or cDNA library with a natural or artificially designed DNA probe, using methods well known in the art. In the preferred embodiment of this invention, &agr;1 adrenergic receptors include the human &agr;1a, human &agr;1b and human &agr;1c adrenergic receptors and the nucleic acid molecules encoding them were isolated by screening a human genomic DNA library and by further screening of a human cDNA library to obtain the sequence of the entire human &agr;1a, human &agr;1b or human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor. To obtain a single nucleic acid molecule encoding the entire human &agr;1a, &agr;1b or &agr;1c adrenergic receptor two or more DNA clones encoding portions of the same receptor were digested with DNA restriction endonuleases and ligated together with DNA ligase in the proper orientation using techniques known to one of skill in the art. DNA or cDNA molecules which encode a human &agr;1a, &agr;1b or &agr;1c adrenergic receptor are used to obtain complementary genomic DNA, cDNA or RNA from human, mammalian or other animal sources, or to isolate related cDNA or genomic DNA clones by the screening of cDNA or genomic DNA libraries, by methods described in more detail below. Transcriptional regulatory elements from the 5′ untranslated region of the isolated clone, and other stability, processing, transcription, translation, and tissue specificity determining regions from the 3′ and 5′ untranslated regions of the isolated gene are thereby obtained.

[0047] This invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule which has been so mutated as to be incapable of encoding a molecule having normal human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor activity, and not expressing native human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor. An example of a mutated nucleic acid molecule provided by this invention is an isolated nucleic acid molecule which has an in-frame stop codon inserted into the coding sequence such that the transcribed RNA is not translated into protein.

[0048] This invention provides a cDNA molecule encoding a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor, wherein the cDNA molecule has a coding sequence substantially the same as the coding sequence shown in FIGS. 1A-1I. This invention also provides a cDNA molecule encoding a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor, wherein the cDNA molecule has a coding sequence substantially the same as the coding sequence shown in FIGS. 2A-2H. This invention also provides a cDNA molecule encoding a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor, wherein the cDNA molecule has a coding sequence substantially the same as the coding sequence shown in FIGS. 3A-3G. These molecules and their equivalents were obtained by the means further described below.

[0049] This invention provides an isolated protein which is a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor. In one embodiment of this invention, the protein is a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor having an amino acid sequence substantially similar to the amino acid sequence shown in FIGS. 1A-IH. In another embodiment of this invention, the protein is a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor having an amino acid sequence substantially similar to the amino acid sequence shown in FIGS. 2A-2H. In another embodiment of this invention, the protein is a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor having an amino acid sequence substantially similar to the amino acid sequence shown in FIGS. 3A-3G. As used herein, the term “isolated protein” is intended to encompass a protein molecule free of other cellular components. One means for obtaining an isolated human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor is to express DNA encoding the &agr;1 adrenergic receptor in a suitable host, such as a bacterial, yeast, or mammalian cell, using methods well known to those skilled in the art, and recovering the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor after it has been expressed in such a host, again using methods well known in the art. The human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor may also be isolated from cells which express it, in particular from cells which have been transfected with the expression vectors described below in more detail.

[0050] This invention also provides a vector comprising an isolated nucleic acid molecule such as DNA, RNA, or cDNA, encoding a human &agr;1a receptor. This invention also provides a vector comprising an isolated nucleic acid molecule such as DNA, RNA, or cDNA, encoding a human human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor. This invention also provides a vector comprising an isolated nucleic acid molecule such as DNA, RNA, or cDNA, encoding a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor. Examples of vectors are viruses such as bacteriophages (such as phage lambda), cosmids, plasmids (such as pUC18, available from Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.), and other recombination vectors. Nucleic acid molecules are inserted into vector genomes by methods well known to those skilled in the art. Examples of such plasmids are plasmids comprising cDNA having a coding sequence substantially the same as: the coding sequence shown n FIGS. 1A-1I, 2A-2H, and 3A-3G. Alternatively, to obtain these vectors, insert and vector DNA can both be exposed to a restriction enzyme to create complementary ends on both molecules which base pair with each other and are then ligated together with a ligase. Alternatively, linkers can be ligated to the insert DNA which correspond to a restriction site in the vector DNA, which is then digested with the restriction enzyme which cuts at that site. Other means are also available.

[0051] This invention also provides vectors comprising a DNA molecule encoding a human &agr;1a, vectors comprising a DNA molecule encoding a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor and vectors comprising a DNA molecule encoding a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor adapted for expression in a bacterial cell, a yeast cell, or a mammalian cell which additionally comprise the regulatory elements necessary for expression of the DNA in the bacterial, yeast, or mammalian cells so located relative to the DNA encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor as to permit expression thereof. DNA having coding sequences substantially the same as the coding sequence shown in FIGS. 1A-1I may be inserted into the vectors to express a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor. DNA having coding sequences substantially the same as the coding sequence shown in FIGS. 2A-2H may be inserted into the vectors to express a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor. DNA having coding sequences substantially the same as the coding sequence shown in FIGS. 3A-3G may be inserted into the vectors to express a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor. Regulatory elements required for expression include promoter sequences to bind RNA polymerase and transcription initiation sequences for ribosome binding. For example, a bacterial expression vector includes a promoter such as the lac promoter and for transcription initiation the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and the start codon AUG (Maniatis, et al., Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1982). Similarly, a eukaryotic expression vector includes a heterologous or homologous promoter for RNA polymerase II, a downstream polyadenylation signal, the start codon AUG, and a termination codon for detachment of the ribosome. Such vectors may be obtained commercially or assembled from the sequences described by methods well known in the art, for example the methods described above for constructing vectors in general. Expression vectors are useful to produce cells that express a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor. Certain uses for such cells are described in more detail below.

[0052] In one embodiment of this invention a plasmid is adapted for expression in a bacterial, yeast, or, in particular, a mammalian cell wherein the plasmid comprises a DNA molecule encoding a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor, a DNA molecule encoding a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor or a DNA molecule encoding a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor and the regulatory elements necessary for expression of the DNA in the bacterial, yeast, or mammalian cell so located relative to the DNA encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor as to permit expression thereof. Suitable plasmids may include, but are not limited to plasmids adapted for expression in a mammalian cell, e.g., pCEXV-3 derived expression vector. Examples of such plasmids adapted for expression in a mammalian cell are plasmids comprising cDNA having coding sequences substantially the same as the coding sequence shown in FIGS. 1A-1I, 2A-2H, and 3A-3G and the regulatory elements necessary for expression of the DNA in the mammalian cell. These plasmids have been designated pcEXV-&agr;1a deposited under ATCC Accession No. 75319, pcEXV-&agr;1b deposited under ATCC Accession No. 75318, and pcEXV-&agr;1c deposited under ATCC Accession No. 75317, respectively . Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that numerous plasmids adapted for expression in a mammalian cell which comprise DNA encoding human &agr;1 adrenergic receptors and the regulatory elements necessary to express such DNA in the mammalian cell may be constructed utilizing existing plasmids and adapted as appropriate to contain the regulatory elements necessary to express the DNA in the mammalian cell. The plasmids may be constructed by the methods described above for expression vectors and vectors in general, and by other methods well known in the art.

[0053] The deposits discussed supra were made pursuant to, and in satisfaction of, the provisions of the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purpose of Patent Procedure with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852.

[0054] This invention provides a mammalian cell comprising a DNA molecule encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, such as a mammalian cell comprising a plasmid adapted for expression in a mammalian cell, which comprises a DNA molecule encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor and the regulatory elements necessary for expression of the DNA in the mammalian cell so located relative to the DNA encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor as to permit expression thereof. Numerous mammalian cells may be used as hosts, including, but not limited to, the mouse fibroblast cell NIH3T3, CHO cells, HeLa cells, Ltk− cells, human embryonic kidney cells, Cos cells, etc. Expression plasmids such as that described supra may be used to transfect mammalian cells by methods well known in the art such as calcium phosphate precipitation, or DNA encoding these human &agr;1 adrenergic receptors may be otherwise introduced into mammalian cells, e.g., by microinjection, to obtain mammalian cells which comprise DNA, e.g., cDNA or a plasmid, encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

[0055] This invention provides a nucleic acid probe comprising a nucleic acid molecule of at least 15 nucleotides capable of specifically hybridizing with a sequence included within the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor, for example with a coding sequence included within the sequence shown in FIGS. 1A-1I. This invention also provides a nucleic acid probe comprising a nucleic acid molecule of at least 15 nucleotides capable of specifically hybridizing with a sequence included within the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor, for example with a coding sequence included within the sequence shown in FIGS. 2A-2H. This invention also provides a nucleic acid probe comprising a nucleic acid molecule of at least 15 nucleotides capable of specifically hybridizing with a sequence included within the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor, for example with a coding sequence included within the sequence shown in FIGS. 3A-3G. As used herein, the phrase “specifically hybridizing” means the ability of a nucleic acid molecule to recognize a nucleic acid sequence complementary to its own and to form double-helical segments through hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs. Nucleic acid probe technology is well known to those skilled in the art who will readily appreciate that such probes may vary greatly in length and may be labeled with a detectable label, such as a radioisotope or fluorescent dye, to facilitate detection of the probe. Detection of nucleic acid encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor is useful as a diagnostic test for any disease process in which levels of expression of the corresponding human &agr;1a, &agr;1b or &agr;1c adrenergic receptor are altered. DNA probe molecules are produced by insertion of a DNA molecule which encodes a human &agr;1a, human &agr;1, or human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor or fragments thereof into suitable vectors, such as plasmids or bacteriophages, followed by insertion into suitable bacterial host cells and replication and harvesting of the DNA probes, all using methods well known in the art. For example, the DNA may be extracted from a cell lysate using phenol and ethanol, digested with restriction enzymes corresponding to the insertion sites of the DNA into the vector (discussed above), electrophoresed, and cut out of the resulting gel. Examples of such DNA molecules are shown in FIGS. 1A-1I, 2A-2H, and 3A-3G. The probes are useful for “in situ” hybridization or in order to identify tissues which express this gene family, or for other hybridization assays for the presence of these genes or their mRNA in various biological tissues. In addition, synthesized oligonucleotides (produced by a DNA synthesizer) complementary to the sequence of a DNA molecule which encodes a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor, or complementary to the sequence of a DNA molecule which encodes a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor or complementary to the sequence of a DNA molecule which encodes a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor are useful as probes for these genes, for their associated mRNA, or for the isolation of related genes by homology screening of genomic or cDNA libraries, or by the use of amplification techniques such as the Polymerase Chain Reaction.

[0056] This invention also provides a method for detecting expression of a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor on the surface of a cell by detecting the presence of mRNA coding for a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor. This invention also provides a method for detecting expression of a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor on the surface of a cell by detecting the presence of mRNA coding for a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor. This invention also provides a method for detecting expression of a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor on the surface of a cell by detecting the presence of mRNA coding for a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor. These methods comprise obtaining total mRNA from the cell using methods well known in the art and contacting the mRNA so obtained with a nucleic acid probe as described hereinabove, under hybridizing conditions, detecting the presence of mRNA hybridized to the probe, and thereby detecting the expression of a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor by the cell. Hybridization of probes to target nucleic acid molecules such as mRNA molecules employs techniques well known in the art. However, in one embodiment of this invention, nucleic acids are extracted by precipitation from lysed cells and the mRNA is isolated from the extract using a column which binds the poly-A tails of the mRNA molecules (Maniatis, T. et al., Molecular Cloning; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, pp.197-98 (1982)). The mRNA is then exposed to radioactively labelled probe on a nitrocellulose membrane, and the probe hybridizes to and thereby labels complementary mRNA sequences. Binding may be detected by autoradiography or scintillation counting. However, other methods for performing these steps are well known to those skilled in the art, and the discussion above is merely an example.

[0057] This invention provides an antisense oligonucleotide having a sequence capable of specifically binding with any sequences of an mRNA molecule which encodes a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor so as to prevent translation of the human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor. This invention also provides an antisense oligonucleotide having a sequence capable of specifically binding with any sequences of an mRNA molecule which encodes a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor so as to prevent translation of the human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor. This invention also provides an antisense oligonucleotide having a sequence capable of specifically binding with any sequences of an mRNA molecule which encodes a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor so as to prevent translation of the human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor. As used herein, the phrase “specifically binding” means the ability of an antisense oligonucleotide to recognize a nucleic acid sequence complementary to its own and to form double-helical segments through hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs. The antisense oligonucleotide may have a sequence capable of specifically binding with any sequences of the cDNA molecules whose sequences are shown in FIGS. 1A-1I, 2A-2H or 3A-3G. A particular example of an antisense oligonucleotide is an antisense oligonucleotide comprising chemical analogues of nucleotides which are known to one of skill in the art.

[0058] This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of the oligonucleotide described above effective to reduce expression of a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor, by passing through a cell membrane and specifically binding with mRNA encoding the human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor in the cell so as to prevent its translation and a pharmaceutically acceptable hydrophobic carrier capable of passing through a cell membrane. This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of the oligonucleotide described above effective to reduce expression of a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor in the cell so as to prevent its translation and a pharmaceutically acceptable hydrophobic carrier capable of passing through a cell membrane. This invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of the oligonucleotide described above effective to reduce expression of a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor in the cell so as to prevent its translation and a pharmaceutically acceptable hydrophobic carrier capable of passing through a cell membrane. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” encompasses any of the standard pharmaceutical carriers, such as a phosphate buffered saline solution, water, and emulsions, such as an oil/water or water/oil emulsion, and various types of wetting agents. The oligonucleotide may be coupled to a substance which inactivates mRNA, such as a ribozyme. The pharmaceutically acceptable hydrophobic carrier capable of passing through cell membranes may also comprise a structure which binds to a transporter specific for a selected cell type and is thereby taken up by cells of the selected cell type. The structure may be part of a protein known to bind a cell-type specific transporter, for example an insulin molecule, which would target pancreatic cells. DNA molecules having coding sequences substantially the same as the coding sequence shown in FIGS. 1A-1I, 2A-2H, or 3A-3G may be used as the oligonucleotides of the pharmaceutical composition.

[0059] This invention also provides a method of treating abnormalities which are alleviated by reduction of expression of a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor. This method comprises administering to a subject an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition described above effective to reduce expression of the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor by the subject. This invention further provides a method of treating an abnormal condition related to &agr;1 adrenergic receptor activity which comprises administering to a subject an amount of the pharmaceutical composition described above effective to reduce expression of the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor by the subject. Examples of such an abnormal condition include but are not limited to benign prostatic hypertrophy, coronary heart disease, hypertension, urinary retention, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, sympathetic dystrophy syndrome, glaucoma, cardiac arrythymias erectile dysfunction, and Renaud's syndrome.

