SYSTEM AND METHOD OF PREDICTING FIELD OF VIEW FOR IMMERSIVE VIDEO STREAMING
Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, a process that analyzes image content of an immersive video frame and identifies a first group of segments of the immersive video frame based on the analysis. The segments collectively span an entire space portrayed by the immersive video frame and the first group of segments spans less than the entire space. A size of a display region of an immersive video viewer is determined that spans less than the entire space and a second group of segments is determined based on the first group of segments and the size of the display region. Transport of the second group of segments, spanning less than the entire space, is facilitated via a communication network to the immersive video viewer for presentation, without requiring transmission of all of the segments. Other embodiments are disclosed.
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This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/933,494 filed Jul. 20, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/901,609 filed Feb. 21, 2018, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/566,781, filed Oct. 2, 2017. The contents of the foregoing are hereby incorporated by reference into this application as if set forth herein full.
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSUREThe subject disclosure relates to system and method of predicting field of view for immersive video streaming.
BACKGROUNDRecent years have witnessed increasing commercial progress of the virtual reality (VR) technology, which has eventually stepped out of labs. It is projected to form a substantial market by 2020. Users can now experience VR capabilities on their mobile devices using affordable VR devices such as a Google Cardboard. Immersive videos, also known as 360-degree videos or spherical videos, play an important role in a VR ecosystem. Such immersive videos provide users with panoramic views and create a unique viewing experience. Immersive videos, such as 360-degree videos can be recorded by specially adapted cameras, such as omnidirectional cameras or camera array systems (e.g., Facebook Surround 360 Open Edition camera design and stitching code). They simultaneously record all 360 degrees of a scene that can be “wrapped” onto at least a portion of a 3D sphere, with the cameras at its center.
Reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, and wherein:
The subject disclosure describes, among other things, processing a spatially segmented immersive video frame and/or group of frames, identifying a sub-region or portion of segments of a frame or group of frames, e.g., a video chunk, being viewed and/or likely to be viewed, and facilitating transport of less than entire immersive video frame or group of frames. The identifying of one or more sub-regions can be based on one or more of the video content itself, a viewer profile, statistics associated with a particular viewer, multiple views, a current and/or predicted direction, position or orientation of a field of view of a viewing system. A subset of the segments of any given frame or group of frames corresponding to a predicted viewing area can be delivered to user equipment via transport network according to a first quality, while one or more other subsets of the segments, e.g., corresponding to predicted out-of-viewing region can be delivered at a lesser quality and/or not transported at all. The immersive viewing system can thus display the field-of-view associated with the predicted orientation/position at a presentation time, while providing opportunities for significant savings in one or more of bandwidth, processing resources, and storage resources that would have otherwise been applied to delivery of the full original immersive video media item.
One or more aspects of the subject disclosure include a process that analyzes image content of a first immersive video frame of a sequence of immersive video frames, to obtain an analysis result. A first group of spatial segments of a number of spatial segments of the first immersive video frame is selected based on the analysis result. The number of spatial segments collectively span an entire space portrayed by the first immersive video frame, whereas the first group of spatial segments spans less than the entire space portrayed by the first immersive video frame. A field-of-view of an immersive video viewer is determined, wherein the field-of-view spans less than the entire space portrayed by the first immersive video frame. A second group of spatial segments of the number of spatial segments is identified based on the selecting of the first group of spatial segments and the determining of the field-of-view. The second group of spatial segments spans less than the entire space portrayed by the first immersive video frame. Transport is facilitated of the second group of spatial segments via a communication network to the immersive video viewer for presentation at the immersive video viewer, without requiring transmission of all of the number of spatial segments of the first immersive video frame.
One or more aspects of the subject disclosure include non-transitory, machine-readable storage medium, including executable instructions that, when executed by a processing system including a processor, facilitate performance of operations. The operations include processing image content of an immersive video frame of a sequence of immersive video frames, to obtain an image processing result. A first group of segments of a number of segments of the immersive video frame is selected based on the image processing result, wherein the number of segments collectively span an entire space portrayed by the immersive video frame, and wherein the first group of segments spans less than the entire space portrayed by the immersive video frame. A field-of-view of an immersive video viewer is determined, wherein the field-of-view spans less than the entire space portrayed by the immersive video frame. A second group of segments of the number of segments is determined based on the selecting of the first group of segments and the determining of the field-of-view. The second group of segments spans less than the entire space portrayed by the immersive video frame. Transport of the second group of segments is facilitated via a communication network to the immersive video viewer for presentation at the immersive video viewer, without requiring transmission of all of the number of segments of the immersive video frame.
One or more aspects of the subject disclosure include a device, having a processing system including a processor and a memory that stores executable instructions that, when executed by the processing system, facilitate performance of operations. The operations include processing image content of an immersive video frame of a sequence of immersive video frames, to obtain an image processing result. A first group of segments of a number of segments of the immersive video frame is identified based on the image processing result. The number of segments collectively span an entire space portrayed by the immersive video frame and the first group of segments spans less than the entire space portrayed by the immersive video frame. A size of a display region of an immersive video viewer is determined, wherein the size of the display region spans less than the entire space portrayed by the immersive video frame. A second group of segments of the number of segments is determined based on the identifying of the first group of segments and the determining of the size of the display region. The second group of segments spans less than the entire space portrayed by the immersive video frame. Transport of the second group of segments is facilitated via a communication network to the immersive video viewer for presentation at the immersive video viewer, without requiring transmission of all of the number of segments of the immersive video frame.
In the illustrative example, the transport network 108 includes a wireless mobile network, such as a cellular network. It is understood that the transport network 108 can include, without limitation, one or more wireless networks, such as, mobile cellular networks, Wi-Fi networks, satellite networks, terrestrial radio networks, and the like. Alternatively, or in addition, the transport network 108 can include one or more wired network, such as Ethernet, SONET, circuit-switched network components, e.g., SS7, cable, and the like. Although the example transport network 108 is illustrated by a single cloud, it is understood that the network 108 between the immersive video server 102 and the immersive video client 106 can include one or more networks of the same, similar and/or different configurations, e.g., combinations of wired and wireless, terrestrial, satellite, and the like.
Continuing with the illustrative example, the immersive video client 106 is in network communication with the transport network 108 by way of a communication device 110. The communication device 110 can include, without limitation, any of the various devices disclosed herein or otherwise generally known to those skilled in the art of communications, such as mobile telephones, tablet devices, laptops, telephone handsets, and the like. In a context of machine-to-machine (M2M) communications, e.g., according to an Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm, the mobile device 110 can include a machine, such as an appliance, a vehicle and the like.
The immersive video client 106 is in further communication with one or more of a video player 112a and one or more controls and/or sensors 114. For example, the sensor 114 can include an inertial sensor, such as an accelerometer, that can detect and/or estimate a position and/or a change in position of the display surface 113 of the video player 112a. Sensors 114 can include those commonly found in smart phones and/or tablet devices. It is understood that in at least some embodiments, the sensors 114 can be internal to and/or otherwise attached to the video player 112 and/or the display surface 113. Accordingly, the sensors 114 can detect position and/or orientation of the display surface 113 based on the physical orientation and/or change in orientation of the video player 112a. Alternatively, or in addition, the sensors 114 can be separate from the video player 112a. For example, the sensors 114 can include one or more of a motion sensor and/or a video sensors adapted to detect motion and/or position of the video player 112a. In at least some embodiments, a position and/or orientation of the display surface 113 of the video player 112a can be inferred or otherwise determined from a predetermined configuration of the display surface 113 within the video player 112a.
The example immersive video client 106, includes an orientation detector 116, an orientation estimator 118 and a requestor 120. The orientation detector 116 is in communication with the sensors 114 and adapted to determine an orientation of the video player 112a, or more particularly, of a display surface 113 of the video player 112a based on sensor data obtained from the sensors 114.
The orientation of the video player 112a and/or display surface 113 can include, without limitation, a first direction, such as an azimuth angle and a second direction, such as an elevation angle. The azimuth angle and elevation angle, taken together can define a pointing direction of a normal to the display surface 113. In at least some embodiments, the azimuth angle and elevation angle can be further combined with a twist or rotation angle that further defines a rotational orientation of the display surface 113 with respect to the pointing direction.