[0060] Antisense oligonucleotide drugs inhibit translation of mRNA encoding the human &agr;1a, human &agr;1b or human &agr;1c adrenergic receptors. Synthetic antisense oligonucleotides, or other antisense chemical structures are designed to bind to mRNA encoding the human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor, to mRNA encoding the human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor or to mRNA encoding the human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor and inhibit translation of mRNA and are useful as drugs to inhibit expression of the human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor, the human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor or the human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor in patients. This invention provides a means to therapeutically alter levels of expression of the human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor, the human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor or the human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor by the of a synthetic antisense oligonucleotide drug (SAOD) which inhibits translation of mRNA encoding these &agr;1 adrenergic receptors. Synthetic antisense oligonucleotides, or other antisense chemical structures designed to recognize and selectively bind to mRNA, are constructed to be complementary to portions of the nucleotide sequences shown in FIGS. 1A-1I, 2A-2H, or 3A-3G of DNA, RNA or of chemically modified, artificial nucleic acids. The SAOD is designed to be stable in the blood stream for administration to patients by injection, or in laboratory cell culture conditions, for administration to cells removed from the patient. The SAOD is designed to be capable of passing through cell membranes in order to enter the cytoplasm of the cell by virtue of physical nd chemical properties of the SAOD which render it capable of passing through cell membranes (e.g., by designing small, hydrophobic SAOD chemical structures) or by virtue of specific transport systems in the cell which recognize and transport the SAOD into the cell. In addition, the SAOD can be designed for administration only to certain selected cell populations by targeting the SAOD to be recognized by specific cellular uptake mechanisms which bind and take up the SAOD only within certain selected cell populations. For example, the SAOD may be designed to bind to a transporter found only in a certain cell type, as discussed above. The SAOD is also designed to recognize and selectively bind to the target mRNA sequence, which may correspond to a sequence contained within the sequences shown in FIGS. 1A01I, 2A-2H, or 3A-3G by virtue of complementary base pairing to the mRNA. Finally, the SAOD is designed to inactivate the target mRNA sequence by any of three mechanisms: 2) by binding to the target mRNA and thus inducing degradation of the mRNA by intrinsic cellular mechanisms such as mRNA target by interfering with the binding of translation-regulating factors or of other chemical structures, such as ribozyme sequences or reactive chemical groups. which either degrade or chemically modify the target mRNA. Synthetic antisense oligonucleotide drugs have been shown to be capable of the properties described above when directed against mRNA targets (J. S. Cohen, Trends in Pharm. Sci 10, 435 (1989); H. M. Weintraub, Sci. AM. January (1990) p. 40). In addition, coupling of ribozymes to antisense oligonucleotides is a promising strategy for inactivating target mRNA (N. Sarver et al., Science 247, 1222 (1990)). An SAOD serves as an effective therapeutic agent if it is designed to be administered to a patient by injection, or if the patient's target cells are removed, treated with the SAOD in the laboratory, and replaced in the patient. In this manner, an SAOD serves as a therapy to reduce human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor expression in particular target cells of a patient, in any clinical condition which may benefit from reduced expression of a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

[0061] This invention provides an antibody directed to a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor. This antibody may comprise, for example, a monoclonal antibody directed to an epitope of a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor present on the surface of a cell, the epitope having an amino acid sequence substantially the same as an amino acid sequence for a cell surface epitope of the human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor included in the amino acid sequence shown in FIGS. 1A-1I. This invention also provides an antibody directed to a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor. This antibody may comprise, for example, a monoclonal antibody directed to an epitope of a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor present on the surface of a cell, the epitope having an amino acid sequence substantially the same as an amino acid sequence for a cell surface epitope of the human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor included in the amino acid sequence shown in FIGS. 2A-2H. This invention also provides an antibody directed to a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor. This antibody may comprise, for example, a monoclonal antibody directed to an epitope of a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor present on the surface of a cell, the epitope having an amino acid sequence substantially the same as an amino acid sequence for a cell surface epitope of the human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor included in the amino acid sequence shown in FIGS. 3A-3G. Amino acid sequences may be analyzed by methods well known to those skilled in the art to determine whether they produce hydrophobic or hydrophilic regions in the proteins which they build.

[0062] In the case of cell membrane proteins, hydrophobic regions are well known to form the part of the protein that is inserted into the lipid bilayer which forms the cell membrane, while hydrophilic regions are located on the cell surface, in an aqueous environment. Therefore antibodies to the hydrophilic amino acid sequences shown in FIGS. 1A-1I will bind to a surface epitope of the human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor, antibodies to the hydrophilic amino acid sequences shown in FIGS. 2A-2H will bind to a surface epitope of a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor, and antibodies to the hydrophilic amino acid sequences shown in FIGS. 3A-3G will bind to a surface epitope of a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor as described. Antibodies directed to human &agr;1 adrenergic receptors may be serum-derived or monoclonal and are prepared using methods well known in the art. For example, monoclonal antibodies are prepared using hybridoma technology by fusing antibody producing B cells from immunized animals with myeloma cells and selecting the resulting hybridoma cell line producing the desired antibody. Cells such as NIH3T3 cells or Ltk− cells may be used as immunogens to raise such an antibody. Alternatively, synthetic peptides may be prepared using commercially available machines and the amino acid sequence shown in FIGS. 1A-1I, 2A-2H, and 3A-3G. As a still further alternative DNA, such as a cDNA or a fragment thereof, may be cloned and expressed and the resulting polypeptide recovered and used as an immunogen. These antibodies are useful to detect the presence of human &agr;1 adrenergic receptors encoded by the isolated DNA, or to inhibit the function of &agr;1 adrenergic receptors in living animals, in humans, or in biological tissues or fluids isolated from animals or humans.

[0063] This invention provides a pharmaceutical composition which comprises an effective amount of an antibody directed to an epitope of a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. A monoclonal antibody directed to an epitope of a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor present on the surface of a cell which has an amino acid sequence substantially the same as an amino acid sequence for a cell surface epitope of the human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor present on the surface of a cell which has an amino acid sequence substantially the same as an amino acid sequence for a cell surface epitope of the human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor included in the amino acid sequence shown in FIGS. 1A-1I is useful for this purpose. This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition which comprises an effective amount of an antibody directed to an epitope of a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor, effective to block binding of naturally occurring substrates to the human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. A monoclonal antibody directed to an epitope of a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor present on the surface of a cell which has an amino acid sequence substantially the same as an amino acid sequence for a cell surface epitope of the human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor included in the amino acid sequence shown in FIGS. 2A-2H is useful for this purpose. This invention provides a pharmaceutical composition which comprises an effective amount of an antibody directed to an epitope of a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor effective to block binding of naturally occurring substrates to the human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. A monoclonal antibody directed to an epitope of a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor present on the surface of the cell which has an amino acid sequence substantially the same as an amino acid sequence for a cell surface epitope of the human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor included in the amino acid sequence shown in FIGS. 3A-3G is useful for this purpose.

[0064] This invention also provides a method of treating abnormalities in a subject which are alleviated by reduction of expression of a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor. The method comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition described above effective to block binding of naturally occurring substrates to the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor and thereby alleviate abnormalities resulting from overexpression of the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor. Binding of the antibody to the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor from functioning, thereby neutralizing the effects of overexpression. The monoclonal antibodies described above are useful for this purpose. This invention additionally provides a method of treating an abnormal condition related to an excess of a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor activity which comprises administering to a subject an amount of the pharmaceutical composition described above effective to block binding of naturally occurring substrates to the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor and thereby alleviate the abnormal condition. Examples of such an abnormal condition include but are not limited to benign prostatic hypertrophy, coronary heart disease, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, sympathetic dystrophy syndrome, glaucoma, cardiac arrythymias, hypertension, urinary retention, erectile dysfunction, and Renaud's syndrome.

[0065] This invention provides methods of detecting the presence of a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor on the surface of a cell which comprises contacting the cell with an antibody directed to a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, under conditions permitting binding of the antibody to the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, under conditions permitting binding of the antibody to the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, detecting the presence of any antibody bound to the &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, and thereby the presence of the specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor on the surface of the cell. Such methods are useful for determining whether a given cell is defective in expression of a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor. Bound antibodies are detected by methods well known in the art, for example by binding fluorescent markers to the antibodies and examining the cell sample under a fluorescence microscope to detect fluorescence on a cell indicative of antibody binding. The monoclonal antibodies described above are useful for this purpose.

[0066] This invention provides a transgenic nonhuman mammal comprising DNA encoding DNA encoding a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor. This invention also provides a transgenic nonhuman mammal comprising DNA encoding a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor. This invention also provides a transgenic nonhuman mammal comprising DNA encoding a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor.

[0067] This invention also provides a transgenic nonhuman mammal comprising DNA encoding a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor so mutated as to be incapable of normal human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor activity, and not expressing native human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor activity, and not expressing native human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor. This invention also provides a transgenic nonhuman mammal comprising DNA encoding a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor so mutated as to be incapable of normal human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor activity, and not expressing native human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor. This invention also provides a transgenic nonhuman mammal comprising DNA encoding a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor so mutated as to be incapable of normal human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor activity, and not expressing native human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor.

[0068] This invention provides a transgenic non-human animal whose genome comprises DNA encoding a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor so placed as to be transcribed into antisense mRNA which is complementary to mRNA encoding a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor thereby reducing its translation. This invention also provides a transgenic nonhuman mammal whose genome comprises DNA encoding a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor so placed as to be transcribed into antisense mRNA which is complementary to mRNA encoding the human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor and which hybridizes to mRNA encoding a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor thereby reducing its translation. This invention provides a transgenic non-human animal whose genome comprises DNA encoding a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor so placed as to be transcribed into antisense mRNA which is complementary to mRNA encoding a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor and which hybridizes to mRNA encoding the human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor thereby reducing its translation. The DNA may additionally comprise an inducible promoter or additionally comprise tissue specific regulatory elements, so that expression can be induced, or restricted to specific cell types. Examples of DNA are DNA or cDNA molecules having a coding sequence substantially the same as the coding sequences shown in FIGS. 1A-1I, 2A-2H, or 3A-3G. An example of a transgenic animal is a transgenic mouse. Examples of tissue specificity-determining regions are the metallothionein promoter (Low, M. J., Lechan, R. M., Hammer, R. E. et al. Science 231:1002-1004 (1986) and the L7 promoter (Oberdick, J., Smeyne, R. J., Mann, J. R., Jackson, S. and Morgan, J. I. Science 248:223-226 (1990)).

[0069] Animal model systems which elucidate the physiological and behavioral roles of human &agr;1 adrenergic receptors are produced by creating transgenic animals in which the increased or decreased, or the amino acid sequence of the expressed &agr;1 adrenergic receptor is altered, by a variety of techniques. Examples of these techniques include, but are not limited to: 1) Insertion of normal or mutant versions of DNA encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor or homologous animal versions of these genes, by microinjection, retroviral infection or other means well known to those skilled in the art, into appropriate fertilized embryos in order to produce a transgenic animal (Hogan B et al., Manipulating the Mouse Embryo, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1986)) or, 2) Homologous recombination (Capecchi M. R. Science 244:1288-1292 (1989) ; Zimmer, A. and Gruss, P. Nature 338:150-153 (1989)) of mutant or normal, human or animal version of the genes encoding &agr;1 adrenergic receptors with the native gene locus in transgenic animals to alter the regulation of expression or the structure &agr;1 of these &agr;1 adrenergic receptors. The technique of homologous &agr;1 adrenergic receptors. The technique of homologous recombination is well known in the art. It replaces the native gene with the inserted gene and so is useful for producing an animal that cannot express native &agr;1 adrenergic receptor but does express, for example an inserted mutant human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, which has replaced the native &agr;1 adrenergic receptor in the animal's genome by recombination, resulting in underexpression of the &agr;1 adrenergic receptor. Microinjection adds genes to the genome, but does not remove them, and so is useful for producing an animal which expresses its own and added al adrenergic receptors, resulting in overexpression of the &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

[0070] One means available for producing a transgenic animal, with a mouse as an example, is as follows: Female mice are mated, and the resulting fertilized eggs are dissected out of their oviducts. The eggs are stored in an appropriate medium such as M2 medium (Hogan B et al., Manipulating the Mouse Embryo, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1986)). DNA or cDNA encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor is purified from a vector (such as plasmids pCEXV-&agr;1b, or pCEXV-&agr;1c described above) by methods well known in the art. Inducible promoters may be fused with the coding region of the DNA to provide an experimental means to regulate expression of the trans-gene. Alternatively or in addition, tissue specific regulatory elements may be fused with the coding region to permit tissue-specific expression of the trans-gene. The DNA, in an appropriately buffered solution, is put into a microinjection needle (which may be made from capillary tubing using a pipet puller) and the egg to be injected is put in a depression slide. The needle is inserted into the pronucleus of the egg, and the DNA solution is injected. The injected egg is then transferred into the oviduct of a pseudopregnant mouse (a mouse stimulated by the appropriate hormones to maintain pregnancy but which is not actually pregnant), where it proceeds to the uterus, implants, and develops to term. As noted above, microinjection is not the only method for inserting DNA into the egg cell, and is used here only for exemplary purposes.

[0071] Since the normal action of &agr;1 adrenergic-specific drugs is to activate or to inhibit the &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, the transgenic animal model systems described above are useful for testing the biological activity of drugs directed against specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptors even before such drugs become available. These animal model systems are useful for predicting or evaluating possible therapeutic applications of drugs which activate or inhibit these human &agr;1 adrenergic receptors by inducing or inhibiting expression of the native or transgene and thus increasing or decreasing expression of normal or mutant human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor in the living animal. Thus, a model system is produced in which the biological activity of drugs directed against these human &agr;1 adrenergic receptors are evaluated before such drugs become available. The transgenic animals which over or under produce a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic over or under produce a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic over or under produce a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor indicate by their physiological state whether over or under production of the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor is therapeutically useful. It is therefore useful to evaluate drug action based on the transgenic model system. One use is based on the fact that it is well known in the art that a drug such as an antidepressant acts by blocking neurotransmitter uptake, and thereby increases the amount of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft. The physiological result of this action is to stimulate the production of less human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor by the affected cells, leading eventually to underexpression. Therefore, an animal which underexpresses human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor is useful as a test system to investigate whether the actions of such drugs which result in under expression are in fact therapeutic. Another use is that if overexpression is found to lead abnormalities, then a drug which down-regulates or acts as an antagonist to the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor is indicated as worth developing, and if a promising therapeutic application is uncovered by these animal model systems, activation or inhibition of the specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor or antagonist drugs directed against these human &agr;1 adrenergic receptors or by any method which increases or decreases the expression of these &agr;1 adrenergic receptors in man.

[0072] Further provided by this invention is a method of determining the physiological effects of expressing varying levels of a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor which comprises producing a transgenic nonhuman animal whose levels of &agr;1 adrenergic receptor expression are varied by use of an inducible promoter which regulates human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor expression. This invention also provides a method for determining the physiological effects of expressing varying levels of human &agr;1 adrenergic receptors which comprise producing a panel of transgenic nonhuman animals each expressing a different amount of a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor. Such animals may be produced by introducing different amounts of DNA encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor into the oocytes from which the transgenic animals are developed.

[0073] This invention also provides a method for identifying a substance capable of alleviating abnormalities resulting from overexpression of a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor comprising administering the substance to a transgenic nonhuman mammal expressing at least one artificially introduced DNA molecule encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor and determining whether the substance alleviates the physical and behavioral abnormalities displayed by the transgenic nonhuman mammal as a result of overexpression of a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor. As used herein, the term “substance” means a compound or composition which may be natural, synthetic, or a product derived from screening. Examples of DNA molecules are DNA or cDNA molecules having a coding sequence substantially the same as the coding sequences shown in FIGS. 1A-1I, 2A-2H, or 3A-3G.

[0074] This invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of the substance described supra effective to alleviate the abnormalities resulting from overexpression of a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. This invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of the substance described supra effective to alleviate the abnormalities resulting from overexpression of a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of the substance described supra effective to alleviate the abnormalities resulting from overexpression of a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[0075] This invention further provides a method for treating the abnormalities resulting from overexpression of a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor which comprises administering to a subject an amount of the pharmaceutical composition described above effective to alleviate the abnormalities resulting from overexpression of the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

[0076] This invention provides a method for identifying a substance capable of alleviating the abnormalities resulting from underexpression of a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor comprising administering the substance to the transgenic nonhuman mammal described above which expresses only a nonfunctional human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor and determining whether the substance alleviates the physical and behavioral abnormalities displayed by the transgenic nonhuman mammal as a result of underexpression of the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

[0077] This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of a substance effective to alleviate abnormalities resulting from underexpression of a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[0078] This invention also provides a method for treating the abnormalities resulting from underexpression of a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor which comprises administering to a subject an amount of the pharmaceutical composition described above effective to alleviate the abnormalities resulting from underexpression of a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

[0079] This invention provides a method for diagnosing a predisposition to a disorder associated with the expression of a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor allele which comprises: a) obtaining DNA of subjects suffering from the disorder; b) performing a restriction digest of the DNA with a panel of restriction enzymes; c) electrophoretically separating the resulting DNA fragments on a sizing gel; d) contacting the resulting gel with a nucleic acid probe capable of specifically hybridizing to DNA encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor and labelled bands which have hybridized to the DNA encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor labelled with a detectable marker to create a unique band pattern specific to the DNA of subjects suffering from the disorder; f) preparing DNA obtained for diagnosis by steps a-e; and g) comparing the unique band pattern specific to the DNA of subjects suffering from the disorder from step e and the DNA obtained for diagnosis from step f to determine whether the patterns are the same or different and thereby to diagnose predisposition to the disorder if the patterns are the same. This method may also be used to diagnose a disorder associated with the expression of a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor allele.

[0080] This invention provides a method of preparing an isolated human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor which comprises inducing cells to express the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, recovering the &agr;1 adrenergic receptor from the resulting cells, and purifying the &agr;1 adrenergic receptor so recovered. An example of an isolated human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor is an isolated protein having substantially the same amino acid sequence as the amino acid sequence shown in FIGS. 1A-1I. An example of an isolated human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor is an isolated protein having substantially the same amino acid sequence as the amino acid sequence shown in FIGS. 1A-1I. An example of an isolated human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor is an isolated protein having substantially the same amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 2A-2H. An example of an isolated human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor is an isolated protein having substantially the same amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 3A-3G. For example, cells can be induced to express human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor by exposure to substances such as hormones. The cells can then be homogenized and the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor isolated from the homogenate using an affinity column comprising, for example, epinephrine, norepinephrine, or another substance which is known to bind to the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor. The resulting fractions can then be purified by contacting them with an ion exchange column, and determining which fraction contains human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor activity or binds anti-human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor activity or binds anti-human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor antibodies.

[0081] This invention provides a method of preparing the isolated human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor which comprises inserting nucleic acid encoding the human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor in a suitable vector, inserting the resulting vector in a suitable host cell, recovering the &agr;1a adrenergic receptor produced by the resulting cell, and purifying the &agr;1a adrenergic receptor so recovered. An example of an isolated human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor is an isolated protein having substantially the same amino acid sequence as the amino acid sequence shown in FIGS. 1A-1I. This invention also provides a method of preparing the isolated human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor which comprises inserting nucleic acid encoding the human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor in a suitable vector, inserting the resulting vector in a suitable host, recovering the &agr;1b adrenergic receptor produced by the resulting cell, and purifying the &agr;1c adrenergic receptor so recovered. These methods for preparing human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor uses recombinant DNA technology methods well known in the art. For example, isolated nucleic acid encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor is inserted in a suitable vector, such as an expression vector. A suitable host cell, such as a bacterial cell, or a eukaryotic cell such as a yeast cell is transfected with the vector. The human a adrenergic receptor is isolated from the culture medium by affinity purification or by chromatography or by other methods well known in the art.

[0082] This invention provides a method of determining whether a ligand not known to be capable of binding to a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor can bind to a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, which comprises contacting a mammalian cell comprising a plasmid adapted for expression in a mammalian cell which further comprises a DNA molecule which expresses a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor on the cell surface with the ligand under conditions permitting binding of ligands known to bind to the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, detecting the presence of any ligand bound to the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor. The DNA in the cell may have a coding sequence substantially the same as the coding sequences shown in FIGS. 1A-1I, 2A-2h, or 3A-3G, preferably, the mammalian cell is nonneuronal in origin. An example of a nonneuronal mammalian cell is a Cos7 cell. The preferred method for determining whether a ligand is capable of binding to the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor comprises contacting a transfected nonneuronal mammalian cell (i.e. a cell that does not naturally express any type of human al adrenergic receptor, thus will only express such human al adrenergic receptor if it is transfected into the cell) expressing a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor on it surface, or contacting a membrane preparation derived from such a transfected cell, with the ligand under conditions which are known to prevail, and thus be associated with in vivo binding of the substrates to a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, detecting the presence of any of the ligand being tested bound to the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor on the surface of the cell, and thereby determining whether the ligand binds to the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor. This response system is obtained by transfection of isolated DNA into a suitable host cell. Such a host system might be isolated from pre-existing cell lines, or can be generated by inserting appropriate components into existing cell lines. Such a transfection system provides a complete response system for investigation or assay of the functional activity of human &agr;1 adrenergic receptors with ligands as described above. Transfection systems are useful as living cell cultures for competitive binding assays between known or candidate drugs and substrates which bind to the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor and which are labeled by radioactive, spectroscopic or other reagents. Membrane preparations containing the transporter isolated from transfected cells are also useful for these competitive binding assays. A transfection system constitutes a “drug discovery system” useful for the identification of natural or synthetic compounds with potential for drug development that can be further modified or used directly as therapeutic compounds to activate or inhibit the natural functions of a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor. The transfection system is also useful for determining the affinity and efficacy of known drugs at human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor binding sites.

[0083] This invention provides a method for identifying a ligand which interacts with, and activates or blocks the activation of, a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor on the surface of the cell, which comprises contacting a mammalian cell which comprises a plasmid adapted for expression in a mammalian cell which further comprises a DNA molecule which expresses a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor on the cell surface with the ligand, determining whether the ligand activates or blocks the activation of the receptor using a bioassay such as a second messenger assays, and thereby identifying a ligand which interacts with, and activates or blocks the activation of, a human &agr;1adrenergic receptor.

[0084] This invention provides functional assays for identifying ligands and drugs which bind to and activate or inhibit a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor activity.

[0085] This invention provides a method for identifying a ligand which is capable of binding to and activating or inhibiting a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, which comprises contacting a mammalian cell, wherein the membrane lipids have been labelled by prior incubation with a labelled myo-inositol phosphate molecule, the mammalian cell comprising a plasmid adapted for expression in a mammalian cell which further comprises a DNA molecule which expresses a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor with the ligand and identifying an inositol phosphate metabolite released from the membrane lipid as a result of ligand binding to and activating an &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

[0086] This invention provides method for identifying a ligand that is capable of binding to and activating or inhibiting a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, where in the binding of ligand to the adrenergic receptor results in a physiological response, which comprises contacting a mammalian cell which further comprises a DNA molecule which expresses a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor with a calcium sensitive fluorescent indicator, removing the indicator that has not been taken up by the cell, contacting the cells with the ligand and identifying an increase or decrease in intracellular Ca+2 as a result of ligand binding to and activating receptors.

[0087] Transformed mammalian cells for identifying the ligands and drugs that affect the functional properties of the human &agr; adrenergic receptor include 292-&agr;1&agr;-10, C-&agr;1b-6 and C-&agr;1c-7.

[0088] This invention also provides a method of screening drugs to identify drugs which interact with, and bind to, a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor on the surface of a cell, which comprises contacting a mammalian cell which comprises a plasmid adapted for expression in a mammalian cell which further comprises a DNA molecule which expresses a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor on the cell surface with a plurality of drugs, determining those drugs which bind to the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor expressed on the cell surface of the mammalian cell, and thereby identifying drugs which interact with, and bind to, the human al adrenergic receptor. Various methods of detection may be employed. The drugs may be “labeled” by association with a detectable marker substance (e.g., radiolabel or a non-isotopic label such as biotin). The DNA in the cell may have a coding sequence substantially the same as the coding sequences shown in FIGS. 1A-1I, 2A-2H or 3A-3G. Preferably, the mammalian cell is nonneuronal in origin. An example of a nonneuronal mammalian cell is a Cos7 cell. Drug candidates are identified by choosing chemical compounds which bind with high affinity to the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor expressed on the cell surface in transfected cells, using radioligand binding methods well known in the art, examples of which are shown in the binding assays described herein. Drug candidates are also screened for selectivity by identifying compounds which bind with high affinity to one particular human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor subtype but do not bind with high affinity to any other human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor subtype or to any other known receptor site. Because selective, high affinity compounds interact primarily with the target human &agr;1 adrenergic site after administration to the patient, the chances of producing a drug with unwanted side effects are minimized by this approach. This invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a drug identified by the method described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” encompasses any of the standard pharmaceutical carriers, such as a phosphate buffered saline solution, water, and emulsions, such as an oil/water or water/oil emulsion, and various types of wetting agents. Once the candidate drug has been shown to be adequately bio-available following a particular route of administration, for example orally or by injection (adequate therapeutic concentrations must be maintained at the site of action for an adequate period to gain the desired therapeutic benefit), and has been shown to be non-toxic and therapeutically effective in appropriate disease models, the drug may be administered to patients by that route of administration determined to make the drug bio-available, in an appropriate solid or solution formulation, to gain the desired therapeutic benefit.

[0089] This invention also provides a method for treating an abnormal condition related to an excess of activity of a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor subtype, which comprises administering a patient an amount of a pharmaceutical composition described above, effective to reduce &agr;1 adrenergic activity as a result of naturally occurring substrate binding to and activating a specific &agr;1 adrenergic receptor. Examples of such abnormalities related to an excess of activity of a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor subtype include but are limited to benign prostatic hypertrophy, coronary heart disease, hypertension, urinary retention, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, sympathetic dystrophy syndrome, glaucoma, cardiac arrythymias erectile dysfunction, and Renaud's syndrome.

[0090] This invention also provides a method of treating abnormalities which are alleviated by an increase in the activity of a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, which comprises administering a patient an amount of a pharmaceutical composition described above, effective to increase the activity of the specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor thereby alleviating abnormalities resulting from abnormally low receptor activity. Examples of such abnormalities related to a decrease in the activity of a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor include but are not limited to congestive heart failure, urinary incontinence, nasal congestion and hypotension.

[0091] Applicants have identified individual human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor subtypes and have described methods for the identification of pharmacological compounds for therapeutic treatments. Pharmacological compounds which are directed against a specific human adrenergic receptor subtype provide effective new therapies with minimal side effects.

[0092] Elucidation of the molecular structures of the neuronal human &agr;1 adrenergic receptors transporters is an important step in the understanding of &agr;-adrenergic neurotransmission. This disclosure reports the isolation, the nucleic acid sequence, and functional expression of DNA clones isolated from human brain which encode human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor. The identification of these human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor will play a pivotal role in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying &agr;-adrenergic transmission, and should also aid in the development of novel therapeutic agents.

[0093] DNA clones encoding human &agr;1adrenergic receptor have been isolated from human brain, and their functional properties have been examined in mammalian cells.

[0094] This invention identifies for the first time three new human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, their amino acid sequences, and their human genes. The information and experimental tools provided by this discovery are useful to generate new therapeutic agents, and new therapeutic or diagnostic assays for these new human receptors, their associated mRNA molecules or their associated genomic DNAs. The information and experimental tools provided by this discovery will be useful to generate new therapeutic agents, and new therapeutic or diagnostic assays for these new human receptors, their associates mRNA molecules, or their associated genomic DNAs.

[0095] Specifically, this invention relates to the first isolation of human DNA clones encoding three &agr;1-adrenergic receptor. In addition, the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor have been expressed in mammalian cells by transfecting the cells with the plasmids pCEXV-&agr;1a, pcEXV-&agr;1c. The pharmacological binding properties of these receptor proteins have been determined, and these binding properties classify these receptor proteins as &agr;1 adrenergic receptor. Mammalian cell lines expressing the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor on the cell surface have been constructed, thus establishing the first well-defined, cultured cell lines with which to study human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor. Examples of transformed mammalian cells, expressing human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor are L-&agr;-1a, expressing a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor, L-&agr;1b expressing a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor, and L-&agr;1c expressing a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor. These cells are suitable for studying the pharmacological properties of the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor and for the screening of ligands and drugs that specifically bind to human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor subtypes.

[0096] The invention will be better understood by reference to the Experimental Details which follow, but those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the specific experiments detailed are only illustrative, and are not meant to limit the invention as described herein, which is defined by the claims which follow thereafter.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

[0097] Cloning and Sequencing

[0098] &agr;1a: A human lymphocyte genomic library in &zgr; dash II (≈1.5×106 total recombinants; Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif.) was screened using a cloned rat PCR fragment (RBNC2) as a probe. RBNC2 was obtained by amplifying randomly primed rat brain cDNA with degenerate primers designed to conserved regions of transmembrane (Tm) regions 2 and 6 of serotonin receptors. The sequence of one PCR product, RBNC2, exhibited strong homology to the &agr;1 AR family.

[0099] The probe was labeled with [32P] by the method of random priming (5) (Prime-It Random Primer kit, Strategene, LaJolla, Calif.). Hybridization was performed at 40° C. in a solution containing 50% formamide, 10% dextran sulfate, 5×SSC (1×SSC is 0.15M sodium choloride, 0.015M sodium citrate), 1×Denhardt's solution (0.02% polyvinylpyrrolidone, 0.02% Ficoll, 0.02% bovine serum albumin), and 200 &mgr;g/&mgr;l sonicated salmon sperm DNA. The filters were washed at 50° C. in 0.1×SSC containing 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate and exposed at −70° C. to Kodak XAR film in the presence of an intensifying screen. Lambda phage clones hybridizing with the probe were plaque purified and DNA was prepared for Southern blot analysis (22, 17). For subcloning and further Southern blot analysis, DNA was cloned into pUC18 (Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.) or pbluescript (Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif.). Nucleotide sequence analysis was accomplished by the Sanger dideoxy nucleotide chain termination method (18) on denatured double-stranded plasmid templates, using Sequenase (US Biochemcial Corp., Cleveland, Ohio), Bst DNA sequencing kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Richmond, Calif.), or TaqTrack sequencing kit (Promega Corporation, Madison, Wis.).