In at least some embodiments, an orientation and or position of the display surface 113 can be defined in reference to a center of a coordinate system. Example coordinate systems can include spherical coordinate systems, cylindrical coordinate systems, polar coordinate systems, Cartesian coordinate systems and the like. By way of example, the orientation or position of the display surface 113 can be defined by rotations about orthogonal axis, such as rotations about x, y and z axes of a rectangular coordinate system. These angles are sometimes referred to as pitch, yaw and roll.
In at least some embodiments, the immersive video server 102 includes a request servicer 121 and a video segment controller or segmenter 122. The example video segmenter 122 is in communication with the video content source 104 and adapted to segment at least a portion of an immersive video media item obtained from the video content source 104 into a plurality of segments including spatial segments, tiles or sub-regions. For example, the segmenter 122 can divide an immersive video frame into a number of segments, sub-regions or sub-frames. For a rectangular immersive video frame, the segments or sub-regions can be rectangles. It is understood that shapes of the segments and sub-regions can be rectangular and/or other shapes. The shapes of the segments can be regular, irregular, uniform and/or different.
The orientation estimator 118, in turn, provides an indication of an estimated position and/or orientation to the requestor 120. In at least some embodiment, the estimated position/orientation is further associated with a future time at which the position/orientation of the video player 112a and/or display surface 113 has been determined. The requestor 120, in at least some embodiments, can be adapted to determine other information, such as a field-of-view of the video player 112a and/or display surface 113. The field-of-view can be defined according to one or more of spatial dimensions on a mapped surface, angular ranges and/or pixel ranges. It is understood that in at least some embodiments, that the field of view may differ according to one or more of orientation, e.g., looking down versus straight ahead, a type of projection used in association with the immersive video frame, and so on.
In at least some embodiments, the requestor 120 receives an indication and/or is otherwise pre-configured with information describing how the segmentation/sub-regions are/have been applied to the immersive video frames. Together with the predicted position/orientation and the field of view, the requestor 120 can determine which segments/sub-regions will fall in and/or near the display surface 113 at the future time associated with the prediction, e.g., 0.5 sec, or 1-sec into the future.
In at least some embodiments, the prediction time can be selectable and/or variable. For example, the prediction time can be based on one or more of data transfer size and/or bandwidth, network conditions, subscription levels, quality of experience, and the like. It is understood that network bandwidth and/or latency can depend upon network conditions, such as congestion, interference, signal propagation loss, and the like. Accordingly, the prediction time can be based upon an estimate of a difference between a time at which a request is made by the requestor 120 and a time at which the requested segments/regions are of a requested segment size are delivered to the immersive video client. Other delays can be factored into this determination, such as processing delays of one or more of the immersive video client, the video player 112a and/or the immersive video server 102.
The request servicer 121 is in communication with the requestor 120 via a network, such as the transport network 108. The requestor 120 submits a request for a group of segments or sub-regions of a particular immersive video frame. The request servicer 121 receives the request and responds by facilitating transfer of the requested segments/sub-regions via the transport network 108. It is understood that the request servicer 121 can service a single request by sequential, e.g., serial, delivery of individual segments of the requested group, and/or contemporaneous, e.g., parallel, delivery of multiple segments of the requested group. In at least some embodiments, individual requests can be made and processed according to each subsequent video frame of an immersive video media item. Alternatively, or in addition, the processing can be applied to groups of frames. For example, a single prediction can be made at a prediction time, and then used to process more than one frame of the immersive video media item. In some instances, multiple frames include separate frames of a stereo and/or 3D immersive video media item, e.g., left and right frame components. In at least some embodiments, the same request is made for successive video frames of an immersive video media item. This can provide some relief to the processing and cut down on overhead, possibly at a sacrifice of accuracy, due to increased estimate times.
In some embodiments, the segment selection module 126 is configured to determine and/or otherwise access statistics based multiple requests that can be used, in turn, by one or more of the request servicer 121, the video segmenter 122, the requestor 120 and/or the orientation estimator 118. For example, statistics can be used to track requests received from multiple immersive video clients 106a, 106b (generally 106) and or video players 112a, 112b (generally 112). The statistics can associate past requests with one or more of immersive video media item. It is envisioned that some regions of an immersive video frame may be requested more than others based on a nature of the immersive video media item content. Accordingly, segments can be associated with a frequency, based on past requests. Alternatively, or in addition, the segment selection module 126 can associate one or more of network conditions, time of day, day of week, service level, requestor profile, region, demographics and the like. Statistics can be determined according to one or more of the example parameters and used in association with subsequent requests to improve system performance by reducing errors, reducing quantities of invisible segments as may be associated with requests to manage errors and so on.
In at least some embodiments, the shapes can be adapted or otherwise selected based on one or more of the nature of the immersive video frame, the display surface, one or more projection algorithms as may be applied and so on. For example, the shapes can correspond to one or more of a shape of the field of view, a shape of a primary viewing region, a shape of an object depicted within the video, a mapping scheme, e.g., of the 3D space to a 2D reference frame, and the like. For a spherical projection of a 360-degree video, the sub-regions can be portions of a spherical surface, e.g., defined according to a spherical coordinate system. Alternatively, or in addition, the sub-regions can be portions of a cylindrical surface and/or portions of a rectangular surface. Even though the projected surface portrayed in the immersive video frame may confirm to a particular geometry, it is understood that the shape and/or size of the segments and/or sub-regions can be the same, similar and/or different. For example, the segments and/or sub-regions can be determined according to a projection algorithm, e.g., mapping a spherical surface to a cylindrical and/or rectangular surface.
It is generally understood that segmentation of an immersive video media item can be performed in real time or near-real time, e.g., in association with and/or responsive to a particular request from a requestor 120 of a particular immersive video client 106. Alternatively, or in addition, segmentation can be performed beforehand, e.g., offline, and stored for later use. In some embodiments, segmentation data alone or in combination with a segmented version of the immersive video media item can be stored in an optional segmented video repository 124 (shown in phantom).
Segmentation data can include, without limitation, identification of the tiles, segments and/or sub-regions of a segmented immersive video media item. For example, this can include individually addressable segments, e.g., segment (i,j) of an M×N array of segments of a particular immersive video frame. As immersive video media items can include arrays of immersive video frame, it is understood that a common segment referencing and/or indexing scheme can be applied to more than one, e.g., all, frames of a particular immersive video media item. Accordingly, segments and/or sub-regions can be identified and addressed independently and/or collectively in groups. Groups of segments and/or sub-regions can conform to a particular shape, e.g., a contiguous shape, such as a rectangle, an oval, and the like. Alternatively, or in addition, segments and/or sub-regions can be addressed according to ranges.
The immersive video server also includes a segment selection module 126. The example segment selection module 126 is in communication with the video segment controller 122. In some embodiments the segment selection module 126 is in further communication with one or more of the request servicer 121, and the media content source 104. In operation, the segment selection module 126 identifies a group of segments of an immersive video frame, or video chunk consisting of a group of multiple frames. The identified group of segments can be shared with the video segment controller 122, which obtains the identified group of segments from the media content source 104 and/or from the segmented video repository 124. For embodiments in which segmentation is performed in on the fly and/or in response to a viewing request, the segment selection module 126 can identify a region of interest within an immersive video frame obtained from the media content source 104. The region of interest can be provided to the video segment controller 122 that performs segmentation and/or segment selection based on the identified region of interest. A resulting group of segments is provided to the request servicer 121 for transport to a communication device 110 in communication with a vide player. Identification of the region of interest and/or the group of segments can be based on one or more of the various analysis, identification and/or selection techniques disclosed herein.
In some embodiments, an immersive video client 106 includes an viewing direction, position, and/or orientation detector 116 that determines actual and/or estimated directions, positions, and/or orientations of the video player and/or display surface 113, based on input from the sensors 114. Actual orientations are provided to the orientation estimator 118, which, in turn, estimates a direction, position and/or orientation of the video player 112 and/or the display surface 113. In at least some embodiments, the orientation estimator 118 predicts a future directions, position and/or orientations of the field of view, e.g., as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/828,994, filed on Dec. 1, 2017, entitled “Selective Streaming of Immersive Video Based on Field-Of-View Prediction,” and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. One or more of the field of view size, direction, position, orientation and/or estimation can be provided to the request servicer 121 and shared with one or more of the video segment controller 122 and/or the segment selection module 126. For example, the segment selection can be based on the immersive video content itself in combination with one or more of the field of view size, orientation and/or prediction.