[0100] In order to isolate a full-length clone, human cDNA libraries were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with 1 &mgr;M each of specific oligonucleotide primers designed off the isolated genomic clone: from the sense strand (nucleotide 598-626), 5′ CACTCAAGTACCCAGCCATCATGAC 3′ and from the antisense stand (nucleotide 979-1003), 5′ CGGAGAGCGAGCTGCGGAAGGTGTG 3′ (see FIGS. 1A01I). The primers were from non-conserved portions of the receptor gene, specifically in the Tm3-Tm3 loop and in the Tm5-Tm6 loop regions for the upstream and downstream primers, respectively. One to 2 &mgr;l of phage DNA from cDNA libraries (&zgr; ZapII; Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif.), representing ≈106-107 pfu, were amplified in 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.01% gelatin, 200 &mgr;M each dATP, dCTP, dTTP, 2.5 units of Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase (Taq polymerase; Perkin-Elmer-Cetus, Norwalk, Conn.). The amplification profile was run for 30 cycles: a 5 min. initial (i.e. 1 cycle denaturation at 95° C., followed by 2 min. at 94° C., 2 min at 68° C., and 3 min at 72° C., with a 3 sec. extension, followed by a final 10 min. extension at 72° C. PCR products were analyzed by ethidium bromide (EtBr) stained agarose gels and any sample exhibiting a band on the EtBr stained gel was considered positive.

[0101] A positive library was then plated and screened with overlapping 45-mer oligonucleotide probes, filled-in using [&agr;-32P]dCTP and [&agr;-32P]dATP and Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase. This probe was internal to the amplification primers discussed above from the sense strand (nucleotide 890-934), 5′ GCAAGGCCTCCGAGGTGGTGCTGCGCATCCACTGTCGCGGCGCGG 3′, and from the anti-sense strand (nucleotide 915-961), 5′ TGCCGTGCGCCCCGTCGGCGCCCGTGGCCGCGCCGCGACAGTGGATG 3′ (see FIGS. 1A-1I). Positive cDNA phage clones were plaque certified and pBluescript recombinant DNAs were excision-rescued from &zgr; Zap II using helper phage R408, as described by manufacturer's protocol (Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif.). Insert size was confirmed by restriction enzyme digest analysis and recombinants were sequences as described above.

[0102] &agr;1b: A human placenta genomic library in &lgr; dash II (≈1.5×106 total recombinants; Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif.) was screened using overlapping 45-mer oligonucleotides radiolabeled as described above and directed to the third, fifth and sixth transmembrane regions of serotonin 5HT1D&bgr; receptor gene. Hybridization and washing conditions were identical to that described for &agr;1a above except lower stringency hybridization nd washes were conducted; specifically, hybridization in 25% formamide and washes at 40° C.

[0103] Positive-hybridizing &lgr; phage clones were plaque-purified, analyzed by Southern blot analysis, subcloned and sequenced, as described above for &agr;1a. In order to isolate full-length clones, human cDNA libraries in &lgr; Zap II (Strategene, LaJolla, Calif.) were screened by polymerase chain reaction as described above. The upstream and downstream PCR primers used were from the Tm40Tm5 loop and the Tm5-Tm6 loop, respectively: from the sense strand (nucleotide 567-593), 5′ CAACGATGACAAGGA GTGCGGGGTCAC 3′, and from the antisense strand (nucleotide 822-847), 5′ TTTGACAGCTATGGAACTCCTGGGG 3′ (see FIG. 2). PCR, library screen, plaque purification excision-rescue from &lgr; Zap II, restriction digestions and sequencing were accomplished as described above for &agr;1a. The internal probe was: from the sense strand (nucleotide 745-789), 5′AAGGAGCTGACCCTGAGGATCCATTCCAAGAACTTTC ACGAGGAC 3′, and from the anti-sense strand (nucleotide 770-814), 5′ CCTTGGCCTTGGTACTGCTAAGGGTGTCCTCGTGAAA GTTCTTGG 3′ (see FIGS. 2A-2H).

[0104] &agr;1c: A human lymphocyte genomic library in &lgr; dash II (≈1.5×106 total recombinants; Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif.) was screened using overlapping 45-mer oligonucleotides radiolabeled as described for &agr;1a and directed to the third, fifth and sixth transmembrane regions of serotonin 5HT1A receptor gene. Hybridization and washing conditions were identical to that described for &agr;1b. Positive-hybridizing &lgr; phage clones were plaque-purified, analyzed by Southern blot analysis, subcloned and sequenced, as described above for &agr;1a. Identification and isolation of full=length clones by PCR and screening cDNA libraries were accomplished as described for &agr;1b. The upstream and downstream PCR primers used were from the Tm3-Tm4 loop and the Tm5-Tm6 loop, respectively: from the sense strand (nucleotide 403-425), 5′ CCAACCATCGTCACCCAGAGGAG 3′, and from the antisense strand (nucleotide 775-802), 5′ TCTCCCGGG AGAACTTGAGGAGCCTCAC 3′ (see FIGS. 3A-3G). The internal probe was: from the sense strand (nucleotide 711-745), 5′ TCCGCATCCATCGGAAAAACGCCCCGGCAGGAGGC AGCGGGATGG 3′, and from the anti-sense strand (nucleotide 726-771), 5′ GAAGTGCGTCTTGGTCTTGGCGCT GGCCATCCCGCTGCCTCCTGCC 3′ (see FIGS. 3A-3G). PCR, library screen, plaque purification excision-rescue from &lgr; Zap II, restriction digestions and sequencing were accomplished as described above for &agr;1a.

[0105] Expression

[0106] &agr;1a: The entire coding region of &agr;1a (1719 bp), including 150 basepairs of 5′ untranslated sequence (5′ UT) and 300 bp of 3′ untranslated sequence (3′ UT) , was cloned into the BamHI and ClaI sites of the polylinker-modified eukaryotic expression vector pCEXV-3 (13), called EXJ.HR (unpublished data). The construct involved the ligation of partial overlapping human lymphocyte genomic and hippocamppal cDNA clones: 5′ sequences were contained on a 1.2 kb SmaI-XhoI genomic fragment (the vector-derived BamHI site was used for subcloning instead of the internal insert-derived SmaI site) and 3′ sequences were contained on an 1.3 kb XhoI-ClaI cDNA fragment (the ClaI site was from the vector polylinker). Stable cell lines were obtained by cotransfection with the plasmid &agr;1a/EXJ (expression vector containing the &agr;1a receptor gene) and the plasmid pGCcos3neo (plasmid containing the aminoglycoside transferase gene) into LM(tk−), CHO, NIH3T3 cells, and 293 cells using calcium phosphate technique. The cells were grown, in a controlled environment (37° C., 5% CO2), as monolayers in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's Medium (GIBCO, Grand Island, N.Y.) containing 25 mM glucose and supplemented with 10% bovine calf serum, 100 units/ml penicillin G, and 100 &mgr;g/ml streptomycin sulfate. Stable clones were then selected for resistance to the antibiotic G-418 (1 mg/ml) as described previously (26) and membranes were harvested and assayed for their ability to bind [3H]prazosin as described below (see “Radioligand Binding Assays”).

[0107] &agr;1b: The entire coding region of &agr;1b (1563 bp), including 200 basepairs of 5′ untranslated sequence (5′ UT) and 600 bp of 3′ untranslated sequence (3′ UT), was cloned into the EcoRI site of pCEXV-3 eukaryotic expression vector (13). The construct involved ligating the full-length containing EcoRI brainstem cDNA fragment from &lgr; Zap II into the expression vector. Stable cell lines were selected as described above.

[0108] &agr;1c: The entire coding region of &agr;1c (1401 bp), including 400 basepairs of 5′ untranslated sequence (5′ UT) and 200 bp of 3′ untranslated sequence (3′ UT), was cloned into the KpnI site of the polylinker-modified pCEXV-3-derived (13) eukaryotic expression vector, EXJ.RH (unpublished data). The construct involved ligating three partial overlapping fragments: a 5′ 0.6 kb HincII genomic clone, a central 1.8 EcoRI hippocamppal cDNA clone, and a 3′ 0.6 kb PstI genomic clone. The hippocamppal cDNA fragment overlaps with the 5′ and 3′ genomic clones so that the HincII and PstI sites at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the cDNA clones, respectively, were utilized for ligation. This full-length clone was cloned into the KpnI sites of the fragment, derived from vector (ie pBluescript) and 3′ untranslated sequences, respectively. Stable cell lines were selected as described above.

[0109] Radioligand Binding Assays

[0110] Transfected cells from culture flasks were scraped into 5 ml of 5 mM tris-HCl, 5 mM EDTA, pH 7.5, and lysed by sonication. The cell lysates were centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 min at 4° C. The pellet was suspended in 50 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM MgCl2, and 0.1% ascorbic acid at pH 7.5. Binding of the &agr;1 antagonist [3H]prazosin (0.5 nM, specific activity 76.2 Ci/mmol) to membrane preparations of LM(tk−) cells was done in a final volume of 0.25 ml and incubated at 37° C. for 20 min. Nonspecific binding was determined in the presence of 10 &mgr;M phentolamine. The reaction was stopped by filtration through GF/B filters using a cell harvester. Data were analyzed by a computerized non-linear regression program.

[0111] Measurement of [3H]Inositol Phosphates (IP) Formation

[0112] Cells were suspended in Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and incubated with 5 &mgr;Ci/ml [3H]m-inositol for 60 min at 37° C., the reaction was stopped by adding CHCl3:Methanol: HCl (2/1/0.01 v/v). Total [3H]IP were separated by ion exchange chromatography and quantified as described by Forray and El-Fakahany (7).

[0113] Calcium Measurements

[0114] Intracellular calcium levels ([Ca2+]i) were determined with the calcium-sensitive dye fura-2, and microspectrofluorometry, essentially as previously described (1,3). Briefly, cells were plated into polylysine-coated coverslip bottom dishes (MatTek Corporation, Ashland Md.). To lead with fura-2, cells were washed 3×with HEPES-buffered saline (HBS, in mM: HEPES, 20; NaCl, 150; KCl, 5; CaCl2, 1; MgCl2, 1; glucose, 10; pH 7.4) and incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature with fura-2 loading solution (5 uM fura-2/AM, 0.03% pluronic F-127, and 2% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum, in HBS). After loading, cells were washed 3×with HBS, 1 ml of HBS was added, and the dish was placed on the microscope for determination of [Ca2+]i. [Ca2+]i was measured with a Leitz Fluovert microscope equipped for UV-transmission epifluorescence. Fura-2 fluorescence was alternately excited at 340 and 380 nm (0.25 sec), and a pair of readings (500 nm long pass) was taken every two seconds, and recorded by a personal computer interfaced to a data acquisition and control unit from Kinetek (Yonkers, N.Y.). To determine [Ca2+]i from the experimental data the background fluorescence was subtracted, and the corrected ratios were converted to [Ca2+]i by comparison with buffers containing saturating and low free calcium, assuming a KD of 400 nM (3)

RESULTS

[0115] &agr;1a: We screened a human genomic lymphocyte library with a rat PCR fragment that exhibited homology with the &agr;1-AR family. A total of six clones were isolated and characterized by Southern blot analysis. One clone, h13, contained a 4.0 kb XbaI fragment which hybridized with the radiolabeled rat PCR fragment and was subsequently subcloned into pUC vector. DNA sequence analysis indicated greatest homology to human &agr;1a and rat &agr;1a ARs. This clone contained the initiating methionine through Tm6 with ≈1.0-1.5 kb 5′ UT region. Subsequent Southern blot, analysis, subcloning and sequencing analysis indicated the presence of a SmaI site ≈150 nts. 5′ to the initiating methionine codon. The homology between h13 and rat &agr;1a adrenergic gene breaks just downstream of Tm6, indicating an intron which is located in an analogous region in the &agr;1b- and &agr;1c-AR genes (4,20). In order to obtain a full-length clone, aliquots of human cDNA libraries totaling ≈1.5×106 recombinants was screened by polymerase chain reaction using specific oligonucleotide primers from sequence determined off the genomic clone (see Materials and Methods). A positive-containing human hippocamppal cDNA library (Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif.) in &lgr; Zap II (≈1.5×106 recombinants) was screened using traditional plaque hybridization with an internal probe (see Materials and Methods) and resulted in the isolation of two positive cDNA clones, one containing the upstream sequences (from 5′ UT through the 5-6 loop; hH22) and the other containing downstream sequences (from within Tm5 through ≈200 nts. with a common XhoI site being present within this common region.

[0116] The complete full-length gene was constructed by splicing together two restriction fragments, one being the 3′ cDNA (hH14) and the other being the 5′ genomic clone (h13), using a unique restriction site (XhoI) present in the overlapping region. In addition, another construct was accomplished by ligating the two cDNA clones (hH14 and hH22), using the overlapping XhoI site; however, since this construct produced the same pharmacology as the genomic/cDNA construct, we will not discuss this recombinant (unpublished observation). The genomic/cDNA construct contains an open reading frame of 1719 bp and encoding a protein of 572 aa in length, having a relative molecular mass of ≈63,000 daltons. Hydropathy analysis of the protein is consistent with a putative topography of seven transmembrane domains, indicative of the G protein-coupled receptor family. Initial sequence analysis revealed that clone &agr;1a/EXJ was most related to an AR since it contained a number of conserved structural features/residues found among the members of the adrenergic receptor family, including conserve cysteines in the second and third extracellular loops, a conserved glycine residue in Tm1, aspartic acid residues in Tm. regions II and III, conserved valine residues in TmIII, the DRY sequence at the end of TmIII, the conserved proline residues of Tm regions II, IV, V, VI and VII, and the consensus D-V-L-X-X-T-X-S-I-X-X-L-C IN Tm3 and the consensus G-Y-X-N-S-X-X-N-P-X-I-Y in the Tm VII, both consensus unique to the adrenergic receptor family (2,26). Other features of this human &agr;1a receptor gene are the presence of two potential sites for N-linked glycosylation in the amino terminus (asparagine residues 65 and 82; FIGS. 1a-1I) and the presence of several serines and threonines in the carboxyl terminus and intracellular loops, which may serve as sites for potential phosphorylation by protein kinases.

[0117] &agr;1b: We screened a human genomic placenta library with probes derived from Tm3, 5 and 6 regions of serotonin 5HT1DB under low stringency. Out of several hundred positive clones pursued by Southern blot analysis, subcloning and sequencing, one resembled the &agr;1 adrenergic family of receptors. This genomic fragment contained Tm3 through Tm6 of a receptor which was most closely related to rat and hamster &agr;1b receptors. In order to obtain a full-length clone, several human cDNA libraries were screened by PCR using primers derived from the 5-6 loop region of the genomic clone (see Materials and Methods). A positive-containing human brainstem cDNA library (Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif.) in &lgr; ZAPII (≈2×106 recombinants) was screened using traditional plaque hybridization with an internal probe, resulting in the isolation of two identical cDNA clones, containing an insert size of 2.4 kb. Upon sequencing, this clone was found to contain the initiating MET aa, Tm1 through Tm7, and 5′ and 3′ UT sequences, suggesting a full-length clone on a single EcoRI fragment. This cDNA clone contains an open reading frame of 1563 bp and encodes a protein of 520 aa in length, having a relative molecular mass of ≈57,000 daltons. Hydropathy analysis of the protein is consistent with a putative topography of seven transmembrane domains, indicative of the G protein-coupled receptor family.

[0118] Sequence analysis revealed that clone &agr;1b/pCEXV was most related to adrenergic receptor since it contained a number of conserved structural features found among the adrenergic receptor family, as described for &agr;1a receptor (see above). This human &agr;1b receptor contains potential sites for N-linked glycosylation in the amino terminus (asparagine residues 10, 24, 29, 34 in FIG. 2A-2H), consistent with the finding that the &agr;1 AR is glycosylated (4,19).