In some embodiments, the segment selection module 126 can access user information. For example, user information can be obtained from a user profile, e.g., stored and/or otherwise maintained in a user profile repository 129. The example system 100 includes an optional user profile server 127 in communication with one or more of a user profile repository 129 and a user portal 128 (shown in phantom). The segment selection module 126 can base selection of a group of segments on user information according to any of the various techniques disclosed herein. For example, the age of a user can be used to facilitate identification of objects of interest. Younger viewers may be more drawn to colors, whereas older viewers may be more drawn to movement, and/or image complexity. Still other viewers may be drawn to various immersive video content features based on age, gender, past viewing history, past immersive viewing history, expressed interests, e.g., sports, drama, and so on.
The request servicer 121 is in communication with the requestor 120 via the transport network 108. The requestor 120 submits a request for immersive video content. The request can be in the form of a general request for the immersive video media content item. Alternatively, or in addition, the request itself can identify a group of segments or sub-regions of a particular immersive video frame. The request servicer 121 receives the request and responds by facilitating transfer of the requested segments/sub-regions via the transport network 108, without necessarily providing all of the segments of any particular immersive video frame. This results in savings of one or more of bandwidth, processing memory or storage, etc.
It is understood that the request servicer 121 can service a single request by sequential, e.g., serial, delivery of individual segments of the requested group, and/or contemporaneous, e.g., parallel, delivery of multiple segments of the requested group. In at least some embodiments, individual requests can be made and processed according to each subsequent video frame of an immersive video media item. Alternatively, or in addition, the processing can be applied to groups of frames. For example, a single prediction can be made at a prediction time, and then used to process more than one frame of the immersive video media item. In some instances, multiple frames include separate frames of a stereo and/or 3D immersive video media item, e.g., left and right frame components. In at least some embodiments, the same request is made for successive video frames of an immersive video media item. This can provide some relief to the processing and cut down on overhead, possibly at a sacrifice of accuracy, due to increased estimate times.
When watching an immersive, e.g., 360-degree, video, a viewer 112 at a center of an immersive video media presentation, e.g., at a spherical center, can freely control her viewing direction, so each playback creates a unique experience. As shown in
The example VR headset 202 can be equipped with a position and/or orientation sensor 204, such as position/orientation sensors available on smartphones, gaming goggles and/or tablet devices. Alternatively, or in addition, the VR headset 202 includes one or more reference markers 206a, 206b, 206c (generally 206). The reference markers 206 are spaced apart in a predetermined configuration. An external sensor, such as a video camera 208, is positioned to observe the FR headset 202 during active use. The external sensor 208 detects positions of the reference markers 206. Further processing, e.g., by an orientation detector 116 (
Such immersive videos are very popular on major video platforms such as YOUTUBE® and FACEBOOK® platforms. Despite their popularity, the research community appears to lack an in-depth understanding of many of its critical aspects such as performance and resource consumption. The disclosure provided herein is intended to fill this gap by investigating how to optimize immersive video delivery over wireless mobile, e.g., cellular, networks, which are anticipated as forming a key infrastructure that facilitates ubiquitous access of network accessible VR resources, e.g., in the cloud. Measurements were conducted on two commercial 360-degree video platforms: YouTube and Facebook to obtain an understanding the state-of-the-art of 360-degree video delivery. To a large extent, 360 video inherits delivery schemes from traditional Internet videos. This simplifies the deployment but makes 360-degree video streaming very cellular-unfriendly, because the video player always fetches the entire video including both visible and invisible portions. This leads to tremendous resource inefficiency on cellular networks with limited bandwidth, metered link, fluctuating throughput, and high device radio energy consumption.
As an important component of the virtual reality (VR) technology, immersive videos provide users 201 with panoramic views allowing them to freely control their viewing direction during video playback. Usually, a video presentation system or a player 202 displays only the visible portion of an immersive video. Thus, fetching the entire raw video frame wastes bandwidth. The techniques disclosed herein address the problem of optimizing immersive video delivery over wireless, e.g., cellular, networks. A measurement study was conducted on commercial 360 video platforms. A cellular-friendly streaming scheme is disclosed that delivers only a 360 video's visible portion based on head movement prediction. Viewing data collected from real users was used to demonstrate feasibility of an approach that can reduce bandwidth consumption by up to 80% based on a trace-driven simulation.
Conceptually, a novel cellular-friendly streaming scheme for immersive videos avoids downloading an entire immersive video, instead only fetching those parts, e.g., spatial segments or portions, of the immersive video that are visible to the user 201 in order to reduce bandwidth consumption associated with the video transfer. As display of any of the portion of the immersive video requires that the portion be fetched or otherwise downloaded, the disclosed approach benefits from a prediction of a viewer's head movement (to determine which portion of the immersive video view to fetch). Five users' head movement traces were collected when watching real YouTube 360 videos. Trace-driven analysis indicated that, at least in the short term, a viewers' head movement can be accurately predicted, e.g., with an accuracy >90%, by even using simple techniques such as linear regression. Design considerations include handling prediction errors and integration with DASH and HTTP.
Examples of popular video platforms include, without limitation, YouTube and Facebook. For example, a YouTube app or Facebook can be used to view 360 videos on a smartphone, such as a Samsung Galaxy phone running Android, and/or a Chrome browser on a Windows 10 laptop using a Chrome debugging tool to analyze HTTPS transactions, and/or redirecting traffic during video playback to a “man-in-the-middle” proxy (using mitmproxy).
Both YouTube and Facebook presently encode 360 videos into a standard H.264 format in an MP4 container. It is understood that a 360 video can be playable in conventional media players, e.g., only showing raw frames as exemplified in by a large image 300 in
The raw video frames of the different 360 sources, e.g., YouTube and Facebook, exhibit different visual “patterns” based on their use of different projection algorithms. For example, YouTube was found to employ an equi-rectangular projection that directly uses the latitude and longitude on a sphere as the vertical and horizontal coordinates, respectively, on the raw frame. Facebook was found to employ a different projection scheme, referred to as Cube Map that offers less distortion in the polar areas of the sphere.
Both YouTube (on Android app) and Facebook (on Chrome for Windows 10) use progressive download over HTTP, a widely used streaming technique, to deliver 360 videos. Progressive download allows a client to start playing the video before it is fully downloaded. It is realized using HTTP byte range request.
Both video platforms support multiple encoding bitrates for 360 videos. The viewer can switch between standard definition (SD) and high definition (HD) versions on Facebook. YouTube provides up to 8 bitrate levels from 144 s to 2160 s. Note the video quality numbers refer to the resolution of the entire raw frame 300
Improved techniques for immersive video streaming over cellular networks disclosed herein reduce bandwidth consumption, preferably with little or no detrimental effects to playback observed by a VR headset 202 (
For traditional videos, to support simultaneous download and playback, a video is temporally segmented into chunks or byte ranges. To support downloading a segment, sub-region or sub-area of a video chunk, the video also needs to be spatially segmented. This can be realized in an online manner: the client 106 computes the target area of a chunk and embeds them into HTTP request parameters; the server then dynamically generates a smaller chunk containing only the target area and transmits it to the client. This approach may suffer from two drawbacks. First, it can increase the server-side computational overhead. Second, due to projection, the target area is not a rectangle, making it hard for the client to specify the target area.
In at least some embodiments, the immersive video media item is spatially segmented offline. For example, each 360-video chunk can be pre-segmented into multiple smaller chunks, referred to herein as tiles. A tile can have the same duration as a chunk, while only covering a subarea of the chunk. At least one way to generate the tiles is to evenly divide a chunk containing projected raw frames into m*n rectangles each corresponding to a tile. Suppose the projected visible area is 0. The client only requests for the tiles that overlap with θ. An example pre-segmented chunk 402 is illustrated in
Besides the above approach, an alternative and more complex way is to apply segmentation directly on an immersive projection surface, such as a 3D sphere of a 360-degree video, instead of on a projected 2D raw frame or group of frames 402 so that each tile covers a fixed angle, e.g., a fixed solid angle. This makes the number of tiles to be requested irrespective of user's viewing direction (but their total bytes may still vary).
Performing the spatial segmentation of immersive video frames offline can reduce and/or otherwise eliminate server-side overhead. Multiple tiles 408 can be requested in a single bundle to reduce network roundtrips. A tiles' metadata such as positions and/or addresses (e.g., web addresses or URLs) can be embedded in a metafile exchanged at the beginning of a video session.
If a viewer's head movement during a 360-video session is known beforehand, an optimal sequence of tiles can be generated that minimizes the bandwidth consumption. To approximate this in reality, a prediction of head movement is determined, e.g., according to a pitch, yaw, and roll and/or a change of pitch, yaw, and roll.
Estimation errors can be handled using one or more of several strategies. First, due to the online and sliding-window nature of the field-of-view estimation scheme, a previous inaccurate prediction might be fixed by a more recent and accurate prediction. If the new tiles corresponding to the updated prediction can be fetched before the playback deadline, the penalty is only wasted bandwidth. In at least some embodiments, such fixes can be prioritized.
In at least some embodiments, estimations can leverage crowd-sourced statistics. Popular 360 videos from commercial content providers and video sharing websites attract a large number of viewers. A users' viewing behaviors are often affected by the video content, such that at certain scenes, viewers are more likely to look at a certain spots or directions. Consider an example of a mountain climbing video. When “standing” at the peak, viewers may want to enjoy the view by looking all around.
Based on the above intuition, crowd-sourced viewing statistics, which can be collected, e.g., by video servers, can be used to complement head movement prediction. Viewing statistics can be leveraged to estimate the video abandonment rate and to automatically rate video contents. In the context of 360 videos, for each chunk, a server records download frequencies of its tiles, and provides client players with such statistics through metadata exchange. A tile's download frequency can be defined as a number of video sessions that fetch this tile divided by the total number of sessions accessing this video. The client can (optionally) use the statistics to guide the download strategy of OOS tiles. For example, a simple strategy is to expand the set of OOS tiles to include tiles whose download frequencies are greater than a configurable threshold. The threshold trades off between bandwidth consumption and user experience.
In at least some embodiments, the estimations and/or selective video fetch of portions of 360 video frames can be integrated with DASH and/or HTTP. Although currently most immersive videos use progressive download, it is envisioned they may switch to a Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH). Extensive research has been conducted on improving the QoE of DASH video. A DASH video is split into chunks encoded with multiple discrete bitrate levels; a video player can switch between different bitrate levels at a chunk boundary. In contrast, 360 videos involve more complexity, because the player needs to make decisions at both the temporal and spatial dimension.
An important component of a DASH scheme is its rate adaptation algorithm, which determines the quality level of chunks to fetch. There are largely two categories of approaches: throughput based and buffer based. A throughput-based rate adaptation algorithm adjusts chunks' quality levels based on estimated throughput. The buffer-based approach, on the other hand, selects the bitrate level based on the player's buffer occupancy level, which implicitly encodes the network capacity information.
For today's immersive video delivery that downloads everything, it requires no change to a DASH algorithm. It is understood that in at least some embodiments, there may be interplay between any of the prediction-based streaming schemes disclosed herein and DASH. At least two categories of DASH algorithms are considered: throughput based and buffer based. Throughput-based DASH algorithms can work well with the techniques disclosed herein, e.g., when an estimated throughput decreases (increases), the quality level of tiles will decrease (increase) correspondingly. It is understood that the thresholds for quality level switches can be set and/or otherwise adjusted, e.g., statically and/or dynamically. Due to projection and OOS tiles, the required bandwidth in our scheme has higher variance than that for non-360 videos. Thus, the thresholds may need to be adjusted dynamically.
Buffer-based DASH algorithms can also work well with the algorithms can work well with the techniques disclosed herein. One issue here is that in at least some of the disclosed techniques, the player may not want to keep a large buffer occupancy, because predicting viewer's head movement in the long term is difficult. As a result, since the player only maintains a relatively short duration of video contents in the buffer, buffer-based DASH algorithms may interact poorly with at least some of the schemes disclosed herein.
Similar to regular DASH, the schemes disclosed herein, in at least some instances, can use HTTP(S) as an underlying delivery protocol. Each tile can be fetched by an HTTP request. A new observation here is that priorities of HTTP transactions play an important role in mitigating the user experience degradation caused by inaccurate prediction. Consider the following example. The player is in the progress of downloading tile “x” whose playback time is t2. Then suddenly, the player realizes a predicted tile to be played at t1<t2 is incorrect. To fix this issue, the player immediately issues a request for tile “y” whose playback time is t1. Since the delivery of tile y is more urgent than tile x, ideally the server should pause the transmission of tile x, and transmit tile y expediently, e.g., at its full speed. This can be realized by giving tile y a higher priority than tile x. New web protocols such as HTTP/2 already support fine-grained control of HTTP transactions' priorities that are very useful in our scheme.
Beneficially, the cellular-friendly 360 video streaming frameworks disclosed herein do not require dependence on any specific projection scheme. Additionally, the disclosed techniques provide robust processes for tolerating prediction errors, for leveraging crowd-sourced playback statistics, and/or for integrating our scheme with DASH and/or HTTP protocols.
While for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the respective processes are shown and described as series of blocks in
It is further understood that the analysis can be applied to a pre-segmented immersive video frame, a segmented immersive video frame and/or individual or groups of segments of an immersive video frame. In at least some embodiments, segmentation of an immersive video frame can be based at least in part on results of the analysis.
A first group of sub-segments is identified at 604, based on the analysis. For example, the analysis may identify one or more of an object portrayed within the immersive video frame, a color, a brightness, movement, image complexity or lack thereof, and the like. As the analysis results allow different segments and/or regions of the immersive video frame to be distinguished from other segments and/or regions, the first group of segments can be identified. Examples include, without limitation, the objects 508, 528, 565, 567 and/or regions 546 (
In some embodiments, a size of a field of view and/or estimate of a size of a viewing area is determined at 606. The size of the field of view can be based on one or more of a hardware parameter, e.g., of the immersive video viewer, a device and/or user setting, e.g., zoom and/or pan, and so on. The size of the field of view can be determined in one or more of a pixel size and/or density, a physical size of the display, distance of a display from a viewer, a system default, a user preference, and so on.
A size of the first group of sub-segments is compared to a size of the field of view at 608. This comparison can be used to ensure that sufficient number of segments are provided to span a particular field of view. A determination is made at 610 as to whether any adjustment to the first group of segments is necessary based on the comparison to the size of the field of view. To the extent that adjustment is necessary, segments are added, removed and/or otherwise adjusted at 612. For instances in which an object and/or area of interest within an immersive video frame is smaller than the field of view size, additional segments can be added to a requested group based on the field of view size and/or orientation. For instance, in which an object and/or area of interest is larger than a field of view, the field of view size can be used to remove segments of interest that extend beyond the field of view. It is envisioned that in at least some instances, processing can be accomplished without necessarily adjusting a requested and/or transported group of segments based on the field of view size.
A transport group of sub-segments is determined at 614 based on the identification of the first group of segments and the comparison to the size of the field of view. Identification of the transport group can be based on any of the various techniques disclosed herein. Transport of the transport group of sub-segments is facilitated at 616.
In some embodiments, the process 600 includes performing analysis, at 618, of information from other sources. For example, analysis of user information, such as user profile information, user preferences and/or historical user data can be analyzed to facilitate identification of a group of segments. The one or more analyses can include analysis of information related to a particular user, e.g., according to the techniques disclosed herein, and/or information obtained from other users. For example, the analyses can include frequency data, e.g., a heat map, of segments downloaded previously.
A heat map can be used to identify a viewing frequency of regions or segments of a 360-video frame. Without limitation, the regions and/or segments can range from individual pixels, to groups of pixels. Alternatively, or in addition, the regions and/or segments can be based on a selected and/or predetermined segment size and/or shape. It is understood that in at least some embodiments, the size and/or shape of the regions can correspond to an angular extent in the displayed image, e.g., being adjusted, as necessary, based on a mapping.
In some embodiments, the heat map can assign a value, e.g., a number, a color, a pattern to regions or segments of a video frame, wherein the values can span a range from some minimum to some maximum. For example, the values can correspond to total numbers of views of a particular region or segment, e.g., according to a histogram. Alternatively, or in addition, the values can correspond to percentages of total views. In at least some embodiments, the heat map can include probability values, e.g., identifying a likelihood that a particular region/segment will be viewed in the future.
In at least some instances, the heat map, e.g., frequency data, can be tailored based on information relating to the particular user. Consider heat maps including all users, users of a certain age group, gender, affinity, and the like. With such distinctions, an appropriate heat map could be selected based on the current user. Without limitation, it is understood that analysis of other information can include analysis of current viewing parameters, such as current and/or recent viewing performance, e.g., according to the various techniques disclosed herein.