[0119] &agr;1c: We screened a human genomic lymphocyte library with probes derived from the third, fifth and sixth transmembrane regions of serotonin 5HT1A under low stringency. Out of several hundred positive clones analyzed by Southern blot analysis, subcloning and sequencing (see Materials and Methods) , one phage clone resembled a novel &agr;1 AR. This genomic fragment contained Tm1 through Tm6 of a receptor with high homology to the bovine &agr;1c receptor and thus suggesting the presence of an intron downstream of Tm6, as shown for the &agr;1 receptor family (4,12,20). In order to obtain a full-length clone, several human cDNA libraries were screened by PCR, as described for &agr;1b (also see Materials and Methods). A positive-containing human hippocamppal cDNA library (Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif.) in &lgr; ZAPII (≈2×106 recombinants) was screened, as described for &agr;1b. A positive clone (hH 20) was identified which contained a 1.7 kb EcoRI cDNA fragment insert. However, this cDNA clone lacked both the amino end of the receptor (the 5′ end of the clone terminated at the 5′ end of Tm2) and part of the carboxyl tail (the 3′ end of the clone corresponded to 40 aa upstream from the “putative” stop codon). Since an alternative genomic subclone which contained the initiating MET codon in addition to Tm1 through Tm6 was available, we needed to obtain the complete 3′ carboxyl tail in order to complete the construct of the full-length clone. This was accomplished by using overlapping 45-mer oligonucleotide primers (corresponding to nts. 1142-1212 in FIG. 3), designed within the carboxyl tail of the receptor (at the 3′ end of the hH20 cDNA clone), to screen a human lymphocyte genomic library in order to isolate a genomic clone containing the carboxyl tail that includes the termination codon. Two identical positive human lymphocyte genomic clones were isolated from this library. A 0.6 kb PstI fragment was subcloned and shown to contain most of the carboxyl tail (≈20 aa downstream of Tm7) through the termination codon and ≈200 bp of 3′ UT sequence.

[0120] The complete full-length gene was constructed by splicing together three restriction fragments: A 0.6 kb HincII fragment from the genomic clone, containing ≈0.4 kb of 5′ UT sequence and the initiating MET codon through Tm2; the 0.8 kb HincII-PstI fragment from the hH cDNA clone, which contains Tm2 through part of the carboxyl tail, overlapping with the 5′ genomic clone by 20 nts. (sharing the unique HincII site at position 196 in FIG. 3); and a 0.6 kb PstI fragment from the second h1 genomic clone, which contains the carboxyl tail, the stop codon and ≈0.2 kb of 3′ UT sequence, and overlapping with the hH cDNA clone (sharing the unique PstI site within the carboxyl tail at position 1038 in FIGS. 3A-3G).

[0121] The resulting genomic/cDNA/genomic construct contains an open reading frame of 1401 bp and encoding a protein of 466 aa in length, having a molecular weight of ≈51,000 daltons. Hydropathy analysis of the protein is consistent with a putative topography of seven transmembrane domains, as indicated for the previously described human &agr;1a and &agr;1b receptors and indicative of the G protein-coupled receptor family. Sequence analysis revealed that clone &agr;1c/EXJ was most related to adrenergic receptor because it contained the structural features commonly found among the adrenergic receptor family of receptors, as described for the &agr;1a receptor above. Other features of this human &agr;1c receptor gene is the presence of three potential sites for N-linked glycosylation in the amino terminus, at the same position described for the bovine &agr;1c receptor (asparagine residues 7, 13 and 22 in FIG. 3A-3G) (20). Several threonines and serines exist in the second and third cytoplasmic loops of this &agr;1c receptor, which may serve as potential sites for protein kinases and phosphorylation. 1 TABLE 1 Competition of adrenergic agonists and antagonists for the binding of [3H]prazosin to membranes prepared from LM(tk−) cells expressing the human &agr;1a, &agr;1b, and &agr;1c -adrenergic receptor cDNA. Membrane preparations from stabily transfected cell lines increasing concentrations of various agonists or antagonists as described under “Materials and Methods”. Data is shown as the mean ± S.E.M. of the binding parameters estimated by a computerized non-linear regression analysis obtained in three independent experiments each performed in triplicate. pKi &agr;1a &agr;1b &agr;1c AGONISTS Norepinephrine 6.633 ± 0.12 5.614 ± 0.09 5.747 ± 0.18 Epinephrine 6.245 ± 0.10 5.297 ± 0.15 5.511 ± 0.13 Oxymetazoline 5.903 ± 0.16 5.919 ± 0.07 7.691 ± 0.10 Naphazoline 6.647 ± 0.18 6.155 ± 0.04 6.705 ± 0.22 Xylometazoline 5.913 ± 0.20 6.096 ± 0.30 7.499 ± 0.19 ANTAGONISTS Prazosin 9.479 ± 0.19 9.260 ± 0.23 9.234 ± 0.13 WB-4101 8.828 ± 0.12 7.909 ± 0.13 9.080 ± 0.09 (+) Niguldipine 6.643 ± 0.10 6.937 ± 0.12 8.693 ± 0.18 Indoramin 6.629 ± 0.09 7.347 ± 0.17 8.341 ± 0.25 5-Methyl Urapidil 7.795 ± 0.15 6.603 ± 0.09 8.160 ± 0.11 HEAT 7.857 ± 0.13 8.474 ± 0.10 8.617 ± 0.10 Urapidil 6.509 ± 0.18 5.932 ± 0.11 6.987 ± 0.14 Rauwolscine 5.274 ± 0.12 4.852 ± 0.08 4.527 ± 0.11

[0122] Pharmacological Analysis: To further assess the functional identity of the cloned cDNA the coding regions were subcloned into the pCEXV-3 expression vector, and LM(tk−) cell lines stably expressing the human cDNA encoding each of the three &agr;1-ARs were established. Membrane preparations of these cell lines showed high affinity binding of [3H]prazosin, with Kd values of 0.21±0.03 nM (Bmax=0.72±0.04 pmol/mg prot), 0.88±0.1 nM (Bmax=4.59±0.21 pmol/mg prot) and 0.39±0.08 nM (Bmax=1.9±0.04 pmol/mg prot) for the cells expressing the &agr;1a, &agr;1b, and &agr;1c-ARs respectively. In contrast in competition binding experiments rauwolscine showed extremely low affinity at the three cloned receptors (Table 1), consistent with their identity as &agr;1-AR. The &agr;-adrenergic agonists NE and epinephrine were found to be 6 and 5-fold respectively, more potent at the human &agr;1a-AR, conversely the imidazoline derivatives such as oxymetazoline and xylometazoline showed 52-fold higher potency at the &agr;1c-AR. Similarly, several antagonists showed marked differences in their potency to inhibit [3H]prazosin binding from the cloned human &agr;1 receptors subtypes. The selective antagonists WB-4101 and 5-methyl-urapidil showed high affinity for the human &agr;1c subtype (0.8 and 7 nM respectively), followed by less than 2-fold lower potency at the human &agr;1a and at least an order of magnitude (15 and 36-fold respectively) lower potency at the human &agr;1b-AR. Similarly, indoramin was 50 and 10-fold more potent at the &agr;1c than at the &agr;1a and &agr;1b respectively. The calcium channel blocker (+)-niguldipine showed the highest selectivity for the three &agr;1-AR subtypes, displacing [3H]prazosin 112 and 57-fold more potently from the &agr;1c than from &agr;1a and &agr;1b transfected cells respectively. 2 TABLE 2 Receptor-mediated formation of [3H] IP in cell lines transfected with the human &agr;1-adrenergic receptors cDNA. Cell lines stably expressing the human &agr;1-adrenergic receptors were obtained and the IP formation was measured in the absence or presence of 10 &mgr;M norepinephrine (NE) in the presence of 10 mM LiCl as described under “Material and Methods”. Data are shown as mean ± S.E.M. of three independent experiments performed in triplicate. [3H] IP Fold Receptor a Density Cell Line dpm/dish Stimulation pmol/mg Prot 293 &agr;1a 3.30 Control 288 ± 29 NE 3646 ± 144 13 CHO &agr;1b 0.49 Control 1069 ± 26  NE 5934 ± 309 6 NIH3T3 &agr;1c 0.24 Control 722 ± 61 NE 13929 ± 1226 19 a Determined by [3H] Prazosin binding.

[0123] The formation of [3H]IP was measured in 293, CHO, and NIH3T3 cell stably expressing the cloned human &agr;1a, &agr;1b, &agr;1c-ARs respectively, to assess the functional coupling of these receptors with the activation of phosphatidyl-inositol specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC). As shown in Table 2, the adrenergic agonist NE (10 &mgr;M) activated the formation of IP by 13-fold in cells expressing the &agr;1a receptor, and by 5 and 15-fold in cells expressing the &agr;1a,&agr;1b and &agr;1c receptors respectively. Furthermore, when cells expressing &agr;1b and &agr;1c receptors were incubated in the presence of 10 &mgr;M NE, a rapid increase of cytosolic calcium was observed. The response was characterized by an early peak, followed by a plateau that slowly declined towards resting calcium levels (FIG. 7). The concentration of [Ca2+]i, was increased by 172±33 (n=6), 170±48 (n=6) and 224±79 nM (n=6) in cell lines transfected with the &agr;1a &agr;1b and &agr;1c receptors respectively. The changes in [Ca2+]i induced by NE were suppressed by preincubation of the cells with 10 nM prazosin, indicating that the calcium response was mediated by &agr;1-ARs.

[0124] We have cloned DNA representing three &agr;1-ARs subtypes (&agr;1a, &agr;1b and &agr;1c) from human brain cDNA and genomic DNA. Of all known G protein-coupled receptor sequences (EMBL/Genbank Data Base), the greatest homology was found between &agr;1a/EXJ and the rat &agr;1a AR (12), rat &agr;1d AR (16) and a previously reported putative human “&agr;1a” adrenergic receptor (H318/3) (2). Comparison of the human &agr;1a deduced aa sequence with known &agr;1a ARs indicates the greatest concentration of identical aa to be in the transmembrane domains. In these Tm regions, the percentage of identity for the human &agr;1a AR is 98% compared to rat &agr;1a AR (12) (this is approximately the same for rat &agr;1d since rat &agr;1d AR is the same as rat a AR, except for two amino acid differences), 100% with the previously reported H318/3, 78% with the human &agr;1b receptor (see below), and 69% with the human &agr;1c receptor (see below), which is typical among subtypes. When considering the full-length proteins, the percent identity drops and is only 50% for the human &agr;1b and 49% for the human &agr;1c receptor. Both the alignment (see FIG. 4) and percent identity of this human &agr;1a sequence, relative to other members of the AR family strongly suggest that this is a new receptor and is the human species homolog of the rat &agr;1a receptor.

[0125] FIG. 4 shows a comparison between the deduced aa sequence of &agr;1a/EXJ and the sequences of rat &agr;1a and HAR. An overall homology of 83.5% aa identity with rat &agr;1a and 86.5% aa identity with the previously published H318/3 clone was observed, suggesting that our human &agr;1a receptor is not any more related to the previously published putative human “&agr;1a” than it is to the rat &agr;1a receptor. In fact, in support of this conclusion, is the fact that the overall aa homology of rat &agr;1a receptor with our human &agr;1a receptor is 83.5% but is only 72% compared to the H318/3 receptor. The main differences between our human &agr;1a receptor and the previously reported “&agr;1a” receptor in relation to the rat &agr;1a are indicated in FIG. 4. Most notably are the differences observed at both the amino and carboxyl ends of the receptor. Specifically, both our human &agr;1a and rat &agr;1a use the starting MET aa at position 1 (see FIG. 4) whereas the previously published H318/3 uses the starting MET 48 aa downstream. Also, the amino terminus of the H318/3 clone is completely divergent from either rat &agr;1a or our human &agr;1a receptor until about 12 aa upstream of Tm1 where significant homology begins. Similarly, in the carboxyl tail, the homology of H318/3 diverges ≈90 aa upstream from the stop codon of either rat or our human &agr;1a receptor and instead, uses a stop codon 30 aa upstream from the stop codon on either of these receptors. Finally, the H318/3 clone has an amino terminal extracellular region that does not contain potential sites for N-linked glycosylation (2) in contrast to the rat &agr;1a or our human &agr;1a receptor, which contains two potential sites (12, see also FIG. 1 and above). Thus, these data strongly suggest that our human &agr;1a receptor is different in sequence from the previously reported putative human “&agr;1a” (H318/3) but is more related to the previously published rat &agr;1a receptor. Interestingly, the rat &agr;1a aa sequence diverges from both human &agr;1a receptors for ≈65 aa in the carboxyl tail (position 434-508 in FIG. 1); however, homology is seen again in our human &agr;1a receptor but not with H318/3, downstream from this region.

[0126] The cloning of different &agr;1 receptor subtypes permits analysis of both the pharmacological and functional properties of adrenergic receptors. The human &agr;1b/pcEXV clone exhibited the greatest homology with the rat and hamster &agr;1b receptors, out of all known G protein-coupled receptor clones (EMBL/Genbank Data Bank). Comparison of the human &agr;1b deduced aa sequence with known &agr;1 ARs indicates the greatest homology in the transmembrane regions. In these Tm regions, the percent identity for the human &agr;1b AR is 99% compared to either rat (25) or hamster (4) &agr;b receptor, 78% with human &agr;1a receptor and 75% with human &agr;1c receptor, which is typical among subtypes. When analyzing the full-length proteins, the percent identity slightly drops and is 94.5% compared to rat &agr;1b, 95.5% compared to hamster &agr;1b receptor, 50% compared to human &agr;1a and 51% compared to human &agr;1c receptor. Both the alignment (see FIG. 5) and percent identity of this human &agr;1b sequence, relative to other members of the AR family, strongly suggest that this clone represents a new receptor and is the human species homologue of the rat/hamster &agr;1b receptor. FIG. 5 shows a comparison between the deduced amino acid sequence of &agr;1b/pcEXV and the aa sequence of rat &agr;1b and hamster &agr;1b receptors.

[0127] A third human adrenergic receptor clone, &agr;1c/EXJ, showed the greatest homology with the bovine &agr;1c AR gene (20), from all known G protein-coupled receptor sequences (EMBL/Genbank Data Bank). Comparison of the human &agr;1c deduced aa sequence with the &agr;1 ARs indicates the greatest homology to be in the transmembrane regions. In these Tm regions, the percent identity for the human &agr;1c AR is 97% compared to the bovine &agr;1c AR (20), 75% with human &agr;1b receptor and 69% with human &agr;1a receptor, which is typical among subtypes. When one examines the full-length proteins, the percent identity drops and is only 51% compared to either the human &agr;1b or human &agr;1a receptor. FIG. 6 shows a comparison between the deduced amino acid sequence of &agr;1c/EXJ and the aa sequence of bovine &agr;1c. An overall homology of 92% aa identity with bovine &agr;1c receptor was observed. Both the alignment (see FIG. 6) and percent identity of this human &agr;1c sequence, relative to other members of the AR family, strongly suggest that this clone represents a new receptor and is the human species homologue of the bovine &agr;1c receptor.