By way of illustrative example, a frame rate may be 24 frames per second (fps), 25 fps, 30 fps, 60 fps, and so on. Frame rates can be determined according to standards, e.g., movies, television, gaming, and the like. In some embodiments, frame rates can depend on the subject matter of the video. If an anticipated head movement is on the order of 1/10th of a second, then a video chunk 502 may contain 2, 3, or 6 frames, or perhaps some other number depending on an underlying frame rate. If head movement is expected to occur at a different rate, e.g., slower, say on the order oft/sec, then the video chunk 502 may contain 6, 8, 15, or perhaps some other number of frames. In either instance, a group of segments selected for transport in one frame, say a first frame 504a of the video chunk 502, can be applied to the remaining number of video frames 504 of the video chunk 502. The process can be repeated for successive chunks, e.g., selecting a new group of segments for transport, and using the same newly selected group of segments for each of the video frames 504 of the subsequent video chunk 502, and so on.
It is envisioned that in at least some embodiments, a video chunk size can depend upon one of a viewer's gaze or head movement, e.g., a direction of a line of sight and/or orientation of a field of view of the viewer. Thus, if a user's gaze is relatively stationary, then the video chunk size can be extended, e.g., from 1/10th sec to ½ sec, or greater. In some embodiments, the video chunk size can depend on the immersive video itself and/or objects portrayed in the immersive video. For example, in a relatively stationary scene, such as a landscape, the video chunk size may be increased or extended. Conversely, in a relatively active scene, e.g., in which one or more objects portrayed in the immersive video frame are moving, then the video chunk size may be decreased or reduced. Alternatively or in addition, a group of selected segments can be applied to successive video frames until there is an occurrence of an event, such as a change in a viewer's gaze and/or a change of scene and/or movement of objects portrayed within a scene.
Continuing with the illustrative example, each immersive video frame 504 include a two-dimensional array of segments 506. The example schematic includes a 4 by 8 array of segments 506, e.g., 32 segments per frame. It is understood that the immersive video frames 504 can portray objects within a scene. The example includes an object 508. As the object is portrayed relative to an entire scene of an entire immersive video frame, it is understood that the object may occupy one or more segments 506. The example object 508 is contained within the shaded region 510 of four segments 506. If a viewer directs his/her gaze towards the object 508, then those segments of the shaded region 510 containing the object 508 can be identified for transport.
In at least some embodiments, the object 508 can be identified and or located based on analysis of the immersive video frame 504. For example, the analysis can include image processing and/or feature recognition. In some instances, a target object is determined beforehand. Consider sporting events, in which moving objects, such as players, a ball or puck, are expected to be portrayed within an image. Image processing can identify and/or estimate location(s) of one or more such objects 508. It is beneficially to identify such objects as a gaze of an immersive video viewer is likely to follow such objects 508. Even if objects cannot be identified with 100% accuracy or certainty, estimates of locations of such objects can be used to determine which segments are more likely to fall within a viewer's gaze.
In some embodiments, movement of such objects can be determined, e.g., by comparison of the same object 508 in different immersive video frames to determine a direction and/or vector associated with the movement. A vector value can include an estimate of a rate of change of position and a direction. Such values and/or estimates can be used to position the field of view 512, e.g., adding extra or filler segments based on a direction and/or rate of change in position. Thus, if the example object 508 were moving to the left, the extra unshaded segments 506 of the field of view 512 would provide some buffer region to accommodate or otherwise anticipate movement along the trajectory.
It is understood that a viewer's gaze is related to a field of view. The field of view, in at least some instances, is based on an immersive video viewer device. Namely, a display region or surface 113 (
Accordingly, the segments to cover the field of view 512 that also include the segments 510 containing the object 508 can be identified for transport for each frame of the video chunk 502. The other segments of the immersive video frame 504, e.g., those segments 506 outside of the field of view 512 do not necessarily need to be transported for the frames 504 of the video chunk 502. In at least some embodiments, an even greater number of segments, e.g., corresponding to an image region greater than that associated with the field of view can be identified for transport. For example, some number and/or depth of bounding segments can be identified for transport to account for errors, sudden movement of the viewer's gaze, and so on.
In some instances, the location of the field of view 512 is based on the size of the field of view without necessarily having any knowledge of an orientation of an actual field of view. Selecting segments 506 based on the size of the field of view 512 ensures that a sufficient number of segments 506 are identified for transport to cover or otherwise fill a display screen corresponding to the field of view.
The field of view 535 can correspond to a determined gaze and/or orientation of an immersive video viewer. The gaze and/or field of view orientation 535 can be based on one or more of an actual measurement of the gaze of the immersive video viewer, e.g., a pitch, roll and yaw, an estimate of the gaze of the viewer and/or a prediction of the gaze of the viewer. Another group of segments 532 is identified based on the determined field of view 535. The other group of segments 532 includes a region corresponding to the field of view 535.
By way of illustrative example, video and/or image processing can be applied to the video frame 540 and/or a group of video frames 502 (
In at least some embodiments, the analysis can be based on one or more elements of metadata. Metadata can include, without limitation, an immersive video program category, e.g., sports, drama, news, children's programming, and the like. Alternatively, or in addition, the metadata can include a scene category, e.g., indoor, outdoor, fast moving, natural lighting, and so on. Other metadata may include actor identities, information relative to an event, such as a score of a sporting event, weather condition, etc. By way of further example, metadata identifying a principal actor can be combined with facial recognition processing to identify a principal actor in a scene. Since actions of a principal actor may be more likely to be followed or viewed in a scene, those immersive video segments containing the principal actor can be identified or otherwise distinguished or estimated as the first group of segments 546.
Accordingly, the first group of segments 546 can be transported to a viewing system according to a likelihood that this group 546 will correspond to a viewer's field of view. It is understood that the first group of segments 546 can be adjusted to add and/or subtract image segments based on a size and/or orientation of a field-of-view of a particular viewing system, and/or an actual, predicted and/or otherwise estimated orientation of a field of view of a particular viewer during a viewing of the immersive video content.
In one or more embodiments, the communication system 700 can include a super head-end office (SHO) 710 with at least one super headend office server (SHS) 711 which receives media content from satellite and/or terrestrial communication systems. In the present context, media content can represent, for example, audio content, moving image content such as 2D or 3D videos, video games, virtual reality content, still image content, and combinations thereof. The SHS server 711 can forward packets associated with the media content to one or more video head-end servers (VHS) 714 via a network of video head-end offices (VHO) 712 according to a multicast communication protocol. The VHS 714 can distribute multimedia broadcast content via an access network 718 to commercial and/or residential buildings 702 housing a gateway 704 (such as a residential or commercial gateway).
The access network 718 can represent a group of digital subscriber line access multiplexers (DSLAMs) located in a central office or a service area interface that provide broadband services over fiber optical links or copper twisted pairs 719 to buildings 702. The gateway 704 can use communication technology to distribute broadcast signals to media processors 706 such as Set-Top Boxes (STBs) which in turn present broadcast channels to media devices 708 such as computers or television sets managed in some instances by a media controller 707 (such as an infrared or RF remote controller).
The gateway 704, the media processors 706, and media devices 708 can utilize tethered communication technologies (such as coaxial, powerline or phone line wiring) or can operate over a wireless access protocol such as Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), Bluetooth®, Zigbee®, or other present or next generation local or personal area wireless network technologies. By way of these interfaces, unicast communications can also be invoked between the media processors 706 and subsystems of the IPTV media system for services such as video-on-demand (VoD), browsing an electronic programming guide (EPG), or other infrastructure services.
A satellite broadcast television system 729 can be used in the media system of
In yet another embodiment, an analog or digital cable broadcast distribution system such as cable TV system 733 can be overlaid, operably coupled with, or replace the IPTV system and/or the satellite TV system as another representative embodiment of communication system 700. In this embodiment, the cable TV system 733 can also provide Internet, telephony, and interactive media services. System 700 enables various types of interactive television and/or services including IPTV, cable and/or satellite.
The subject disclosure can apply to other present or next generation over-the-air and/or landline media content services system.
Some of the network elements of the IPTV media system can be coupled to one or more computing devices 730, a portion of which can operate as a web server for providing web portal services over the ISP network 732 to wireline media devices 708 or wireless communication devices 716.
Communication system 700 can also provide for all or a portion of the computing devices 730 to function as a virtual reality (VR) processor (herein referred to as a VR processor 730). The VR processor 730 can use computing and communication technology to perform function 762, which can include among other things, the virtual reality processing techniques described by the process 600 of
In at least some embodiments, the cellular network 717 includes a cellular core network 770 performing one or more core functions based on the applicable cellular protocols, e.g., 3GPP LTE, 5G, and the like. According to the illustrative embodiment, the cellular core network 770 can be in communication with the VR processor 730, e.g., via a network connection, such as an Internet connection. Alternatively, or in addition, the VR processor 730 can be collocated with equipment of the cellular core network 770, e.g., at a common data center.
Although certain functions are disclosed at different locations in relation to the cellular network, it is understood that one or more of the various functions can be implemented at one or more different locations. For example, the immersive video client 106 can be implemented within a video player, and/or within a separate processor in local communication with the video player. With respect to the mobile wireless network 108, the foregoing locations would be at a UE portion of a wireless link. Likewise, the immersive video server 102 can be implemented within a server in communication with one or more of a mobile core network 770 and or a mobile base station, e.g., an eNB 772. For instance, functions 768 of the eNB 772 can be similar to the functions described for the immersive video server 102 of
Multiple forms of media services can be offered to media devices over landline technologies such as those described above. Additionally, media services can be offered to media devices by way of a wireless access base station 717 operating according to common wireless access protocols such as Global System for Mobile or GSM, Code Division Multiple Access or CDMA, Time Division Multiple Access or TDMA, Universal Mobile Telecommunications or UMTS, World interoperability for Microwave or WiMAX, Software Defined Radio or SDR, Long Term Evolution or LTE, and so on. Other present and next generation wide area wireless access network technologies can be used in one or more embodiments of the subject disclosure.
Communication system 800 can comprise a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 840, a tElephone NUmber Mapping (ENUM) server 830, and other network elements of an IMS network 850. The IMS network 850 can establish communications between IMS-compliant communication devices (CDs) 801, 802, Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) CDs 803, 805, and combinations thereof by way of a Media Gateway Control Function (MGCF) 820 coupled to a PSTN network 860. The MGCF 820 need not be used when a communication session involves IMS CD to IMS CD communications. A communication session involving at least one PSTN CD may utilize the MGCF 820.
IMS CDs 801, 802 can register with the IMS network 850 by contacting a Proxy Call Session Control Function (P-CSCF) which communicates with an interrogating CSCF (I-CSCF), which in turn, communicates with a Serving CSCF (S-CSCF) to register the CDs with the HSS 840. To initiate a communication session between CDs, an originating IMS CD 801 can submit a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP INVITE) message to an originating P-CSCF 804 which communicates with a corresponding originating S-CSCF 806. The originating S-CSCF 806 can submit the SIP INVITE message to one or more application servers (ASs) 817 that can provide a variety of services to IMS subscribers.
For example, the application servers 817 can be used to perform originating call feature treatment functions on the calling party number received by the originating S-CSCF 806 in the SIP INVITE message. Originating treatment functions can include determining whether the calling party number has international calling services, call ID blocking, calling name blocking, 7-digit dialing, and/or is requesting special telephony features (e.g., *72 forward calls, *73 cancel call forwarding, *67 for caller ID blocking, and so on). Based on initial filter criteria (iFCs) in a subscriber profile associated with a CD, one or more application servers may be invoked to provide various call originating feature services.
Additionally, the originating S-CSCF 806 can submit queries to the ENUM system 830 to translate an E.164 telephone number in the SIP INVITE message to a SIP Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) if the terminating communication device is IMS-compliant. The SIP URI can be used by an Interrogating CSCF (I-CSCF) 807 to submit a query to the HSS 840 to identify a terminating S-CSCF 814 associated with a terminating IMS CD such as reference 802. Once identified, the I-CSCF 807 can submit the SIP INVITE message to the terminating S-CSCF 814. The terminating S-CSCF 814 can then identify a terminating P-CSCF 816 associated with the terminating CD 802. The P-CSCF 816 may then signal the CD 802 to establish Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) communication services, thereby enabling the calling and called parties to engage in voice and/or data communications. Based on the iFCs in the subscriber profile, one or more application servers may be invoked to provide various call terminating feature services, such as call forwarding, do not disturb, music tones, simultaneous ringing, sequential ringing, etc.
In some instances, the aforementioned communication process is symmetrical. Accordingly, the terms “originating” and “terminating” in
If the terminating communication device is instead a PSTN CD such as CD 803 or CD 805 (in instances where the cellular phone only supports circuit-switched voice communications), the ENUM system 830 can respond with an unsuccessful address resolution which can cause the originating S-CSCF 806 to forward the call to the MGCF 820 via a Breakout Gateway Control Function (BGCF) 819. The MGCF 820 can then initiate the call to the terminating PSTN CD over the PSTN network 860 to enable the calling and called parties to engage in voice and/or data communications.
It is further appreciated that the CDs of
Cellular phones supporting LTE can support packet-switched voice and packet-switched data communications and thus may operate as IMS-compliant mobile devices. In this embodiment, the cellular base station 821 may communicate directly with the IMS network 850 as shown by the arrow connecting the cellular base station 821 and the P-CSCF 816.
Alternative forms of a CSCF can operate in a device, system, component, or other form of centralized or distributed hardware and/or software. Indeed, a respective CSCF may be embodied as a respective CSCF system having one or more computers or servers, either centralized or distributed, where each computer or server may be configured to perform or provide, in whole or in part, any method, process, step, or functionality described herein in accordance with a respective CSCF. Likewise, other functions, servers and computers described herein, including but not limited to, the HSS, the ENUM server, the BGCF, and the MGCF, can be embodied in a respective system having one or more computers or servers, either centralized or distributed, where each computer or server may be configured to perform or provide, in whole or in part, any method, process, step, or functionality described herein in accordance with a respective function, server, or computer.
The VR processor 730 of
For illustration purposes only, the terms S-CSCF, P-CSCF, I-CSCF, and so on, can be server devices, but may be referred to in the subject disclosure without the word “server.” It is also understood that any form of a CSCF server can operate in a device, system, component, or other form of centralized or distributed hardware and software. It is further noted that these terms and other terms such as DIAMETER commands are terms can include features, methodologies, and/or fields that may be described in whole or in part by standards bodies such as 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). It is further noted that some or all embodiments of the subject disclosure may in whole or in part modify, supplement, or otherwise supersede final or proposed standards published and promulgated by 3GPP.
The web portal 902 can further be utilized to manage and provision software applications 762-766, and 872-874 to adapt these applications as may be desired by subscribers and/or service providers of the immersive video processing system 100 of
Communication device 1000 can comprise a wireline and/or wireless transceiver 1002 (herein transceiver 1002), a user interface (UI) 1004, a power supply 1014, a location receiver 1016, a motion sensor 1018, an orientation sensor 1020, and a controller 1006 for managing operations thereof. The transceiver 1002 can support short-range or long-range wireless access technologies such as Bluetooth®, ZigBee®, Wi-Fi, DECT, or cellular communication technologies, just to mention a few (Bluetooth® and ZigBee® are trademarks registered by the Bluetooth® Special Interest Group and the ZigBee® Alliance, respectively). Cellular technologies can include, for example, CDMA-1×, UMTS/HSDPA, GSM/GPRS, TDMA/EDGE, EV/DO, WiMAX, SDR, LTE, as well as other next generation wireless communication technologies as they arise. The transceiver 1002 can also be adapted to support circuit-switched wireline access technologies (such as PSTN), packet-switched wireline access technologies (such as TCP/IP, VoIP, etc.), and combinations thereof.
The UI 1004 can include a depressible or touch-sensitive keypad 1008 with a navigation mechanism such as a roller ball, a joystick, a mouse, or a navigation disk for manipulating operations of the communication device 1000. The keypad 1008 can be an integral part of a housing assembly of the communication device 1000 or an independent device operably coupled thereto by a tethered wireline interface (such as a USB cable) or a wireless interface supporting for example Bluetooth®. The keypad 1008 can represent a numeric keypad commonly used by phones, and/or a QWERTY keypad with alphanumeric keys. The UI 1004 can further include a display 1010 such as monochrome or color LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) or other suitable display technology for conveying images to an end user of the communication device 1000. In an embodiment where the display 1010 is touch-sensitive, a portion or all of the keypad 1008 can be presented by way of the display 1010 with navigation features.