[0128] The stable expression of the three cloned human &agr;1 receptors enabled the characterization of their pharmacological as well as their functional properties and allowed identification of certain unique features of the human receptors, not predicted from previous data. The rank-order of potency of known &agr;-adrenergic agonists and antagonists to compete with [3H]prazosin in binding assays, confirmed that the cloned cDNAs encode three human receptors of the &agr;1-AR family. Moreover, the potencies of selective antagonists such as WB-4101 and 5-methyl-urapidil at the three human &agr;1-receptors were found to be in close agreement with the potencies of these antagonists at the cloned rat &agr;1a, hamster &agr;1b, and bovine &agr;1c (4, 12, 20). These results suggest that the sequence homology between the three mammalian &agr;1 receptors resulted in a conservation of their pharmacological properties across different species. In the past the pharmacological characterization of &agr;1-adrenergic receptors took advantage of the existence of selective antagonists such as WB-4101 and 5-methyl-urapidil that bind with high affinity to a subset of &agr;1-receptors classified as &agr;1a (9, 15), our results using these selective antagonists indicate that these antagonists bind with similar affinity to both human &agr;1a and &agr;1c-receptors, and that they can only discriminate between either of these two subtypes and the &agr;1b receptor. The calcium channel blocker (+)-niguldipine was found to bind with high affinity to a subset of &agr;1-receptors also labeled by [3H]5-methyl-urapidil in rat brain, thus defining this antagonist as &agr;1a selective (8). The high affinity of the human &agr;1c receptor for (+)-niguldipine and the fact that it binds to the human &agr;1a and &agr;1b subtypes, with at least an order of magnitude lower affinity, strongly supports the notion that the human &agr;1c gene encodes the pharmacological &agr;1a-receptor subtype. The possibility that this also holds true in the rat, is suggested by the fact that the potency of (+)niguldipine for the rat &agr;1a clone is also at least an order of magnitude lower than that found for this antagonist in rat tissues. Moreover in spite of the earlier reports on the absence of the bovine &agr;1c cognate in rat tissues (20), (24,21) pharmacological evidence suggests that this species express an &agr;1 receptor similar to the cloned &agr;1c receptor. These data altogether indicate that in trying to match the pharmacological subclassification of the &agr;1-ARs with the evidence from molecular cloning studies, the initial assignment of the cloned rat &agr;1a receptor with the &agr;1a receptor subtype was inadequate. Recently, a rat cDNA clone 99.8% homologous to the rat &agr;1a-receptor, was described as a novel &agr;1d subtype (16) ; however, this incorrect classification was due to the poor correlation between the affinities of &agr;1a-selective antagonists in tissue preparations versus the cloned rat &agr;1a receptor.

[0129] The three human &agr;1 receptor subtypes were able to induce the formation of IP, consistent with the known functional coupling of &agr;1-ARs, through a GTP-dependent protein to the activation of PI-PLC. In addition we demonstrated that upon receptor activation by adrenergic agonists, the human &agr;1 subtypes induced transient changes three in [Ca2+]i. Consistent with the mobilization of calcium from intracellular stores by inositol-1,3,5 triphosphate, released by the receptor-mediated activation of PI-PLC.

[0130] We have cloned and expressed three human cDNA that encode functional &agr;1-ARs. These three transcripts display significant pharmacologic as well as molecular features to constitute distinct &agr;1-AR subtypes. In sharp contrast with the restricted expression of the rat and bovine transcripts, our findings indicate that species homologs of the three &agr;1-ARs are expressed in human tissues. These findings together with recent reports on the dissimilar tissue distribution of the &agr;1b and &agr;1c receptor cognates between animal species such as rat and rabbit (21), commonly used in the development of novel &agr;1-adrenergic agents, emphasize the need to study the pharmacological properties of the human &agr;1-receptors. In this regard, the results from this study on the selectivity of clinically effective antihypertensives such as indoramin, as well as vasoconstrictors such as oxymetazoline and xylometazoline for the human &agr;1c-AR, suggest a potential role for this &agr;1-receptor subtype in the physiological control of vascular tone in the human. Thus, the availability of cell lines expressing each of the human &agr;1-receptor subtypes constitute a unique tool in the design of subtype specific agonists and antagonists, that can be targeted to selective therapeutic applications. Of specific interest for therapeutics are subtype selective alpha-1 antagonists for the treatment of Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy, coronary heart disease, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, sympathetic dystrophy syndrome, glaucoma, cardiac arrythymias, erectile dysfunction, Reynaud's syndrome, hypertension and urinary retention (44,27,31,32,33,34,35,48). Further interest exists for subtype selective alpha-1 agonists for the treatment of congestive heart failure, nasal congestion, urinary incontinence and hypotension(45,46,47,48). In each case, a more selective drug is expected to reduce the side effects which presently limit this avenue of therapy.

[0131] The following compounds were synthesized in order to evaluate their ability to act as antagonists of &agr;1-receptor function in human prostrate. The synthetic methods used to synthesize are provided herein.

[0132] The following Experimental Details are set forth to aid in an understanding of the invention, and are not intended, and should not be construed, to limit in any way the invention set forth in the claims which follow thereafter.

[0133] Experimental Details.

[0134] Prazosin and 5-methylurapidil were obtained from Research Biochemicals, Inc. A30360 (4-fluoro-4-(8-fluoro-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[4,3-b]indol-2-yl)butyrophenone hydrochloride) was obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co. Other compounds were prepared according to the examples which follow.

EXAMPLE 1

[0135] Synthesis of Terazosin Hydrochloride

[0136] N-(2-Furoyl)piperazine

[0137] This compound and its preparation has been described in Great Britain Patents 1,390,014 and 1,390,015. Piperazine hexahydrate (194 g, 1 mole) was dissolved in 250 ml H2O. The solution was acidified to pH 4.5 with 6 N HCl. Furoyl chloride (130.5 g, 1 mole, Aldrich) was added along with 10% NaOH solution at such a rate that the pH was maintained at 4.5. After 1 hour, the solution was made basic (pH=8.5) with NaOH solution. The reaction mixture was continuously extracted with chloroform for 36 hours. The CHCl3 extract was dried over MgSO4, and filtered. Distillation gave 108.2 g product (60%), b.p. 132°-138° C./0.6 mm Hg, m.p. 69°-70° C.

[0138] N-(Tetrahydro-2-furoyl)piperazine

[0139] The furoylpiperazine of Example 1 was converted to the hydrobromide salt (m.p. 173°-175° C.). This salt (39.0 g) in 250 ml methyl alcohol and 9.0 g Raney nickel was hydrogenated at 3 atm. After uptake of H2 ceased, the catalyst was filtered, the solvent concentrated, and the residue crystallized from isopropyl alcohol to give 35.2 g. tetrahydrofuroylpiperazine HBr, m.p. 152°-156° C. This was suspended in 20 ml H2O. Then 10.5 g 50%, NaOH solution was added slowly followed by 2.0 g solid Na2CO3. This was extracted with 4×100 ml portions of warm CHCl3. The CHCl3 extractions were distilled to give 22.5 g tetrahydrofurolylpiperazine, b.p. 120°-125° C./0.2 mm Hg.

[0140] 2[4-(Tetrahydro-2-furoyl)piperazinyl]-4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyguinazoline hydrochloride

[0141] To 7.00 g 2-chloro-4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline (Lancaster Synthesis) in 50 ml methoxyethanol was added 10.8 g, tetrahydrofurolylpiperazine, and the mixture refluxed 3 hours. The clear solution was concentrated and an aqueous solution of potassium bicarbonate was added. The resultant solid that formed was filtered and washed with water. It was then added to methanol and the resulting suspension was acidified with a solution of hydrogen chloride in isopropyl alcohol. The resulting solution was concentrated and the residue crystallized from isopropyl alcohol giving 8.12 g. of product, m.p. 278°-279° C.

EXAMPLE 2

[0142] Preparation of Indoramin

[0143] 4-Benzamido-1-[2-(3-indolyl)ethylpyridinium Bromide

[0144] A solution of 4-benzamidopyridine (1.98 g) and 3-(2-bromoethyl)indole (2.24 g) in EtOH (15 ml) was refluxed for 2 hours, and the crystallized product (3.13 g, mp 264-266° C.) was collected by filtration from the hot reaction mixture. Recyrstallization gave the hydrate.

[0145] 3-[2-4-Benzamidopiperid-1-yl)ethyl]indole (Indoramin)

[0146] 4-Benzamido-1-[2-(3-indolyl)ethyl]pyridinium bromide (3.0 g) in 91% EtOH (300 ml) containing Et3N (0.8 g) was hydrogenated in the presence of freshly prepared W-7 Raney Ni catalyst (ca. 3 g) at 28.12 kg/cm2 and 50° for 4 hours. After filtering off the catalyst, the filtrate was evaporated and the residue was shaken with CHCl3 and 2 N NaOH. The resulting insoluble material (1.61 g, mp 203-206° C.) was collected and dried. Recrystallization from EtOH gave the product (1.34 g), as colorless needles.

EXAMPLE 3

[0147] Preparation of 1-(3-benzoylpropyl)-4-benzamidopiperidine (Compound 9)

[0148] A mixture of 4-chlorobutyrophenone (447 mg, 2.45 mmol), 4-benzamidopiperidine (500 mg, 2.45 mmol) and K2CO3 (338 mg, 2.45 mmol) was heated up in boiling water bath for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was portioned between water and CHCl3. The organic layer was separated and dried over Na2SO4. After filtration and removal of solvent, the residue was purified by chromatography (SiO2, MeOH:CHCl3, 5:95). Recrystallization from AcOEt/hexane gave a white powder (78 mg, 8.2%). mp 143-144° C.; 1H NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz) &dgr;1.65 (dq, J1=3.16 Hz, J2=11.9 Hz, 2H), 1.90-2.00 (m, 4H), 2.18 (t, J=11.9 Hz, 2H), 2.48 (m, 2H), 3.00-3.10 (m, 4H), 3.88 (m, 1H), 7.40-8.00 (m, 10H); Mass spectrum (M+1)+ at m/z 351.

EXAMPLE 4

[0149] Preparation of 1-[3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)propyl]-4-benzamidopiperidine (Compound 7)

[0150] A mixture of 3-(4-chlorobenzol)propyl bromide (640 mg, 2.45 mmol), 4-benzamidopiperidine (500 mg, 2.45 mmol) and K2CO3 (1.01 g, 7.34 mmol) in 50 ml of acetone was heated up to refluxing condition for 48 hours. The solid was removed by filtration. Concentration of filtrate in vacuo gave a yellowish solid, which was purified by chromatography (SiO2, MeOH:CHCl3, 5:95). 320 mg (33.9%) of white powder was obtained 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 mHz) &dgr;1.46 (dq, J1=1.0 Hz, J2=8.4 Hz, 2H), 1.90-2.10 (m, 4H), 2.16 (m, 2H), 2.43 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.80-2.90 (m, 2H), 2.97 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.97 (m, 1H), 5.92 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H, N—H), 7.40-8.00 (m, 9H); Product was converted to HCl salt and recrystallized with MeOH/Et2O, mp 243-244° C.; Calcd for C22H25ClN2O2.HCl.H2O: C 60.15, H 6.37, N 6.37; Found: C 60.18, H 6.34, N6.29.

EXAMPLE 5

[0151] Preparation of SKF-104856

[0152] 1-[(4-Chlorophenyl)thio)-2-propanone

[0153] Chloroacetone (32.3 g, 0.347 mol) was added to a mixture of 4-chlorothiophenol (50 g, 0.347 mmol) and sodium hydroxide (14 g, 0.347 mol) in water (400 ml) and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 1 hour. The mixture was extracted with ethyl ether and the organic phase was washed with water, dried with magnesium sulfate and concentrated to give 69 g (99%) of 1-[(4-chlorophenyl)thio]-2-propanone.

[0154] 5-Chloro-3-methylbenzo(b)thiophene

[0155] 1-[(4-Cholorophenyl)thio)-2-propanone (50 g, 0.25 mol) was added to polyphosphoric acid (300 g) and the mixture was stirred as the temperature was gradually raised to 120° C. as an exotherm started. The mixture was stirred at 130° C. for 1 hour, diluted with water, extracted with ethyl ether and the organic phase was dried and concentrated. The residue was stirred in methanol (200 ml), filtered and the filtrate concentrated to give 17.5 g (40%) of 5-chloro-3-methylbenzo(b)thiophene: bp 120° C. (0.6 mm Hg).

[0156] Ethyl5-chloro-3-methylbenzo(b)thiophene-2-carboxylate

[0157] n-Butyllithium in hexane (2.6 M, 2.3 ml) was added to a solution of 5-chloro-3-methylbenzo(b)thiophene (1,0 g, 6 mmol) in ethyl ether (20 ml) stirred at 0° C. under argon. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes and transferred slowly under argon pressure to a stirred solution of ethyl chloroformate (0.63 g, 6 mmol) in ethyl ether (20 ml). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes and at 25° C. for 1.5 hours. The mixture was treated with water and the organic phase was dried, concentrated and triturated with hexane to give 1.0 g (67%) of ethyl 5-chloro-3-methylbenzo(b)thiophene-2-carboxylate: mp 92.5-94° C.

[0158] Ethyl 3-bromomethyl-5-chlorobenzo(b)thiophene-2-carboxylate

[0159] A mixture of ethyl 5-chloro-3-methylbenzo(b)thiophene-2-carboxylate (9.0 g, 0.035 mol), N-bromosuccinimide (6.53 g, 0.037 mol) and benzoyl peroxide (130 mg) in carbon tetrachloride (150 ml) was refluxed and illuminated with sunlamp for 2 hours. The resulting suspension was cooled, filtered and the filter cake was triturated with methanol to give 9.9 g, (85%) of the methanol-insoluble ethyl 3-bromomethyl-5-chlorobenzo(b)thiophene-2-carboxylate: mp 148-150° C.

[0160] Ethyl 5-Chloro-3-[N-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-N-methyl(am-inomethyl)]benzol(b)thiophene-2-carboxylate

[0161] A mixture of ethyl 3-bromomethyl-5-chlorobenzo(b)thiophene-2-carboxylate (11 g, 0.033 mol), methylaminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (4.76 g, 0.04 mol) and potassium carbonate (11.4 g, 0.8 mol) in dry acetone (200 ml) was stirred for 48 hours, filtered and the filtrate concentrated to give 11.8 g, (96%) of ethyl 5-chloro-3-(N-2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-N-methyl(aminomethyl)benzol(b)thiophene-2-carboxylate.

[0162] Ethyl 7-chloro-3,4-dihydro-4-methylthieno[4,3,2-ef]-[3]benzazepine-2-carboxylate

[0163] Ethyl 5-chloro-3-[N-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)-N-methyl(aminomethyl)]benzo[b)thiophene-2-carboxylate (3.0 g, 8.1 mmol) was added in portions to trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (10 ml) stirred at 0° C. under argon. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 45 minutes and diluted with water. The mixture was basified with aqueous sodium hydroxide and extracted with ethyl ether to give ethyl 7-chloro-3,4-dihydro-4-methylthieno-[4,3,2-ef][3]benzazepine-2-carboxylate.