The display 1010 can use touch screen technology to also serve as a user interface for detecting user input. As a touch screen display, the communication device 1000 can be adapted to present a user interface with graphical user interface (GUI) elements that can be selected by a user with a touch of a finger. The touch screen display 1010 can be equipped with capacitive, resistive or other forms of sensing technology to detect how much surface area of a user's finger has been placed on a portion of the touch screen display. This sensing information can be used to control the manipulation of the GUI elements or other functions of the user interface. The display 1010 can be an integral part of the housing assembly of the communication device 1000 or an independent device communicatively coupled thereto by a tethered wireline interface (such as a cable) or a wireless interface.
The UI 1004 can also include an audio system 1012 that utilizes audio technology for conveying low volume audio (such as audio heard in proximity of a human ear) and high-volume audio (such as speakerphone for hands free operation). The audio system 1012 can further include a microphone for receiving audible signals of an end user. The audio system 1012 can also be used for voice recognition applications. The UI 1004 can further include an image sensor 1013 such as a charged coupled device (CCD) camera for capturing still or moving images.
The power supply 1014 can utilize common power management technologies such as replaceable and rechargeable batteries, supply regulation technologies, and/or charging system technologies for supplying energy to the components of the communication device 1000 to facilitate long-range or short-range portable applications. Alternatively, or in combination, the charging system can utilize external power sources such as DC power supplied over a physical interface such as a USB port or other suitable tethering technologies.
The location receiver 1016 can utilize location technology such as a global positioning system (GPS) receiver capable of assisted GPS for identifying a location of the communication device 1000 based on signals generated by a constellation of GPS satellites, which can be used for facilitating location services such as navigation. The motion sensor 1018 can utilize motion sensing technology such as an accelerometer, a gyroscope, or other suitable motion sensing technology to detect motion of the communication device 1000 in three-dimensional space. The orientation sensor 1020 can utilize position and/or orientation sensing technology such as a magnetometer to detect the orientation of the communication device 1000 (north, south, west, and east, as well as combined orientations in degrees, minutes, or other suitable orientation metrics).
The communication device 1000 can use the transceiver 1002 to also determine a proximity to a cellular, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth®, or other wireless access points by sensing techniques such as utilizing a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and/or signal time of arrival (TOA) or time of flight (TOF) measurements. The controller 1006 can utilize computing technologies such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), programmable gate arrays, application specific integrated circuits, and/or a video processor with associated storage memory such as Flash, ROM, RAM, SRAM, DRAM or other storage technologies for executing computer instructions, controlling, and processing data supplied by the aforementioned components of the communication device 1000.
Other components not shown in
The communication device 1000 as described herein can operate with more or less of the circuit components shown in
The communication device 1000 can be adapted to perform the functions of the viewing system 200, the media processor 706, the media devices 708, or the portable communication devices 716 of
Upon reviewing the aforementioned embodiments, it would be evident to an artisan with ordinary skill in the art that said embodiments can be modified, reduced, or enhanced without departing from the scope of the claims described below. Other embodiments can be used in the subject disclosure.
It should be understood that devices described in the exemplary embodiments can be in communication with each other via various wireless and/or wired methodologies. The methodologies can be links that are described as coupled, connected and so forth, which can include unidirectional and/or bidirectional communication over wireless paths and/or wired paths that utilize one or more of various protocols or methodologies, where the coupling and/or connection can be direct (e.g., no intervening processing device) and/or indirect (e.g., an intermediary processing device such as a router).
The machine may comprise a server computer, a client user computer, a personal computer (PC), a tablet, a smart phone, a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a control system, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. It will be understood that a communication device of the subject disclosure includes broadly any electronic device that provides voice, video or data communication. Further, while a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the processes discussed herein.
The computer system 1100 may include a processor (or controller) 1102 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU)), a graphics processing unit (GPU, or both), a main memory 1104 and a static memory 1106, which communicate with each other via a bus 1108. The computer system 1100 may further include a display unit 1110 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD), a flat panel, or a solid-state display). The computer system 1100 may include an input device 1112 (e.g., a keyboard), a cursor control device 1114 (e.g., a mouse), a disk drive unit 1116, a signal generation device 1118 (e.g., a speaker or remote control) and a network interface device 1120. In distributed environments, the embodiments described in the subject disclosure can be adapted to utilize multiple display units 1110 controlled by two or more computer systems 1100. In this configuration, presentations described by the subject disclosure may in part be shown in a first of the display units 1110, while the remaining portion is presented in a second of the display units 1110.
The disk drive unit 1116 may include a tangible computer-readable storage medium 1122 on which is stored one or more sets of instructions (e.g., software 1124) embodying any one or more of the methods, processes or functions described herein, including those processes illustrated above. The instructions 1124 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 1104, the static memory 1106, and/or within the processor 1102 during execution thereof by the computer system 1100. The main memory 1104 and the processor 1102 also may constitute tangible computer-readable storage media.
Dedicated hardware implementations including, but not limited to, application specific integrated circuits, programmable logic arrays and other hardware devices can likewise be constructed to implement the processes described herein. Application specific integrated circuits and programmable logic array can use downloadable instructions for executing state machines and/or circuit configurations to implement embodiments of the subject disclosure. Applications that may include the apparatus and systems of various embodiments broadly include a variety of electronic and computer systems. Some embodiments implement functions in two or more specific interconnected hardware modules or devices with related control and data signals communicated between and through the modules, or as portions of an application-specific integrated circuit. Thus, the example system is applicable to software, firmware, and hardware implementations.
In accordance with various embodiments of the subject disclosure, the operations or processes described herein are intended for operation as software programs or instructions running on or executed by a computer processor or other computing device, and which may include other forms of instructions manifested as a state machine implemented with logic components in an application specific integrated circuit or field programmable gate array. Furthermore, software implementations (e.g., software programs, instructions, etc.) including, but not limited to, distributed processing or component/object distributed processing, parallel processing, or virtual machine processing can also be constructed to implement the processes described herein. Distributed processing environments can include multiple processors in a single machine, single processors in multiple machines, and/or multiple processors in multiple machines. It is further noted that a computing device such as a processor, a controller, a state machine or other suitable device for executing instructions to perform operations or processes may perform such operations directly or indirectly by way of one or more intermediate devices directed by the computing device.
While the tangible computer-readable storage medium 1122 is shown in an example embodiment to be a single medium, the term “tangible computer-readable storage medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term “tangible computer-readable storage medium” shall also be taken to include any non-transitory medium that is capable of storing or encoding a set of instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methods or processes of the subject disclosure. The term “non-transitory” as in a non-transitory computer-readable storage includes without limitation memories, drives, devices and anything tangible but not a signal per se.
The term “tangible computer-readable storage medium” shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to: solid-state memories such as a memory card or other package that houses one or more read-only (non-volatile) memories, random access memories, or other re-writable (volatile) memories, a magneto-optical or optical medium such as a disk or tape, or other tangible media which can be used to store information. Accordingly, the disclosure is considered to include any one or more of a tangible computer-readable storage medium, as listed herein and including art-recognized equivalents and successor media, in which the software implementations herein are stored.
Although the present specification describes components and functions implemented in the embodiments with reference to particular standards and protocols, the disclosure is not limited to such standards and protocols. Each of the standards for Internet and other packet switched network transmission (e.g., TCP/IP, UDP/IP, HTML, HTTP) represent examples of the state of the art. Such standards are from time-to-time superseded by faster or more efficient equivalents having essentially the same functions. Wireless standards for device detection (e.g., RFID), short-range communications (e.g., Bluetooth®, Wi-Fi, Zigbee®), and long-range communications (e.g., WiMAX, GSM, CDMA, LTE) can be used by computer system 1100. In one or more embodiments, information regarding use of services can be generated including services being accessed, media consumption history, user preferences, and so forth. This information can be obtained by various processes including user input, detecting types of communications (e.g., video content vs. audio content), analysis of content streams, and so forth. The generating, obtaining and/or monitoring of this information can be responsive to an authorization provided by the user. In one or more embodiments, an analysis of data can be subject to authorization from user(s) associated with the data, such as an opt-in, an opt-out, acknowledgement requirements, notifications, selective authorization based on types of data, and so forth.
The illustrations of embodiments described herein are intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of various embodiments, and they are not intended to serve as a complete description of all the elements and features of apparatus and systems that might make use of the structures described herein. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The exemplary embodiments can include combinations of features and/or steps from multiple embodiments. Other embodiments may be utilized and derived therefrom, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Figures are also merely representational and may not be drawn to scale. Certain proportions thereof may be exaggerated, while others may be minimized. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.
Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it should be appreciated that any arrangement which achieves the same or similar purpose may be substituted for the embodiments described or shown by the subject disclosure. The subject disclosure is intended to cover any and all adaptations or variations of various embodiments. Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments not specifically described herein, can be used in the subject disclosure. For instance, one or more features from one or more embodiments can be combined with one or more features of one or more other embodiments. In one or more embodiments, features that are positively recited can also be negatively recited and excluded from the embodiment with or without replacement by another structural and/or functional feature. The steps or functions described with respect to the embodiments of the subject disclosure can be performed in any order. The steps or functions described with respect to the embodiments of the subject disclosure can be performed alone or in combination with other steps or functions of the subject disclosure, as well as from other embodiments or from other steps that have not been described in the subject disclosure. Further, more than or less than all of the features described with respect to an embodiment can also be utilized.
Less than all of the steps or functions described with respect to the exemplary processes or methods can also be performed in one or more of the exemplary embodiments. Further, the use of numerical terms to describe a device, component, step or function, such as first, second, third, and so forth, is not intended to describe an order or function unless expressly stated so. The use of the terms first, second, third and so forth, is generally to distinguish between devices, components, steps or functions unless expressly stated otherwise. Additionally, one or more devices or components described with respect to the exemplary embodiments can facilitate one or more functions, where the facilitating (e.g., facilitating access or facilitating establishing a connection) can include less than every step needed to perform the function or can include all of the steps needed to perform the function.
In one or more embodiments, a processor (which can include a controller or circuit) has been described that performs various functions. It should be understood that the processor can be multiple processors, which can include distributed processors or parallel processors in a single machine or multiple machines. The processor can be used in supporting a virtual processing environment. The virtual processing environment may support one or more virtual machines representing computers, servers, or other computing devices. In such virtual machines, components such as microprocessors and storage devices may be virtualized or logically represented. The processor can include a state machine, application specific integrated circuit, and/or programmable gate array including a Field PGA. In one or more embodiments, when a processor executes instructions to perform “operations”, this can include the processor performing the operations directly and/or facilitating, directing, or cooperating with another device or component to perform the operations.
The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This process of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separately claimed subject matter.
Claims
1. A device, comprising:
- a processing system including a processor; and
- a memory that stores executable instructions that, when executed by the processing system, facilitate performance of operations, the operations comprising:
- predicting a future field-of-view of an immersive video viewer at a future time, wherein the future field-of-view spans less than an entire image space portrayed by an immersive video frame of a sequence of immersive video frames;
- identifying a first group of segments of a plurality of segments of the sequence of immersive video frames, the first group of segments being predicted to be at least partially in the future field-of-view, wherein the first group of segments span less than the entire image space portrayed by the immersive video frame;
- identifying a second group of segments of the plurality of segments of the sequence of immersive video frames, the second group of segments being predicted to be at least partially outside the future field-of-view, wherein the second group of segments span less than the entire image space portrayed by the immersive video frame; and
- facilitating, via a communication network, transport of the first group of segments to the immersive video viewer at a first quality and transport of the second group of segments to the immersive video viewer at a second quality, wherein the second quality is less than the first quality.
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise:
- applying image processing to image content of the plurality of segments; and
- identifying, by the processing system, an object portrayed in the image content based on the image processing.
3. The device of claim 2, wherein the identifying the first group of segments comprises identifying the first group of segments as segments of the plurality of segments that include a portion of the object.
4. The device of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise:
- obtaining heat-map data indicating viewing frequencies of sub-regions of the sequence of immersive video frames.
5. The device of claim 4, wherein the predicting the future field-of-view comprises predicting the future field-of-view within the sequence of immersive video frames based on the heat-map data.
6. The device of claim 1, wherein the identifying the first group of segments further comprises:
- determining an overlap of the future field-of-view and the first group of segments, wherein the first group of segments spans the future field-of-view in its entirety, while spanning less than the entire image space portrayed by the sequence of immersive video frames.
7. The device of claim 1, wherein the first group of segments and the second group of segments are non-overlapping.
8. The device of claim 1, wherein the first group of segments and the second group of segments are overlapping.
9. The device of claim 1, wherein the future field-of-view is based on an estimate of an orientation of the immersive video viewer, and wherein the operations further comprise:
- predicting the orientation of the immersive video viewer to obtain a prediction, wherein the estimate of the orientation of the immersive video viewer is based on the prediction of the orientation of the immersive video viewer.
10. The device of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprise:
- identifying an identity of a user of the immersive video viewer; and
- determining a viewer characteristic based on the identity of the user of the immersive video viewer, wherein the identifying the first group of segments is further based on the viewer characteristic.
11. The device of claim 10, wherein the determining of the future field-of-view is based on the viewer characteristic.
12. The device of claim 10, wherein the determining of the viewer characteristic further comprises: accessing a user profile associated with the identity of the user.
13. A non-transitory, machine-readable storage medium, comprising executable instructions that, when executed by a processing system including a processor, facilitate performance of operations, the operations comprising:
- predicting a future field-of-view of an immersive video viewer at a future time, wherein the future field-of-view spans less than an entire image space portrayed by an immersive video frame of a sequence of immersive video frames;
- identifying a first group of segments of a plurality of segments of the sequence of immersive video frames, the first group of segments being predicted to be at least partially in the future field-of-view, wherein the first group of segments span less than the entire image space portrayed by the immersive video frame;
- identifying a second group of segments of the plurality of segments of the sequence of immersive video frames, the second group of segments being predicted to be at least partially outside the future field-of-view, wherein the second group of segments span less than the entire image space portrayed by the immersive video frame; and
- facilitating, via a communication network, transport of the first group of segments to the immersive video viewer at a first quality and transport of the second group of segments to the immersive video viewer at a second quality, wherein the second quality is less than the first quality.
14. The non-transitory, machine-readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the operations further comprise:
- applying image processing to image content of the plurality of segments; and
- identifying, by the processing system, an object portrayed in the image content based on the image processing.
15. The non-transitory, machine-readable storage medium of claim 14, wherein the identifying the first group of segments comprises identifying the first group of segments as segments of the plurality of segments that include a portion of the object.
16. The non-transitory, machine-readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the operations further comprise:
- obtaining heat-map data indicating viewing frequencies of sub-regions of the sequence of immersive video frames.
17. The non-transitory, machine-readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein the predicting the future field-of-view comprises predicting the future field-of-view within the sequence of immersive video frames based on the heat-map data.
18. A method, comprising:
- predicting, by a processing system including a processor, a future field-of-view of an immersive video viewer at a future time, wherein the future field-of-view spans less than an entire image space portrayed by an immersive video frame of a sequence of immersive video frames;
- identifying, by the processing system, a first group of segments of a plurality of segments of the sequence of immersive video frames, the first group of segments being predicted to be at least partially in the future field-of-view, wherein the first group of segments span less than the entire image space portrayed by the immersive video frame;
- identifying, by the processing system, a second group of segments of the plurality of segments of the sequence of immersive video frames, the second group of segments being predicted to be at least partially outside the future field-of-view, wherein the second group of segments span less than the entire image space portrayed by the immersive video frame; and
- facilitating, by the processing system, via a communication network, transport of the first group of segments to the immersive video viewer at a first quality and transport of the second group of segments to the immersive video viewer at a second quality, wherein the second quality is less than the first quality.
19. The method of claim 18, further comprising:
- applying, by the processing system, image processing to image content of the sequence of immersive video frames; and
- identifying, by the processing system, an object portrayed in the image content based on the image processing.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the identifying of the first group of segments further comprises: determining a portion of the object is portrayed.
Type: Application
Filed: Feb 17, 2022
Publication Date: Jun 2, 2022
Applicant: AT&T Intellectual Property I, L.P. (Atlanta, GA)
Inventors: Bo Han (Bridgewater, NJ), Vijay Gopalakrishnan (Edison, NJ), Jackson Jarrell Pair (Hermosa Beach, CA), Vikash Sharma (Marina Del Rey, CA)
Application Number: 17/674,104