[0164] Ethyl 7-chloro-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-4-methylthieno[4,3,2-ef][3]benzazepine-2-carboxylate

[0165] Diborane in tetrahydrofuaran (1 M, 40 ml) was added to a solution of ethyl 7-chloro-3,4-dihydro-4-methylthieno(4,3,2-ef][3]benzazepine-2-carboxylate (2.8 g) in tetrahydrofuran (30 ml) stirred at 0° C. The mixture was refluxed for 3 hours and stirred at 25° C. for 18 hours, cooled, treated with methanol (50 ml), refluxed for 18 hours and concentrated. The residue was triturated with ethyl ether-hexane (3:1) to give 1.6 g (84%) of ethyl 7-chloro-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-4-methylthieno[4,3,2-ef][3]benzazepine-2-carboxylate:mp 138-140° C. The free base was treated with hydrogen chloride to give ethyl 7-chloro-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-4-methylthieno[4,3,2-ef][3]benzazepine-2-carboxylate hydrochloride: mp 240° C.

[0166] 7-Chloro-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-4-methylthieno[4,3,2-ef][3]benzazepine-2-methanol

[0167] A solution of ethyl 7-chloro-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-4-methylthieno(4.3.2-ef][3]benzazepine-2-carboxylate (4.0 g, 12.9 mmol), in ethyl ether (48 ml) was treated with lithium aluminum hydride (0.53 g, 14 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 1.5 hours, cooled and treated carefully with water (2.0 ml), 10% sodium hydroxide (1.0 ml) and water (2.0 ml). The resulting mixture was filtered and the solvent evaporated to give 1.9 g (57%) of 7-chloro-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-4-methylthieno[4,3,2-ef][3]benzazepine-2-methanol: mp 184-185° C.

[0168] 7-Chloro-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-4-methylthieno-4,3,2-ef][3]benzazepine-2-carboxaldehyde

[0169] A solution of 7-chloro-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-4-methylthieno[4,3,2-ef][3]benzazepine-2-methanol (1.6 g, 6 mmol) in dichloromethane (150 ml) was stirred under argon with activated manganese dioxide (8.3 g) for 2 hours. The mixture was filtered through Celite and the filtrate was dried with magnesium sulfate and concentrated to give a 63% yield of 7-chloro-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-4-methylthieno[4,3,2-ef[[3]benzazepine-2-carboxaldehyde.

[0170] 7-Chloro-2-ethenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahdyro-4-methylthieno(4,3,2-ef][3]benzazepine (SKF-104856)

[0171] Sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil. 3.8 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (1.35 g, 3.8 mmol) in dry tetrahydrofuran (30 ml) and stirred for 15 minutes. The mixture was treated with a solution of 7-chloro-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-4-methylthieno[4,3,2-ef][3]-benzazepine-2-carboxaldehyde, prepared as in Example 3, (0.5 g, 1.9 mmol) in dimethylformamide (4 ml), stirred at 25° C. for 16 hours, quenched with ice and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was washed, dried and concentrated and the residue was chromatographed on silica gel eluted with a gradient of methylene chloride to methanol-methylene chloride (3.5:96.5). The product was treated with hydrogen chloride to give 0.2 g (35%) of 7-chloro-2-ethenyl-3,4,5, 6-tetrahydro-4-methylthieno[4,3,2-ef] [3]benzazepine hydrochloride: mp 234-236° C.

[0172] The following is an example of the use of the cloned Human &agr;1 adrenergic receptors to identify the relevant &agr;1-Receptor subtype for the therapy of Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy.

EXAMPLE 6

[0173] Protocol for the Determination of the Potency of &agr;1 Antagonists

[0174] The activity of compounds at the different human receptors was determined in vitro using cultured cell lines that selectively express the receptor of interest. These cell lines were prepared by transfecting the cloned cDNA or cloned genomic DNA or constructs containing both genomic DNA and cDNA encoding the human a-adrenergic, serotonin, histamine, and dopamine receptors as follows:

[0175] &agr;1A Human Adrenergic Receptor: The entire coding region of &agr;1A (1719 bp), including 150 basepairs of 5′ untranslated sequence (5′ UT) and 300 bp of 3′ untranslated sequence (3′ UT), was cloned into the BamHI and ClaI sites of the polylinker-modified eukaryotic expression vector pCEXV-3, called EXJ.HR. The construct involved the ligation of partial overlapping human lymphocyte genomic and hippocampal cDNA clones: 5′ sequence were contained on a 1.2 kb SmaI-XhoI genomic fragment (the vector-derived BamHI site was used for subcloning instead of the internal insert-derived SmaI site) and 3′ sequences were contained on an 1.3 kb XhoI-ClaI cDNA fragment (the ClaI site was from the vector polylinker). Stable cell lines were obtained by cotransfection with the plasmid &agr;1A/EXJ (expression vector containing the &agr;1A receptor gene) and the plasmid pGCcos3neo (plasmid containing the aminoglycoside transferase gene) into LM (tk−), CHO, and NIH3T3 cells, using calcium phosphate technique. The cells were grown, in a controlled environment (37° C., 5% CO2), as monolayers in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's Medium (GIBCO, Grand Island, N.Y.) containing 25 mM glucose and supplemented with 10% bovine calf serum, 100 units/ml penicillin g, and 100 &mgr;g/ml streptomycin sulfate. Stable clones were then selected for resistance to the antibiotic G-418 (1 mg/ml), and membranes were harvested and assayed for their ability to bind [3H]prazosin as described below (see “Radioligand Binding assays”).

[0176] &agr;1B Human Adrenergic Receptor: The entire coding region of &agr;1B (1563 bp), including 200 basepairs and 5′ untranslated sequence (5′ UT) and 600 bp of 3′ untranslated sequence (3′ UT), was cloned into the EcoRI site of pCEXV-3 eukaryotic expression vector. The construct involved ligating the full-length containing EcoRI brainstem cDNA fragment from &lgr; ZapII into the expression vector. Stable cell lines were selected as described above.

[0177] &agr;1C Human Adrenergic Receptor: The entire coding region of &agr;1C (1401 bp), including 400 basepairs of 5′ untranslated sequence (5′ UT) and 200 bp of 3′ untranslated sequence (3′ UT), was cloned into the KpnI site of the polylinker-modified pCEXV-3-derived eukaryotic expression vector, EXJ.RH. The construct involved ligating three partial overlapping fragments: a 5′ 0.6kb HincII genomic clone, a central 1.8 EcoRI hippocampal cDNA clone, and a 3′ 0.6Kb PstI genomic clone. The hippocampal cDNA fragment overlaps with the 5′ and 3′ genomic clones so that the HincII and PstI sites at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the cDNA clone, respectively, were utilized for ligation. This full-length clone was cloned into the KpnI site of the expression vector, using the 5′ and 3′ KpnI sites of the fragment, derived from vector (i.e., pBluescript) and 3′-untranslated sequences, respectively. Stable cell lines were selected as described above.

[0178] Radioligand Binding Assays: Transfected cells from culture flasks were scraped into 5 ml of 5 mM Tris-HCl, 5 mM EDTA, pH 7.5, and lysed by sonication. The cell lysates were centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 min at 4° C., and the supernatant was centrifuged at 30,000×g for 20 min at 4° C. The pellet was suspended in 50 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM MgCl2, and 0.1% ascorbic acid at pH 7.5. Binding of the &agr;1 antagonist [3H]prazosin (0.5 nM, specific activity 76.2 Ci/mmol) to membrane preparations of LM(tk−) cells was done in a final volume of 0.25 ml and incubated at 37° C. for 20 min. Nonspecific binding was determined in the presence of 10 &mgr;M phentolamine. The reaction was stopped by filtration through GF/B filters using a cell harvester. Inhibition experiments, routinely consisting of 7 concentrations of the tested compounds, were analyzed using a non-linear regression curve-fitting computer program to obtain Ki values.

EXAMPLE 7

[0179] Functional Properties of &agr;1 Antagonists in the Human Prostate

[0180] The efficacy of &agr;1 adrenergic antagonists for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is related to their ability to elicit relaxation of prostate smooth muscle. An index of this efficacy can be obtained by determining the potency of &agr;1 antagonists to antagonize the contraction of human prostatic tissue induced by an &agr;1 agonist “in vitro”. Furthermore, by comparing the potency of subtype selective &agr;1 antagonists in binding assays using human &agr;1 receptors with their potency to inhibit agonist-induced smooth muscle contraction, it is possible to determine which of the al adrenergic receptor subtypes is involved in the contraction of prostate smooth muscle.

[0181] Methods: Prostatic adenomas were obtained at the time of surgery from patients with symptomatic BPH. These were cut into longitudinal strips of 15 mm long and 2-4 mm wide, and suspended in 5 ml organ baths containing Krebs buffer (pH 7.4). The baths were maintained at 37° C. and continuously oxygenated with 5% CO2 and 95% O2. Isometric tension was measured with a Grass Instrument FT03 force transducer interfaced with a computer.

[0182] Tissue strips were contracted with varying concentrations of phenylephrine after incubating for 20 minutes in the absence and presence of at least three different concentrations of antagonist. Dose-response curves for phenylephrine were constructed, and the antagonist potency (pA2) was estimated by the dose-ratio method. The concentration of some antagonists in the tissue bath was assessed by measuring the displacement of [3H]prazosin by aliquots of the bath medium, using membrane preparations of the cloned human &agr;1C receptor. This control was necessary to account for losses of antagonist due to adsorption to the tissue bath and/or metabolism during the time the antagonists were equilibrated with the prostate tissue.

[0183] Results:

[0184] Table 3 shows that the pA2 values measured for a series of &agr;1 antagonists in human prostate tissue correlate closely (r=0.76) with the corresponding pKi values measured in the &agr;1C receptor assays. In contrast, the human prostate pA2 values correlate poorly with the pKi values measured at the &agr;1A (r=−0.06) and &agr;1B (r=−0.24) adrenergic receptors. (See FIG. 7.) Thus, antagonists which are more potent at blocking the &agr;1C adrenergic receptor are more effective at blocking the contraction of the human prostate than antagonists which are more potent at the &agr;1A or &agr;1B adrenergic receptors. In addition, antagonists which are selective for the &agr;1C receptor will have a better therapeutic ratio than nonselective &agr; antagonists. 3 TABLE 3 COMPARISOM OF THE BINDING POTENCY (pK1) OF ALPHA-1 ANTAGONISTS IN CLONED HUMAN RECEPTORS AND THEIR PROTENCY (pA2) TO INHIBIT PROSTATE SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION Human Alpha-1 Adrenergic (pK1) Human Compound a1A a1B a1C Prostate (pA) 1 Prazosin 9.48 9.26 9.23 9.08 3 A-30360 7.49 7.86 8.52 8.72 4 5-Methyl-Urapidil 7.79 6.77 8.35 8.38 5 Indoramin 6.74 7.39 8.35 7.86 6 SKF-104856 8.48 7.50 7.60 7.66 7 Compound 7 6.82 7.18 8.42 7.63 9 Compound 9 6.12 6.76 7.83 7.41 10 Terazosin 8.46 8.71 8.16 7.30

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Claims

1. An isolated nucleic molecule encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

2. A nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid molecule encodes a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor.

3. A nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid molecule encodes a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor.

4. A nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid encodes a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor.

5. A nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is a DNA molecule.

6. A DNA molecule of claim 5, wherein the DNA molecule is a cDNA molecule.

7. A nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid molecule has been so mutated that the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor encoded by the nucleic acid molecule is incapable of receptor activity.

8. A nucleic acid molecule of claim 7, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is a DNA molecule.

9. A DNA molecule of claim 8, wherein the DNA molecule is a cDNA molecule.

10. A vector comprising a DNA molecule of claim 5.

11. A plasmid comprising the vector of claim 10.

12. A vector of claim 10 adapted for expression in a bacterial cell which comprises the regulatory elements necessary for expression of the DNA in a bacterial cell so located relative to the DNA encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor as to permit expression thereof.

13. A vector of claim 10 adapted for expression in a yeast cell which comprises the regulatory elements necessary for the expression of the DNA in a yeast cell so located relative to the DNA encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor as to permit expression thereof.

14. A vector of claim 10 adapted for expression in a mammalian cell which comprises the regulatory elements necessary for expression of the DNA in the mammalian cell so located relative to the DNA encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor as to permit expression thereof.

15. A plasmid of claim 11 adapted for expression in a mammalian cell which comprises the regulatory elements necessary for expression of the DNA in the mammalian cell so located relative to the DNA encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor as to permit expression thereof.

16. A plasmid designated pCEXV-&agr;1a.

17. A plasmid designated pcEXV-&agr;1b.

18. A plasmid designated pcEXV-&agr;1c.

19. A mammalian cell comprising the plasmid of claim 11.

20. A mammalian cell of claim 19, wherein the mammalian cell is an LM (tk−) cell.

21. An LM (tk−) cell comprising the plasmid of claim 15.

22. A nucleic acid probe comprising a nucleic acid molecule of at least 15 nucleotides capable of specifically hybridizing with a sequence included within the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a human &agr;1a receptor.

23. A nucleic acid probe comprising a nucleic acid molecule of at least 15 nucleotides capable of specifically hybridizing with a sequence included within the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a human &agr;1b receptor.

24. A nucleic acid probe comprising a nucleic acid molecule of at least 15 nucleotides capable of specifically hybridizing with a sequence included within the sequence of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a human &agr;1c receptor.

25. The nucleic acid probe of claim 22, 23, or 24, wherein the nucleic acid is DNA.

26. A nucleic acid probe of claim 25, which comprises degenerate oligonucleotides.

27. An antisense oligonucleotide having a sequence capable of specifically binding to a mRNA molecule encoding a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor so as to prevent translation of the mRNA molecule.

28. An antisense oligonucleotide having a sequence capable of specifically binding to a mRNA molecule encoding a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor so as to prevent translation of the mRNA molecule.

29. An antisense oligonucleotide having a sequence capable of specifically binding to a mRNA molecule encoding a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor so as to prevent translation of the mRNA molecule.

30. An antisense oligonucleotide having a sequence capable of binding specifically to a cDNA molecule of claim 6.

31. Antisense oligonucleotides comprising degenerate oligonucleotides of an antisense oligonucleotide of claims 27, 28, or 29.

32. An antisense oligonucleotides of claims 27, 28, or 29 comprising chemical analogs of nucleotides.

33. A method for detecting expression of a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, which comprises obtaining RNA from cells or tissue, contacting the RNA so obtained with a nucleic acid probe of claim 22, 23 or 24 under hybridizing conditions, detecting the presence of any mRNA hybridized to the probe, the presence of mRNA hybridized to the probe indicating expression of the specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, and thereby detecting the expression of the specific human a adrenergic receptor.

34. A method of detecting expression of a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor in a cell or tissue by in situ hybridization, contacting the cell or tissue with a nucleic acid probe of claim 25 or an antisense oligonucleotide of claims 27, 28 or 29 under hybridizing conditions, detecting the presence of any mRNA hybridized to the probe, the presence of mRNA hybridized to the probe indicating expression of the specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, and thereby detecting the expression of the specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

35. A method of isolating a gene encoding a receptor by nucleic acid sequence homology using a nucleic acid probe of claims 25 or 26.

36. A method of claim 35, which comprises using the the polymerase chain reaction to obtain a DNA molecule by nucleic acid sequence homology, the DNA molecule of which is used to isolate a gene encoding a receptor.

37. A nucleic acid molecule comprising the gene identified by the method of claims 35 or 36.

38. A method of isolating DNA of claim 5, which comprises growing bacteria transformed with a plasmid comprising the DNA of claim 5, lysing the cells and purifying the DNA from the lysed cells.

39. A nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid has been so mutated within a 5′ transcriptional regulatory element or other stability, processing, transcription, or translation-determining region within the 5′ or 3′ untranslated region of the DNA so as to increase the stability of the mRNA or to enhance the processing, transcription, or translation of the RNA.

40. A nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid has been so mutated within a 5′ transcriptional regulatory element or other stability, processing, transcription, or translation-determining region within the 5′ or 3′untranslated region of the DNA so as to decrease the stability of the mRNA or to diminish the processing, transcription, or translation of the RNA.

41. An isolated human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor protein.

42. An isolated human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor protein of claim 41, wherein the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor protein is the human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor protein.

43. An isolated human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor protein of claim 41, wherein the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor protein is the human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor protein.

44. An isolated human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor protein of claim 41, wherein the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor protein is the human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor protein.

45. A method of preparing a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor protein of claim 41, which comprises inducing cells to express the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor protein, recovering the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor from the resulting cells, and purifying the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor so recovered.

46. A method of preparing a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor of claim 41, which comprises inserting a nucleic acid molecule encoding the human a adrenergic receptor in a suitable vector, inserting the resulting vector in suitable host cell, recovering the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor produced by the resulting cell, and purifying the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor so recovered.

47. An antibody directed to a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor or to a protein fragment of the human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor.

48. An antibody directed to a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor or to a protein fragment of the human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor.

49. An antibody directed to a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor or a protein fragment of the human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor.

50. An antibody of claims 47, 48 or 49 wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.

51. A monoclonal antibody of claim 50 wherein the antibody is directed to an epitope of a human cell-surface &agr;1 adrenergic receptor and having an amino acid sequence substantially the same as the amino acid sequence for a cell-surface epitope of the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

52. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of a substance effective to alleviate the abnormalities resulting from overexpression of a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

53. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of a substance effective to alleviate the abnormalities resulting from overexpression of a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

54. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of a substance effective to alleviate the bnormalities resulting from overexpression of a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

55. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of a substance effective to alleviate abnormalities resulting from underexpression of a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

56. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of a substance effective to alleviate abnormalities resulting from underexpression of a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

57. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of a substance effective to alleviate abnormalities resulting from underexpression of a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

58. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of an oligonucleotide of claim 27 effective to reduce expression of a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor by passing through a cell membrane and specifically binding with mRNA encoding a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor in the cell so as to prevent its translation and a pharmaceutically acceptable hydrophobic carrier capable of passing through a cell membrane.

59. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of an oligonucleotide of claim 28 effective to reduce expression of a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor by passing through a cell membrane and specifically binding with mRNA encoding a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor in the cell so as to prevent its translation and a pharmaceutically acceptable hydrophobic carrier.

60. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of an oligonucleotide of claim 29 effective to reduce expression of a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor by passing through a cell membrane and specifically binding with mRNA encoding a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor in the cell so as to prevent its translation and a pharmaceutically acceptable hydrophobic carrier.

61. A pharmaceutical composition claims 58, 59 or 60, wherein the nucleotide is coupled to a substance which inactivates mRNA.

62. A pharmaceutical composition of claim 61, wherein the substance which inactivates the mRNA is a ribozyme.

63. A pharmaceutical composition of claim 61, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable hydrophobic carrier capable of passing through a cell membrane comprises a structure which binds to a transporter specific for a selected cell type and is thereby taken up by the cells of the selected cell type.

64. A pharmaceutical composition which comprises an amount of the antibody of claim 47 effective to block binding of naturally occurring substrates to a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

65. A pharmaceutical composition which comprises an amount of the antibody of claim 48 effective to block binding of naturally occurring substrates to a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

66. A pharmaceutical composition which comprises an amount of the antibody of claim 49 effective to block binding of naturally occurring substrates to a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

67. A transgenic nonhuman mammal which comprises a nucleic acid molecule of claim 1.

68. A transgenic nonhuman mammal which comprises the DNA molecule of claim 39.

69. A transgenic nonhuman mammal which comprises the nucleic acid molecule of claim 7.

70. A transgenic nonhuman mammal which comprises the DNA molecule of claim 40.

71. A transgenic nonhuman mammal whose genome comprises a nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 so placed as to be transcribed into antisense mRNA complementary to mRNA encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor and which hybridizes to mRNA encoding a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor thereby reducing its translation.

72. The transgenic nonhuman mammal of any of claims 67, 68, 69, 70, or 71, wherein the nucleic acid molecule further comprises an inducible promoter.

73. The transgenic nonhuman mammal of any of claims 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, or 72 wherein the nucleic molecule additionally comprises tissue specific regulatory elements.

74. The transgenic non-human mammal of any of claims 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, or 73, wherein the transgenic non-human mammal is a mouse.

75. A method of determining the physiological effects of varying the levels of expression of a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor which comprises producing a transgenic non-human mammal whose levels of expression of a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor can be varied by use of an inducible promoter.

76. A method of determining the physiological effects of expressing varying levels of a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor which comprises producing a panel of transgenic non-human mammals each expressing a different amount of a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

77. A method of determining whether a ligand not known to be capable of specifically binding to a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor can specifically bind to a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, which comprises contacting a mammalian cell comprising a plasmid which further comprises a DNA molecule adapted for expression in a mammalian cell which allows subject cell to express a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor on the cell surface with the ligand under conditions permitting binding of ligands known to bind to a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, detecting the presence of any ligand bound to the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, the presence of bound ligand thereby determining the ligand binds to the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, and thereby determining whether the ligand binds to the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

78. The method of claim 77, wherein the receptor is a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor.

79. The method of claim 77, wherein the receptor is a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor.

80. The method of claim 77, wherein the receptor is a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor.

81. The method of claims 78, 79 or 80 wherein the mammalian cell is a non-neuronal cell.

82. A method of screening drugs to identify drugs which interact with, and bind to, a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor on the surface of a cell, which comprises contacting a mammalian cell which comprises a plasmid adapted for expression in a mammalian cell which further comprises a DNA molecule which expresses a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor on the cell surface with a plurality of drugs, determining those drugs which bind to the human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor expressed on the cell surface of the mammalian cell, and thereby identifying drugs which interact with, and bind to, the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

83. The method of claim 82, wherein the receptor is a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor.

84. The method of claim 82, wherein the receptor is a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor.

85. The method of claim 82, wherein the receptor is a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor.

86. The method of claims 83, 84 or 85, wherein the mammalian cell is a non-neuronal cell.

87. A method of determining whether a ligand not known to be capable of binding to a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor can bind to a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, which comprises preparing a cell extract from mammalian cells, which comprise a plasmid adapted for expression in a mammal, which further comprise a DNA molecule which expresses a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor on the cell surface, isolating a membrane fraction from the cell extract, incubating the ligand with the membrane fraction under conditions permitting binding of ligands known to bind to the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, detecting the presence of any bound ligand, and thereby determining whether the ligand binds to the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

88. The method of claim 87, wherein the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor is a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor.

89. The method of claim 87, wherein the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor is a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor.

90. The method of claim 87, wherein the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor is a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor.

91. The method of claims 88, 89 or 90, wherein the mammalian cell is a non-neuronal cell.

92. A method of screening drugs to identify drugs that interact with, and bind to, an &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, which comprises preparing a cell extract from mammalian cells, which comprise a plasmid adapted for expression in a mammalian cell which further comprise a DNA molecule which expresses a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor on the cell surface, isolating a membrane fraction from the cell extract, incubating the membrane fraction with a plurality of drugs, determining those drugs which interact with and bind to the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, and thereby identifying drugs which interact with, and bind to, the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

93. The method claim 92, wherein the receptor is a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor.

94. The method of claim 92, wherein the receptor is a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor.

95. The method of claim 92, wherein the receptor is a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor.

96. The method of claims 93, 94, or 95, wherein the mammalian cell is a non-neuronal cell.

97. A method of identifying a ligand which interacts with, and activates or blocks the activation of, a a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor on the surface of a cell, which comprises contacting a mammalian cell which comprises a plasmid adapted for expression in a mammalian cell which further comprises a DNA molecule which expresses a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor on the cell surface with the ligand, determining whether the ligand activates or blocks the activation of the receptor using a bioassay such as second messenger assays, and thereby identifying a ligand which interacts with, and activates or blocks the activation of, a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

98. The method of claim 97, wherein the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor is a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor.

99. The method of claim 97, wherein the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor is a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor.

100. The method of claim 97, wherein the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor is a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor.

101. The method of claims 98, 99 or 100, wherein the cell is a non-neuronal cell comprising the cellular components required to produce the second messenger which is being identified.

102. The method of claim 97, wherein the ligand is a drug.

103. A method for identifying a ligand which is capable of binding to and activating or inhibiting a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, which comprises contacting a mammalian cell, wherein the membrane lipids have been labelled by prior incubation with a labelled myo-inositol phosphate molecule, the mammalian cell comprising a plasmid adapted for expression in a mammalian cell which further comprises a DNA molecule which expresses a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor with the ligand and identifying an inositol phosphate metabolite released from the membrane lipid as a result of ligand binding to and activating an &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

104. The method of claim 103, wherein the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor is a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor.

105. The method of claim 103, wherein the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor is a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor.

106. The method of claim 103, wherein the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor is a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor.

107. The method of claims 104, 105, or 106, wherein the cell is a non-neuronal cell expressing the cellular components required to produce the second messenger which is being identified.

108. The method of claim 103 wherein the ligand is a drug.

109. A method for identifying a ligand that is capable of binding to and activating or inhibiting a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, wherein the binding of ligand to the adrenergic receptor results in a physiological response, which comprises contacting a mammalian cell which comprises a plasmid adapted for expression in a mammalian cell which further comprises a DNA molecule which expresses a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor with a calcium sensitive fluorescent indicator, removing the indicator that has not been taken up by the cell, contacting the cells with the ligand and identifying an increase or decrease in intracellular Ca+2 as a result of ligand binding to and activating the receptor.

110. The method of claim 109, wherein the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor is a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor.

111. The method of claim 109, wherein the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor is a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor.

112. The method of claim 109, wherein the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor is a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor.

113. The method of claim 110, 111 or 112, wherein the cell is a non-neuronal cell expressing the cellular components required to produce the second messenger which is being identified.

114. The method of claim 108, wherein the ligand is a drug.

115. A ligand identified by the methods of claims 77, 87, 97, 103 or 109.

116. A pharmaceutical composition of a drug identified by the methods of claims 82, 92, 102, 108 or 114.

117. A method for detecting the presence of a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor on the surface of a cell, which comprises contacting the cell with an antibody of claim 47, under conditions that permit binding of the antibody to the receptor, detecting the presence of any of the antibody bound to the cell, and thereby the presence of a human &agr;1a adrenergic receptor on the surface of the cell.

118. A method for detecting the presence of a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor on the surface of a cell, which comprises contacting the cell with an antibody of claim 48, under conditions that permit binding of the antibody to the receptor, detecting the presence of any of the antibody bound to the cell, and thereby the presence of a human &agr;1b adrenergic receptor on the surface of the cell.

119. A method for detecting the presence of a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor on the surface of a cell, which comprises contacting the cell with an antibody of claim 49, under conditions that permit binding of the antibody to the receptor, detecting the presence of any of the antibody bound to the cell, and thereby the presence of a human &agr;1c adrenergic receptor on the surface of the cell.

120. A method for treating an abnormal condition related to an excess of activity of a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor subtype, which comprises administering a patient an amount of a pharmaceutical composition of claim 116, effective to reduce &agr;1 adrenergic activity as a result of naturally occurring substrate binding to and activating a specific &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

121. The method of claim 120, wherein the condition is benign prostatic hypertrophy.

122. The method of claim 120, wherein the condition is coronary heart disease.

123. The method of claim 120, wherein the condition is insulin resistance.

124. The method of claim 120, wherein the condition is hypertension.

125. The method of claim 120, wherein the condition is urinary retension.

126. The method of claim 120, wherein the condition is glaucoma.

127. The method of claim 120, wherein the condition is erectile dysfunction.

128. The method of claim 120, wherein the condition is Reynaud's syndrome.

129. The method of treating abnormalities which are alleviated by an increase in the activity of a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor, which comprises administering a patient an amount of a pharmaceutical composition of claim 116, effective to increase the activity of the specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor thereby alleviating abnormalities resulting from abnormally low receptor activity.

130. The method of claim 129, wherein the condition is urinary incontinence.

131. The method of claim 129, wherein the condition is nasal congestion.

132. The method of claim 129, wherein the condition is hypotension.

133. A method for diagnosing a predisposition to a disorder associated with the expression of a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor allele which comprises:

a. obtaining DNA from subjects suffering from a disorder;

b. performing a restriction digest of the DNA with a panel of restriction enzymes;

c. electrophoretically separating the resulting DNA fragments on a sizing gel;

d. contacting the gel with a nucleic acid probe of claim 22, 23, or 24 labelled with a detectable marker;

e. detecting the labelled bands which have hybridized to the DNA encoding either an &agr;1a, &agr;1b or &agr;1c adrenergic receptor, labelled with the detectable marker to create a unique band pattern specific to the DNA of subjects suffering with the disorder;

f. preparing DNA for diagnosis by steps a-e;

g. comparing the unique band pattern specific to the DNA of patients suffering from the disorder from step e and DNA obtained for diagnosis from step f to determine whether the patterns are the same or different and to diagnose thereby predisposition to the disorder if the patterns are the same.

134. The method of claim 133, wherein a disorder associated with the expression of a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic allele is diagnosed.

135. A method of identifying a substance capable of alleviating the abnormalities resulting from overexpression of a specific human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor which comprises administering a substance to the transgenic non-human mammal of claims 67, 68, 72, or 73, and determining whether the substance alleviates the physical and behavioral abnormalities displayed by the transgenic nonhuman mammal as a result of overexpression of the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor subtype.

136. A method of identifying a substance capable of alleviating the abnormalities resulting from underexpression of a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor subtype, which comprises administering a substance to the transgenic mammal of claims 69 or 70, and determining whether the substance alleviates the physical and behavioral abnormalities displayed by the transgenic nonhuman mammal as a result of underexpression of a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor subtype.

137. A method of treating abnormalities in a subject,

wherein the abnormality is alleviated by the reduced expression of a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor subtype which comprises administering to a subject an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claims 52, 53, 54, 58, 59, 60, 64, 65, 66, 115 or 116 effective to reduce expression of the &agr;1 adrenergic receptor subtype.

138. A method of treating abnormalities resulting from underexpression of a human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor which comprises administering to a subject an amount of a pharmaceutical composition of claim 55, 56, 57, 115, or 116, effective to alleviate abnormalities resulting from underexpression of the human &agr;1 adrenergic receptor.

139. The method of claim 120, wherein the condition is atherosclerosis.

140. The method of claim 120, wherein the condition is cardiac arrythmias.

141. The method of claim 120, wherein the condition is sympathetic dystrophy syndrome.

142. The method of claim 126, wherein the condition is congestive heart failure.